北京市某小區(qū)熱源及室外熱力管線工程設(shè)計(jì)

外文資料AninvestigationoftheexistingsituationandtrendsinbuildingenergyefficiencymanagementinChinaAbstractAccordingtotheChineseStateCouncil’s‘‘BuildingEnergyEfficiencyManagementOrdinance’’,alarge-scaleinvestigationofenergyefficiency(EE)inbuildingsincontemporaryChinahasbeencarriedoutin22provincialcapitalsandmajorcitiesinChina.Theaimofthisprojectistoprovidereliableinformationfordrawingupthe‘‘Decisiononreinforcingbuildingenergyefficiency’’bytheMinistryofConstructionofChina.Thesurveyedorganizationsincludegovernmentdepartments,researchinstitutions,propertydevelopers,designinstitutions,constructioncompanies,constructionconsultancyservicescompanies,facilitymanagementdepartments,financialinstitutionsandthosewhichrelatetothebusinessofbuildingenergyefficiency.Inaddition,representativesofthemediaandresidentswerealsoinvolved.Adetailedanalysisoftheresultsoftheinvestigationconcerningaspectsofthecurrentsituationandtrendsinbuildingenergyconsumption,energyefficiencystrategyandtheimplementationofenergyefficiencymeasureshasbeenconducted.Theinvestigationsuppliesessentialinformationtoformulatethemarketentrancepolicyfornewbuildingsandtherefurbishmentpolicyforexistingbuildingstoencouragethedevelopmentofenergyefficienttechnology.Keywords:Energyefficiency(EE);Building;Survey;Policy;Legislation;Reform;China1．Introduction擊F寺u神t朵u昏r率e慕止t隨r洽e灶n奧d決s詳姿i攜n槳拆C手h跪i辟n賣a減’會(huì)s踩豐e跡n糊e版r餓g蘋y邀到w堂i粥l(xiāng)垮l造冠h麗a隙v辰e什恒c痕o美n茫s貫i底d值e貢r(shí)淺a盡b已l賠e拐摧c驕o乓n籠s拿e核q肉u龍e初n鄰c智e狂s筍堡f夾o術(shù)r仁亮b為o描t花h釘窮C垃h弱i兼n漢a扛挖a膊n鴨d惑健t擔(dān)h請(qǐng)e挨掩g株l謀o溜b酷a坐l紫不e緩n場(chǎng)v號(hào)i皇r商o案n枝m噴e幅n陜t疼.佳A仗l符t搬h擠o味u央g干h宿侍C李h幸i膠n寸a版’撤s屯誼c臨a扮r嗽b流o衫n叢公e我m耗i顆s恒s詢i孕o飯n棍s企剩a姜r物e擺品l名o襖w襪加o肉n突形a劫裹p終e傾r給蜘c慶a浴p筆i充t透a叼唯b管a爛s胸i袍s碑,閣聯(lián)C派h塘i端n鎖a素套h顧a兼s睡津b滋e止e齊n蛋妄a叢l眉r級(jí)e沙a疼d鳳y坦支r漁a蘋n竭k按e平d舒襯t買h鞋e州假w熟o泊r五l戴d禽’絮s絕勞s餐e涼c籮o趟n馬d休虧l些a公r雹g傲e累s保t俘佛p黎r雅o周d城u傳c路e強(qiáng)r齊綢o辨f防模c羊a墊r曬b平o閃n轉(zhuǎn),晝街b宋e啦h老i抱n傻d杠戚o身n斧l鏟y向弊t錘h礎(chǔ)e削桐U煤S蕉A墻.落賞C豪h皺i甘n廁a從’杏s風(fēng)紙b別u煉i盟l話d爸i搞n駛g側(cè)s泛魚s扒e漲c疲t民o底r月突c箱u宜r段r墻e招n膠t護(hù)l額y觀吊a夾c貸c敵o況u靈n昆t灘s種記f扯o砌r謝乞2顏3秋%把獲o有f慚爆C目h煮i班n瞎a勢(shì)’澆s法址t淘o疾t禾a鋸l芽賴e放n雷e狠r燕g婦y河衰u軍s合e秘保a汪n增d溜地t右h鄰i縱s摸始i么s濃購(gòu)p擴(kuò)r員o侮j繩e恒c教t畝e闊d箭過(guò)t踏o雷倘i詞n編c括r蚊e弦a仔s納e裹旦t捆o牙殺o寄n線e模-榜t屢h國(guó)i艇r坐d鐘鵝b循y旅乞2隊(duì)0閑1界0神.挨墓C凝h世i跟n盾a州芹h副a棉s濕鋪s填e瘦t節(jié)尖a插監(jiān)t糊a謎r憑g舉e辮t歉漂f倆o喝r貝懇a尿遠(yuǎn)5穩(wěn)0發(fā)%棉門r旁e各d漫u叔c凈t展i牢o肺n奇蛋o馳f戴乘e搞n青e驅(qū)r含g遠(yuǎn)y原蘋c破o侵n朱s千u蒼m滾p攤t瘋i史o權(quán)n破及f憤o扁r籮柏b且u碎i沖l頃d啦i厭n怎g代s撒.鴿常E觸n講e受r述g亮y場(chǎng)臭p綁o載l狼i也c折y逝叉p籍l度a游y絮s則蛇a環(huán)n惜敘i菜m鉆p領(lǐng)o做r震t回a左n棕t藝墊r胃o跪l亮e晌膛i垮n仰神C幕h通i躺n插a冒’灘s打害s忘u統(tǒng)s照t燕a傘i次n博a躍b戴l阻e踩沈d兆e衫v曠e頓l廈o菜p虹m叼e悟n蜓t放船.老置I科m跡p扯r難o截v推i口n托g(shù)捕攏e舍n筐e列r暴g稼y爭(zhēng)券e敗f仿f弟i孤c尚i尋e莊n拼c腫y根厲i棋n肆錯(cuò)b秀u椅i雞l頁(yè)d猛i矮n肢g冤s寺?lián)pi顧s援項(xiàng)o擱n楊e帥未o乓f垮涉t應(yīng)h辨e殿池m脂o員s冊(cè)t書晉c黑o獲s符t事-屠e先f(wàn)分f壩e馬c式t筆i為v閱e尖軍m積e懶a括s迎u脈r遵e狐s浩保f諷o癥r泳糞r閣e舌d編u侮c挎i玩n伴g款麥C謊O鍵2公淹e兇m標(biāo)i剩s漫s屢i歌o魚n盜,唯棵w冬h柴i追c意h功歐i蜘s樂(lè)效r媽e暫c低o昨g膊n姥i源s駱e洞d僚抵a塔s突鑒o么n槐e柳蠢o隸f沈畝t敵h倍e棕臟m敬a六i或n跳晶c菊a剃u音s孟e釀s逮碧o蔽f毯詠g而l盡o士b暢a段l憐蛾w燭a褲r搜m樓i氣n胡g倚.TheclimateinChinaisverydiverse.Accordingtothenational‘‘StandardofClimaticRegionalizationforArchitecture’’粗刮G覽B閑衫5糾0阻1辱7猛8積-騾9頑3壓,拼喜C脅h殃i裕n嗓a牽緒i季s調(diào)扮d厲i匠v曠i距d擋e陡d桂轉(zhuǎn)i戴n忽t踏o杜亮t言h匆e撐黎f迫o濤l甜l案o川w約i海n改g否柴z鎮(zhèn)o口n喉e鞭s救晌b螺a絨s彎e示d徹糊o金n招鉗c撿l松i包m丙a爹t刊e喉簽c妥h寇a功r肝a紀(jì)c狼t遞e納r融i泳s豪t璃i暴c結(jié)s象:心阿v吐e或r源y湖蘆c過(guò)o悠l避d雷,唐攜c僵o島l烘d炸,霧箱h巖o偷t謊福s厭u源m怪m煎e(cuò)重r冊(cè)務(wù)a駁n畏d貢農(nóng)c刊o壟l飲d套劇w隙i膠n盼t番e多r構(gòu),灑未h巡o皆t盆互s投u組m欺m需e寺r煙該a膏n鹽d堵蓬w蚊a覺r伏m巡雜w愿i企n清t喬e給r仗,飽成a離n暗d嬌除m港o霜d熱e果r爽a唐t點(diǎn)e捷.股奶A村i付r組先c騎o堅(jiān)n提d奴i救t貓i遙o嶺n丹i椅n禽g壽陵a著n加d伙切h腎e著a魂t嘆i直n弊g脆犁r否e躲q句u濟(jì)i劈r飄e班m巖e楊n敬t逃s改陵f蒼o啟r炎釀d擔(dān)i修f繳f怕e嗓r易e葡n蠅t田米z浮o掌n肥e覺s深節(jié)a棕r舞e扎啟a忘s稈序f鍋o俯l孩l乏o腿w四s圣:津變i瓶n映暖t誰(shuí)h爽e俘偽v摔e狐r焦y或杏c例o壁l惠d饞凈z服o確n堪e職,欠飼t諷h后e堆聚m仍a免j眾o剪r居誠(chéng)r犬e散q名u知i蟲r柱e都m菌e銀n奔t難駱i拼s看洽h轎e擔(dān)a勸t闊i恒n瞎g肅,隸燒a堅(jiān)n策d休平f搬e拿w庸重r濱e捧s槐i度d舍e吐n樹t抓i招a停l司是b仍u(píng)駝i凝l窩d辮i煌n煌g福s兩垃a犯r腥e啟嬌e獄q圓u難i溪p治p臘e傲d償爆w降i蘋t閣h香折a摩i擊r槐六c驢o第n級(jí)d寄i話t渴i贈(zèng)o谷n巷i眉n批g煤.寫那I仆n暖巖t限h忘e安握c居o宇l郵d江凈z通o德n行e輪,柄薦t殼h纖e叫柜p駕r盟i互m墨a儀r池y呀與r熟e閉q猾u巾i鋼r悅e班m屆e彎n叨t每廢i文s餓爹h草e賞a撲t藥i梳n賀g次,葉裹f戲o煉l測(cè)l鼻o編w踐e凍d比御b盯y錯(cuò)策a編i點(diǎn)r屯倦c介o廣n胳d陸i奪t沃i賴o箭n喘i錘n彈g牧.孝撲I噸n隔爆t娘h畏e瘡這h造o春t嚇昏s飽u教m榨m斃e始r茄費(fèi)a貫n陷d綢幅c廳o卡l錢d絹倉(cāng)w篩i恰n汪t熊e袍r承敘z伏o趴n吳e羊,馬殘b初o銳t箏h浸彼a清i艘r境聯(lián)c臥o會(huì)n雪d中i旅t埋i沫o抵n否i藍(lán)n竿g藏挽a話n吧d喘博h奪e燭a糞t供i揭n皇g吧臨a拔r杯e形非n武e耍e旨d止e魚d蝶.濃漁I春n驕遷t辮h登e廣教h龜o精t秧光s元u口m械m形e成r趟行a靈n瞇d掙豎w級(jí)a臉r變m雜吧w竊i塔n裳t字e絞r迎銳z厚o碼n廈e散,恢甘t巡h救e慢施m玉a蚊j帝o班r億漏r暴e莫q姿u稅i娃r(nóng)漠e塞m翠e堪n脹t叮腹i潛s跨奪a弄i般r總作c赤o舊n溜d淡i奧t亭i霸o稈n訊i誼n延g絨范a貫n庸d喊攔f揭e滔w松船r驕e酬s驗(yàn)i燦d像e船n桶t納i貍a癢l騎叮b煌u拴i娛l寄d殿i完n鏟g腰s射耐r鋒e拾q屑u額i秘r扇e州趁h賽e朋a氧t伍i宵n寇g浴.涉司I克n遙覆s損o蝦m啊e杠忌p欠a閘r壁t瓜s崖溝o撐f錘坊t值h直e漆魔m震o根d改e紀(jì)r壞a圖t驢e她種z軋o鹿n霸e虧,于憤h很e接a孤t惹i特n潛g撈崗i鈔s融年n宿e蜻e忠d丟e痛d昏;澇遼i蘇n臉貸o伯t譽(yù)h舍e窩r腸倚p浩a覽r正t榆s片,霧旱b貨o墊t盤h配司h關(guān)e環(huán)a跌t牽i對(duì)n淡g丟嘗a出n夠d馳打a賴i化r晚液c書o齡n俗d奸i且t寇i頑o弟n持i含n儉g占尊a役r賀e斃敏n贊e狂e紹d助e擁d斯.錯(cuò)片T到h季e投謎a須v厭a覺i趟l左a站b工i擔(dān)l忍i四t柄y情化o雁f腥愛h盡e艇a嘩t增i稿n鹽g嚼真a海n焦d晨愚a傍i劍r行戒c責(zé)o坡n芬d伐i芒t狂i涉o婆n須i盈n沈g嘴鼓d生e予p不e烘n爽d誤s獎(jiǎng)恭o濟(jì)n由麻s牢e課v孝e盒r周a膽l照頓f勸a縱c滋t半o箏r恰s幸,獸槍i予n炭c爪l陳u沉d聽i睡n突g瓜舍t(yī)械h市e芬瘋d肉e線g斤r戚e榮e之糟o短f糠晌e套c伴o匯n靠o啊m寺i友c飽烘d淹e處v據(jù)e急l散o燥p考m杏e梨n階t順胃i興n垃憐a晶n晚精a撈r偷e兔a申,伐危t怠h申e應(yīng)佳a(bǔ)穴v秀a宏i蛾l創(chuàng)a懷b除i瘦l增i列t辨y希負(fù)o沫f術(shù)潛e華n優(yōu)e陷r穿g星y擊蓄s潑u疊p耗p漂l識(shí)i互e席s濤敢a每n補(bǔ)d病棚t行h害e高禁r碗e愈q獻(xiàn)u盞i轉(zhuǎn)r趴e判m擇e質(zhì)n論t短s戒慌f濃o袍r淋化e查n恒v鋤i則r該o臘n鵝m瞇e披n淋t柏a癢l挪件p燕r垂o狡t葉e貞c短t濱i雹o掙nTheChinesegovernmenthasfocusedonenergyefficiencyinbuildingssincethe1980s,andnumerousstandards,buildingcodes,incentivepoliciesandadministrativeruleshavebeenissued.Forexample,the‘‘EnergyDesignCodeforHeatedResidentialBuildingsJGJ26-86’’,‘‘EnergyDesignCodeforHeatedNewResidentialBuildingsJGJ26-95’’and‘‘TechnicalSpecificationforEnergyConservationRenovationofExistingHeatedResidentialBuildingsJGJ129-2000’’arefortheVeryColdandColdzones.The‘‘DesignStandardforEnergyEfficiencyofResidentialBuildingsintheHotSummerandColdWinterzoneJGJ134-2001’’and‘‘DesignStandardforEnergyEfficiencyofResidentialBuildingsintheHotSummerandWarmWinterzoneJGJ75-2003’’arefornon-centralheatingareas.AccordingtotheChinesegovernmenttimetable,standardsfortheenergyefficientdesignforresidentialbuildingsinallclimatezonesshouldhavetakeneffectbytheendof2003Inordertoenhancetheenergyefficiencystrategies’implementation,onbehalfoftheStateCouncil,TheMinistryofConstructionisdrawingupthe‘‘Decisiononreinforcingbuildingenergyefficiency’’,whichaimstoestablishabuildingenergyefficiencylegislationsystem,principallyusingapolicyofeconomicincentivesinordertostimulatethereforminbuildingenergyefficiency.Tofulfillthistask,alarge-scaleinvestigationhasbeencarriedoutfocusingontheawareness,understandinganddegreeofsupportforthereformofenergyefficiencyinbuildings.2.MethodologyThesurveymethodhasbeenappliedinthisinvestigation.Thequestionnairesurveyisacommonmethod,whichhasbeenusedbymanyresearchersworldwide.Adetaileddescriptionofthesurveymethodusedinthisworkisasfollows.2.1.ObjectsandsubjectsoftheinvestigationThesurveyintothe‘‘existingsituationandtrendsofbuildingenergyefficiencymanagementinChina’’wascarriedoutfromSeptember2005toFebruary2006andaimedtosupplyrealisticinformationforprovidingareliablewarrantyfordrawingupbuildingenergymanagementregulations.Extensivediscussionshavebeenconductedwithexpertsinthecountryinordertodesignthesurveyquestionnaire.About22,000copiesofthesurveyquestionnairehavebeendistributedtoabout22provincialcapitalsandthemajorcitiesthroughoutthecountry.Thesurveysubjectsaremainlygovernmentadministrativedepartments,researchinstitutions,propertydevelopers,designinstitutions,constructioncompanies,constructionconsultancyservicecompanies,facilitymanagementdepartments,financeorganizations,themediaandresidents.Theinformationderivedfromtheinvestigationbecomesanimportantreferenceforthedrawingupofthe‘‘Decisiononreinforcingbuildingenergyefficiency’’.Thetopicsoftheinvestigationaredividedintoonegeneralpartandeightspecificparts.Thegeneralpartistoinvestigatetheexistingsituationofenergyefficiencymanagement,thedevelopmenttendencyandthecostofbuildingenergyefficiency.Thespecificpartsinclude:Part1:Newbuildingmarketentrancepermission;Part2:Promotion,limitationandrestriction;Part3:Statisticofbuildingenergyconsumption;Part4:Energyefficiencylabellingandcertification;Part5:Energyefficiencymanagementandrefurbishmentforpublicbuildings;Part6:Energyefficiencymanagementandrefurbishmentforresidentialbuildings;Part7:Applicationofrenewableenergy;Part8:Incentivepolicyforenergyefficiency.Thesubjectscomefrom11groups,theyare:No.1:Governmentdepartments;No.2:Propertydevelopers;No.3:Designandconstructioncompanies;No.4:Energyservicecompanies;No.5:Clientsofpublicbuildings;No.6:Propertyservicecompanies;No.7:Heatingsuppliers;No.8:Manufacturersofconstructionmaterialsandproducts;No.9:Financialinstitutions;No.10:Residents;No.11:TheMedia.The11subjectswererequiredtoanswerthequestionsinthegeneralpartbutdidnotnecessarilyhavetoanswerallthequestionsinthespecificparts.The11typesofquestionnaireweredesignedforthedifferentsubjects.3.AnalysisofsamplesThe22,000copiesofthequestionnairehavebeendistributed,andabout13,125validcopieshavebeenreturned,aresponserateof59.7%.Amongthesevalidcompletedquestionnaires,10,236copieswerefromresidentsand2889copiesfrominstitutions.3.1.ResidentsubjectsamplesTheresidentquestionnaireincludesfourcriteria:ownershipofproperty,buildingtype,buildingageandaveragefamilyincome.Fromtheinvestigationwecanseethattheownershipofpropertyaccountsfor67.8%;themulti-floorbuildingsaccountfor61.8%;thebuildingsagedlessthan10yearsoldaccountfor62.9%;andhouseholdswithmonthlyaveragefamilyincomelessthan5000Yuanaccountfor61.8%.ThesefiguresmatchtherealsituationinChina.Ingeneral,thevalidcompletedquestionnairesfromresidentsubjectsreflectthegeneralsituationinChinesesociety.Itrepresentsthesociety’smainstream.3.2.InstitutionsincludedinthesampleTheinstitutionsincludedinthesamplewereclassifiedaccordingtothreecriteria,namelytheadministrativecharacteristicsoftheircities,theirclimatezone,andwhetherornottheywerebuildingowners.FromtheinvestigationwecanseethatthesurveyedcitiesaremainlyprovincialcapitalsandMunicipalities(aMunicipalityisaspecificadministrativecitywhichisgoverneddirectlybythecentralgovernment.Therearefoursuchcities:Beijing,Tainjin,ShanghaiandChongqing),whichaccountfor90%ofthewholesurveyedcities.Thebuildingenergyconsumptioninprovincialcapitalsismoreremarkablethanthatinothercities,whichreflectthecountry’srealsituation.Thesurveyedcitiesaremostlylocatedintheverycold,cold,hotsummerandcoldwinterzones.Theproportionofthecitiesinthehotsummerandwarmwinterandmildzonesarelowandthisisbecausethegovernmentfocusesonthecoldareasatthemoment.Amongthesampledinstitutions,theenergyservicecompaniesmakeupthelowestproportionof0.6%becausethebuildingenergyefficiencyservicesystemisnotyetfullymature.Theproportionofdesigninstitutions,constructionandconsultancycompaniesis38%,whichisthelargestgroup.Thesecondlargestgroup,with14.3%,ismadeupofmanufacturersofbuildingmaterialsandequipment.Thesetwoinstitutionsarethepracticalexecutivebodiesfortheimplementationofbuildingenergyefficiency.Theproportionofclientsofpublicbuildingis9.0%,whichisparticularlyselectedtoreflectpublicbuildingenergymanagementandrenovation.TheproportionsoftheseinstitutionsubjectsamplesreflecttherealsituationinChina[4.ResultanalysisThesurveyswerecarriedoutwithinfourgroups:consumers,producers,servicesandconsultancysupervisions.Theconsumersincluderesidentsandclientsofpublicbuildings.Theproducersincludepropertydevelopersandmanufacturers.Theservicesincludedesignconstructionandconstructionconsultancycompanies,energyservicecompanies,facilitymanagementservices,energyresourceservicescompaniesandfinanceinstitutions.Theconsultancysupervisionsincludegovernmentdepartmentsandthemedia.4.1ConsumersofenergyefficientproductsThedegreeofacceptabilityofenergyefficientproductsTheinvestigationshowsthedegreeofacceptabilityofenergyefficientproductsfromthesurvey.Fromtheinvestigationwecanseethattheacceptabilitydegreeofenergyefficientbuildingproductsdoesnotremainhighandthereexistsaregionaldifference.Thefeedbackfromtheresidentsurveyshowsthat,theenergyefficientproductsaremorelikelytobeacceptedintheverycold,coldandhotsummerandcoldwinterzonesthanthehotsummerandwarmwinterzone.Inrecentyears,aheatingmeteringandpaymentsystemreformhasbeenconductedintheverycoldandcoldzones;thereforetheresidentsinthesezonesaremoreinterestedinenergyefficientproducts.Inthehotsummerandcoldwinterzone,theindoorclimateissevereinwinterandsummerwithoutbothairconditioningandelectricheating;thereforetheresidentsarekeentouseenergyefficientproductstoimprovetheirlivingconditionsaswellastosavemoney.Thefeedbackfromclientsofpublicbuildingsshowsthattheenergyefficientproductsaremorefavouredintheverycold,cold,andhotsummerandcoldwinterzones.Fromthesurveyresultswecanconcludethattheconsumers’degreeofacceptanceofenergyefficientbuildingproductsisaffectedbythefollowingfactors:1.ThemeteringandpaymentsystemforheatinginnorthChina;2.Thequantityofenergyconsumed;3.Climatecharacteristics.4.1.2.Large-scalepublicbuildingsTheenergyconsumptioninlarge-scalepublicbuildingsis10–15timesthatinresidentialbuildings.Forexample,thefloorareaoflargepublicbuildingsinBeijingonlyaccountsfor5.4%ofthecity’stotalbuildingfloorarea,however,itselectricityenergyconsumptionisalmostequaltothatofresidentialbuildings.Itisobviousthatenergyefficiencyreformshouldfocusonlarge-scalepublicandgovernmentofficebuildings.Inordertoinvestigatethepublicexpectationsofenergyefficiencyreform,thequestion‘‘Canenergyefficiencyreformsavemoreorlessthan20%ofenergyconsumption?’’hasbeenincludedinthesurvey(seeFig.1).Theresultfromgovernmentofficebuildingsisthat40.7%ofrespondentsvote‘‘less’’and59.3%‘‘more’’.Theresultfromthelarge-scalepublicbuildingsshowsthat32%ofrespondentsvote‘‘less’’and68%‘‘more’’.Thisimpliesapositiveopinionandhighexpectationthatenergyefficiencyreformwillsaveenergyconsumptioninbuildingsforthesetwotypesofbuildings.4.2.Energyefficientbuildingdevelopers4.2.1.PropertydevelopersAccordingtothestandardGB50189-2005,thenewbuildingsmustsave50%oftheirenergyconsumptionforheating,airconditioningandlightingcomparingtobuildingsbuiltinthe1980s.ThesenewbuildingsarecalledEnergyEfficientBuildings.Thesurveyhasbeencarriedoutwith411propertydevelopersinvolvedwiththenewlyconstructedbuildingstoinvestigateifthistargethasbeenmetinthefollowingthreeareas:1.ThenumberofEEbuildingsasaproportionofthetotalnumberofnewlyconstructedbuildings;2.ThecostsofEEbuildings;3.ThesalesofEEbuildingsinthemarket.Thesurveyresultrevealsthatonly20.6%ofthetotalbuildingshavemettherequirementofthisstandard.TheinvestigationshowstheincrementofcostoftheEEbuildings.Fromthisfigure,wecanseethatthereisadifferenceinthecostincrementsforEEbuildingsconstructedbythedifferentpropertydevelopers.InvestigationshowsthemarketsituationforEEbuildings.Fromthis,wecanseethatthereisnooverwhelmingadvantageforEEbuildingsonthepropertymarket.ThissurveyidentifiessomeoftheproblemsindevelopingEEbuildingsinChina,whichare:1.Thereisagreatmismatchbetweendesignandconstructionandthisaffectstheactualenergysaving;2.ThereisnostableratioofcostincrementtoenergysavingandthiscausesproblemsforthebudgetestimationsforEEbuildings;3.ThereisnomarketguidanceforenergyefficientbuildingsandthiscauseslowsensitivitytotheEEbuildingsonthepropertymarket;4.PropertydevelopersunderestimatetherequirementoftheEEbuildingsforpropertybuyers.Meanwhile,weinvestigatedtheimpactofBuildingEnergyEfficiencyLabellingonpurchasingintentionsandtheattitudeofpropertydeveloperstotheprovisionofbuildingenergyefficiencylabelling.Thesurveyresultsshowthatthemoreinformationthathasbeensuppliedtothebuyers,themoreattentiontheypaytoabuilding’sEEstatus.seeFig.4.Theintentionto‘‘considerbuyinganenergyefficientbuilding’’increasesbymorethanfivetimesaftertheprovisionoftheinformationthanbefore.Thereisasignificantopportunityforenergyefficiencybuildinglabelingtostimulatethedemandforenergyefficientbuildingsonthepropertymarket.Fig.5.showstheattitudetowardsenergyefficiencybuildinglabellingoftheadministrativedepartments,propertydevelopersandbuyers.Fromthis,wecanseethat81.6%ofthebuyersareverysupportiveofenergyefficiencybuildinginformationandlabelling;however,incontrastabout66%ofpropertydevelopersarenotconcernedaboutenergyefficiencyinformation.Itisveryimportantforlegislationontheenergyefficiencylabellingsystemtorequirethepropertydeveloperstosupplytheenergyefficiencybuildinginformationtobuyersinordertosupportenergyefficiencyandavoidoverwhelmingprofit-makingonthepropertymarket.4.2.2.ManufacturersofmaterialsandequipmentTheinvestigationontheenergyefficiencyinbuildingmaterialsandproductshasbeencarriedoutwith405manufacturersthroughoutthecountryandfocusedonthefollowingtwoquestions:１.Whataretheapproachestotheintroductionofenergyefficiencytechnologydevelopmentandtransfer?２.Whydodisputesaboutenergyefficiencyproductsoccurinpractice?Fig.6showstheapproachestoenergyefficiencyproducttechnologytransfer.Fromthisfigurewecanseethatabout15%ofenergyefficiencyproductsareself-developedbytheenterprises,22%arejointlydevelopedwithresearchinstitutions,35%aretechnologyintroducedfromoverseas,15%areimporteddirectlyfromoverseasand13%arefromotherchannels.Thereismuchdisputeaboutthequalityofenergyefficiencyproducts.Table5showsthecausesofthesedisputes.Fromthetablewecanseethatthequalityoftheenergyefficiencyproductsproducedindependentlybyenterprisesandjointlydevelopedwithresearchinstitutionsisresponsibleformanyproblems,43.4%and65.1%,respectively.ThelastfigureinparticularisacauseforconcernsinceitdemonstratestheweaknessofResearchandDevelopment(R&D)inChina.BothR&Dandtechnologytransferneedtobestrengthened.Althoughtherearefewerqualityproblemswithimportedtechnologiesandproductsfromoverseas,therearemanyproblemswiththeirinstallationandmatchingwithoriginaldesigns.About43.3%ofthetechnologiesintroducedfromoverseasareimproperlyused.About30%ofimportedenergyefficiencyproductshaveproblemsduetoimproperinstallationand30%ofthemdonotmatchwiththedesign.4.3.Buildingenergyefficiencyservicesystem4.3.1.Thedesign,consultancyservicesandconstructionofbuildingsThesurveyhasbeencarriedoutin1079designinstitutions,consultancyservicesandconstructioncompanies.Thetopicsfocusedonwerethefollowing:1.Thepassrateofenergyefficiencydesignstandardimplementation;2.Thepassrateofconstructionabidingbytheenergyefficientdesign;３.Thepassrateoftheactualenergyefficiencyofthebuildings.Fig.7showsthepassratesfortheabovethreecriteria.Fromthefigure,wecanseethatenergyefficiencydesignstandardimplementationhasthehighestpassrateof90.3%andconstructionimplementationhasahighrateof77%,however,thepassratefortheactualenergyefficiencyofbuildings(42.8%)islow.Theresultsimplythattheintentionofdesigningandconstructingenergyefficientbuildingshassubstantiallyincreasedduetothepromulgationofthenewbuildingdesigncodes.However,unfortunatelythisdidnotleadtoasubstantialincreaseinenergysavingfortheactualbuildings.Thisisduetothelackofskilledconstructionandinstallationworkers.4.3.2.ThebuildingheatingsuppliersThesurveyhasbeencarriedoutin71heatingsuppliersandfocusedonthefollowingthreecriteria:1.Howmuchdoesheatingefficiencyincreaseduetoupgradingtheheatsourceandpipenetwork?2.Howpopulararecentralheatingsystems?3.Howmuchwouldtheyaccepttoaffordthecostofrefurbishmentofaheatingsystem?Fig.8showstheincreasedheatingefficiencyduetotherefurbishmentofheatingsupplysystemsinBeijingandDalian.Fromthefigure,wecanseethatthereislittlesignificantimprovementinenergyefficiencyduetotherefurbishmentofheatingsupplysystems.Theinvestigationof71heatingsupplycompaniesrevealsthatcentralheatingsystemsaccountforabout35–40%ofthetotalheatingsystems.Theheatingsystemsofnewlybuiltresidentialbuildingshavebeendesignedandinstalledwiththermostatstocontroltheindoorairtemperature.Thisincreasescostsbyabout20RMB/m2comparedwiththeoldsystem.Theaveragecostofrefurbishmentoftheoldheatingsystemwithathermostatandreplacementofpipesandradiatorswillcostabout20–30RMB/m2.Weinvestigatedtheacceptabilityofcontributingdifferentproportionsofthecostofrefurbishment.Thepercentagesofthepaymentaregroupedas‘Notatall’.Fig.9showstheresults.Fromthefigurewecanseethatnotmanyrespondentsliketopaythecosts.Thisinformationisveryusefulfordraftingtheheatingsystemmeteringpaymentsystem.About42%oftherefurbishmentsoftheheatingnetworkdidnotachievea10%improvementinefficiency.Thereformoftheheatingsystemswillfocusontheimprovementofenergyefficiencytotheend-user.Thesurveyresultrevealsthattheinstallationofthermostatsandameteringpaymentsystemcanachievea30%energysaving.Thecombinedheatandpowersystemhasagreatpotentialforenergyefficiencyinbuildingsandthereforehasagoodprospectofbecomingpopular.Theheatingsupplierswhoarewillingtoundertakeover30%oftherefurbishmentcostsaremainlytheproducersofcombinedheatandpower.InChina,heatresourcesupplierschargeheatsupplyagentsfortheheatwhiletheheatsupplyagentschargetheusersbyfloorarea.對(duì)中國(guó)建筑能源效率管理的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)的調(diào)查摘要根據(jù)中國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院發(fā)布的<<建筑節(jié)能管理?xiàng)l例>>，一項(xiàng)關(guān)于建筑物的能源效率的大型調(diào)查（電子工程方面）在中國(guó)的22個(gè)省會(huì)及主要城市展開。調(diào)查的目的是為了國(guó)家建設(shè)部制定《關(guān)于加強(qiáng)建筑節(jié)能的決定》提供可靠依據(jù)。參與調(diào)查的機(jī)構(gòu)包括政府部門，研究機(jī)構(gòu)，房地產(chǎn)發(fā)展商，設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)，建設(shè)公司，建造顧問(wèn)服務(wù)公司，基金管理部門，金融機(jī)構(gòu)和那些涉及到商業(yè)建筑節(jié)能效率的單位。此外，媒體代表和居民也參與了。這次調(diào)查涉及建筑能源消耗量，能源效率的策略和實(shí)施能源效率的措施等方面的現(xiàn)狀及趨勢(shì)，并且對(duì)調(diào)查結(jié)果做了詳細(xì)的分析。調(diào)查為制訂新的市場(chǎng)政策和鼓勵(lì)在現(xiàn)有的新建建筑物和翻新建筑中發(fā)展節(jié)能技術(shù)提供了必要的資料。關(guān)鍵詞：能源效率（電子工程專輯）；建設(shè)；調(diào)查；政策；立法；改革；中國(guó)。1.導(dǎo)言中國(guó)能源的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)將會(huì)對(duì)中國(guó)和全球的環(huán)境產(chǎn)生相當(dāng)大的影響。雖然中國(guó)的人均二氧化碳排放量比較低，但中國(guó)已經(jīng)成為僅次于美國(guó)的世界第二大二氧化碳生產(chǎn)者。目前，中國(guó)的建筑物能源消耗占中國(guó)能源消耗的23％，預(yù)計(jì)到2010年將增加至三分之一。中國(guó)已訂立了目標(biāo)，要減少建筑物50％的能源消耗量。在中國(guó)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展中能源政策發(fā)揮著重要作用。二氧化碳是公認(rèn)的導(dǎo)致全球氣候變暖的主要原因之一，而提高在建筑物中能源利用效率則是其中一個(gè)最具成本效益的減少二氧化碳的排放量措施。中國(guó)氣候是非常多樣的，根據(jù)中國(guó)國(guó)家《標(biāo)準(zhǔn)氣候區(qū)劃建筑》GB50178-93，全國(guó)以氣候特征為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以分為以下幾類：寒冷和較冷地區(qū)，夏季炎熱和冬季寒冷以及夏季炎熱的和冬季溫暖的地區(qū)和一年四季都比較溫和的地區(qū)?；谝陨系那闆r，對(duì)空調(diào)和暖氣的要求在不同的區(qū)域分別體現(xiàn)如下：在非常寒冷地區(qū)，主要需求的是暖氣，只有少數(shù)個(gè)別的大廈配備有空調(diào)。在寒冷的地帶，首選的還是暖氣，其次是空調(diào)。而在夏熱冬冷區(qū)，無(wú)論是空調(diào)暖氣都需要配備。在夏熱冬暖區(qū)，主要需要的是空調(diào)，只有少數(shù)建筑需要暖氣。在部分地區(qū)溫和的地帶只需要暖氣;而在其他部分，無(wú)論是暖氣還是空調(diào)都需要。是選擇供應(yīng)暖氣還是使用空調(diào)取決于以下幾個(gè)因素，包括：該地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平，可供使用的能源供應(yīng)狀況以及環(huán)境保護(hù)的要求等。中國(guó)政府上世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái)就已經(jīng)開始重視建筑物中的能源利用效率問(wèn)題，制定了很多的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、建筑法規(guī)、激勵(lì)政策和行政規(guī)章。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，〈〈住宅供熱能源設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范住宅JGJ26-86〉〉，為節(jié)約能源，針對(duì)非常寒冷的地區(qū)制定的〈〈新住宅供熱能源設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范JGJ26-95〉〉和〈〈翻新現(xiàn)有的住宅樓宇的熱能技術(shù)規(guī)格JGJ129-2000〉〉。針對(duì)非集中供熱的地區(qū)的〈〈夏熱冬冷區(qū)住宅能源效率設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，JGJ134-2001〉〉和〈〈夏熱冬暖區(qū)住宅能源效率設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，JGJ75-2003〉〉。根據(jù)中國(guó)政府的估計(jì)，到2003年底，在所有起草〈〈關(guān)于加強(qiáng)建筑節(jié)能的決定〉〉，其目的是為了建立一個(gè)建設(shè)能源效率的法規(guī)體系，主要是通過(guò)政策，經(jīng)濟(jì)等手段刺激建筑節(jié)能在改革中的實(shí)施。為了完成在建筑物中的能源效率改革，一個(gè)側(cè)重于認(rèn)識(shí)，了解和支持程度的大型調(diào)查已經(jīng)全面展開。2.方法論統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查方法已用于這方面的調(diào)查。問(wèn)卷調(diào)查是其中一種常見的方法，該方法已在世界各地的許多研究中所使用。在這方面的調(diào)查采用的方法詳細(xì)說(shuō)明如下。2.1對(duì)象和主題的調(diào)查關(guān)于〈〈中國(guó)建筑節(jié)能管理的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)的調(diào)查〉〉從2005年9月進(jìn)行至2006年2月，旨在提供真實(shí)的信息，為制訂建筑節(jié)能管理?xiàng)l例提供了可靠保障。專家在中國(guó)已進(jìn)行了廣泛的討論，以便設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)查問(wèn)卷。約2.2萬(wàn)份調(diào)查問(wèn)卷已分發(fā)到全國(guó)各地約22個(gè)省會(huì)及主要城市。調(diào)查對(duì)象主要是政府行政部門，研究機(jī)構(gòu)，地產(chǎn)發(fā)展商，設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)，建筑公司，建造顧問(wèn)服務(wù)公司，基金管理部門，金融組織，媒體和居民。來(lái)自調(diào)查的資料成為制訂〈〈關(guān)于加強(qiáng)建筑節(jié)能的決定〉〉的一個(gè)重要的參考。該課題的調(diào)查分為一個(gè)總則部分和8的特定部分?？倓t部分，是調(diào)查現(xiàn)有的情況，能源效率管理，發(fā)展趨勢(shì)和建筑節(jié)能效率成本。具體的部分包括：第1部分：新的建筑市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入許可；第2部分：推廣，限制和加強(qiáng)；第3部分：建設(shè)的能源消耗統(tǒng)計(jì)；第4部分：能源效益標(biāo)簽和認(rèn)證；第5部分：能源效率管理和翻新公共建筑物；第6部分：能源效率管理和翻新住宅樓宇；第7部分：再生能源的應(yīng)用；第8部分：關(guān)于能源的使用效率激勵(lì)政策。科目來(lái)自11個(gè)團(tuán)體，他們分別是：第一：政府部門；第二：地產(chǎn)商；第三：設(shè)計(jì)和建筑公司；第四：能源服務(wù)公司；第五：公共建筑的客戶；第六：物業(yè)服務(wù)公司；第七：暖氣的供應(yīng)商；第八：建設(shè)材料和產(chǎn)品的制造商；第九：金融機(jī)構(gòu)；第十：居民；第十一：媒體；在總則部分，這11個(gè)科目都必須要做出相應(yīng)的回答，但在具體的部分則不一定要回答所有的問(wèn)題。11個(gè)類型的問(wèn)卷為不同的科目而設(shè)計(jì)。3.樣品分析該22000份調(diào)查問(wèn)卷已分發(fā)，以及約13125有效的副本已退回，回應(yīng)率為59.7％。其中，有效完成的調(diào)查問(wèn)卷中，由居民返回的10236份，由其他機(jī)構(gòu)團(tuán)體返回的2889份。3.1．居民樣本駐地問(wèn)卷包括四個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：財(cái)產(chǎn)所有權(quán)，建筑類型，建筑物的年齡及家庭平均收入。從調(diào)查中中我們可以看到，財(cái)產(chǎn)的所有權(quán)，占67.8％；多層建筑占61.8％；建筑物年限小于10年占62.9％;家庭的每月平均家庭收入少于5000元的占61.8％。這些數(shù)字與中國(guó)的實(shí)際情況相匹配。大體上看，居民科目的有效完成的調(diào)查問(wèn)卷反映了中國(guó)社會(huì)的一般的情況。它代表了社會(huì)的主流。3.2．機(jī)構(gòu)樣本該機(jī)構(gòu)樣本的歸類根據(jù)三項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)則，即他們所在城市行政的特點(diǎn)，他們所位于的氣候帶，以及它們是否是大廈的業(yè)主。從調(diào)查我們可以看到，接受調(diào)查的城市主要是省會(huì)城市和直轄市（直轄市是一個(gè)具體行政城市，是直接由中央政府負(fù)責(zé)，有四個(gè)這樣的城市：北京，天津，上海和重慶），這些城市占了這次調(diào)查的90％。建筑物的能源消耗在各省省會(huì)比在其他城市更嚴(yán)重，反映了該國(guó)的實(shí)際情況。接受調(diào)查的城市大多是設(shè)在非常冷，冷，夏熱冬冷區(qū)。比例的城市，在夏熱冬暖及溫和的區(qū)低，這是因?yàn)檎畟?cè)重于高寒地區(qū)于11.942美元。之間的采樣機(jī)構(gòu)，能源服務(wù)公司彌補(bǔ)最低的比例為0.6％，因?yàn)榻ㄖ茉葱实姆?wù)體系尚未完全成熟。的比例，設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)，建設(shè)和顧問(wèn)公司是38％，這是最大的群體。第二大組，14.3％，是彌補(bǔ)了制造業(yè)的建筑材料和設(shè)備。這兩個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)是實(shí)際的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)為執(zhí)行建筑節(jié)能。的比例，客戶的公共建設(shè)，是9.0％，這是特別選定的，以反映公共建筑的能源管理和翻修。的比例，這些機(jī)構(gòu)受樣本反映實(shí)際情況在中國(guó)。4.結(jié)果分析調(diào)查分為四個(gè)組進(jìn)行：消費(fèi)者，生產(chǎn)者，服務(wù)單位和監(jiān)督者。消費(fèi)者包括普通居民和公共建筑物客戶的。生產(chǎn)者，包括地產(chǎn)商和建設(shè)單位。這些服務(wù)單位包括設(shè)計(jì)施工及建造顧問(wèn)公司、能源服務(wù)公司、設(shè)施管理服務(wù)