礦泉水技術(shù)改造一

消除圣水峪礦泉水中沉淀物的技術(shù)改造實(shí)驗(yàn)分析（一）納濾膜過(guò)濾的應(yīng)用摘要：由于圣水峪礦泉水的原水中的暫時(shí)硬度達(dá)到220mg/L，會(huì)產(chǎn)生沉淀。簡(jiǎn)單的超濾不可能去除無(wú)機(jī)鹽，反滲透膜有會(huì)把絕大部分無(wú)機(jī)鹽去除，所以使用納濾膜來(lái)做實(shí)驗(yàn)，分析納濾膜對(duì)總硬度及陽(yáng)離子Ca2+、Mg2+、Sr2+和陰離子HCO-、3F-的去除效果和規(guī)律。1實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置與實(shí)驗(yàn)方法1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置納濾膜實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置由濟(jì)寧新格瑞水處理有限公司提供，納濾膜采用美國(guó)陶氏NF270-400型膜一只，實(shí)際運(yùn)行壓力在0.5?0.9MPa之間不等。1.2實(shí)驗(yàn)方法進(jìn)水采用超濾后水，進(jìn)膜壓力為0.5MPa-0.9MPa之間，從0.5MPa開(kāi)始，穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行兩小時(shí)后依次升高0.1MPa，每個(gè)壓力下穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行1小時(shí)后品控部取樣，以后每小時(shí)取一次樣品，每個(gè)壓力取樣兩次，同時(shí)取納濾前水樣做對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn)。品控部對(duì)每個(gè)樣品進(jìn)行PH值、電導(dǎo)率、總硬度、總堿度、鈣、鎂、重碳酸鹽的檢驗(yàn)。同時(shí)把超濾水和0.7MPa進(jìn)膜壓力的納濾后水樣送檢，檢測(cè)鍶和氟的含量。2結(jié)果和討論2.1納濾膜對(duì)礦物質(zhì)的去除效果納濾膜對(duì)不同地區(qū)水中礦物質(zhì)總量均有相當(dāng)?shù)娜コ饔?，但去除率（用電?dǎo)率表示）不穩(wěn)定，去除率集中在50%左右，并隨進(jìn)膜的壓力升高而升高，隨原水電導(dǎo)率的增加，離子去除率總體呈降低趨勢(shì)，如表1所示。表1納濾膜對(duì)水中礦物質(zhì)的去除效果

井號(hào)項(xiàng)目0.5MPa0.6MPa0.7MPa0.8MPa0.9MPa新井電導(dǎo)率us/cm超濾水705709708702695692693696699697納濾水370364353351338339328325322323去除率47.548.750.150.051.451.052.753.353.953.6老井電導(dǎo)率us/cm超濾水722733733728725730730730730731納濾水482408376376354353346346340340去除率33.344.348.748.151.251.652.652.653.453.5有關(guān)資料表明，截留率與濃度的這種相關(guān)性與道南平衡和遷移離子的屏蔽作用有關(guān)。進(jìn)料溶液中的離子濃度越高，其在膜微孔中的濃度也越高，因此最終在滲透物中的濃度也越高。同時(shí)，對(duì)負(fù)電荷的納濾膜孔壁，正離子被富集在孔壁附近，使得孔內(nèi)負(fù)的固定離子受到這種富集分布的屏蔽。這樣，隨著進(jìn)料濃度的增加，電荷屏蔽作用增強(qiáng)，更多的陰離子可能從膜中透過(guò)，導(dǎo)致膜的截留率下降。2.2納濾膜對(duì)總硬度及陽(yáng)離子的去除效果納濾膜對(duì)水中總硬度及鈣離子、鎂離子的去除效果見(jiàn)表2。井號(hào)項(xiàng)目0.5MPa0.6MPa0.7MPa0.8MPa0.9MPa新井總硬度mg/L超濾水360.3354.3348.3350.3348.3338.3346.3348.3348.3342.3納濾水146.8146.8154.1156.1154.1154.1140.1146.1138.1136.1去除率59.358.655.855.455，854，459.558.160.460.2鈣mg/L超濾水101.8105100.296.296.595.7100.298.697.0103.4納濾水44.944.142.544.140.144.144.143.338.542.5去除率55.958.057.654.258.453.956.056.060.358.9鎂mg/L超濾水27.724.325.324.320.122.027.222.424.325.3納濾水11.711.712.612.611.210.79.7210.211.211.2去除率57.851.950.248.244.351.464.354.553.955.7老井總硬度us/cm超濾水346.3364.3350.3348.3358.3340.3342.3344.3362.3346.3納濾水160.1162.1156.1148.1142.1146.1140.1138.1144.1140.1去除率53.855.555.457.560.357.159.159.960.259.5鈣mg/L超濾水108.2109.8106.6110.6115.4107.4109.0125.1113.0121.0納濾水65.071.357.051.343.348.155.348.942.543.3去除率40.035.146.553.662.555.249.360.162.464.2鎂mg/L超濾水18.519.018.017.016.519.015.611.815.117.0納濾水11.27.33.276.17.55.1――5.17.96.5去除率39.561.671.864.154.573.2一一56.847.761.8納濾膜對(duì)總硬度和對(duì)陽(yáng)離子的去除率波動(dòng)很大，特別是鎂比鈣、總硬度的去除率波動(dòng)更大，從33%?73.2%不等。納濾膜對(duì)總硬度、鈣離子的去除率大部分在50%?60%、40%?60%之間，且隨著進(jìn)壓得升高而有升高的趨勢(shì)。2.3納濾膜對(duì)總堿度及陰離子的去除效果納濾膜對(duì)總堿度、碳酸氫根離子的去除效果見(jiàn)表3。井號(hào)項(xiàng)目0.5MPa0.6MPa0.7MPa0.8MPa0.9MPa新井總堿度mg/L超濾水220.1224.9210.5215.3215.3224.9229.6224.8210.5215.3納濾水110.0114.8110.0100.5100.595.795.795.7100.595.7去除率50.049.047.753.353.357.457.357.452.355.6HCO-3mg/L超濾水268.3274.2256.7262.5262.5274.2256.7274.2256.7262.5納濾水134.2140.0134.2122.5122.5116.7116.7116.7122.5116.7去除率50.048.947.753.353.357.454.557.452.355.5老井總堿度us/cm超濾水210.5215.3220.1210.5215.3215.3210.5208.1212.9210.5納濾水153.1114.8100.5100.586.190.990.986.186.190.9去除率27.346.754.352.360.057.856.858.659.656.8HCO-3mg/L超濾水256.7262.5268.3256.7262.5262.5256.7253.4259.6256.7納濾水186.7140.0122.5122.5105.0110.8110.8105.0105.0110.8去除率27.346.754.352.360.057.856.858.659.656.8納濾膜對(duì)總堿度、碳酸氫根離子有較好的去除率，但去除率與進(jìn)水中相應(yīng)離子的濃度大小之間無(wú)明顯差異，但隨進(jìn)膜的壓力的升高，去除率有上升的趨勢(shì)。同一水樣和同一壓力條件下，總堿度、碳酸氫根離子的去除率基本一樣，納濾膜對(duì)總堿度、碳酸氫根離子的去除率在45%-60%之間在。2.4納濾膜對(duì)PH值的影響納濾膜對(duì)PH值的影響，結(jié)果見(jiàn)表4。井號(hào)項(xiàng)目0.5MPa0.6MPa0.7MPa0.8MPa0.9MPa新井PH值超濾水7.567.887.847.937.937.937.867.887.877.88納濾水7.587.497.487.467.457.457.437.467.427.43降低-0.020.390.360.470.480.480.430.420.450.45老井PH值超濾水7.797.857.867.837.887.847.877.847.867.81納濾水7.767.797.647.637.627.617.587.567.577.56降低0.030.060.220.20.260.230.290.280.290.25納濾膜對(duì)PH值有一定的降低，但降低幅度較小且不穩(wěn)定。2.5納濾膜對(duì)鍶和氟離子的去除效果由于實(shí)驗(yàn)室不能進(jìn)行鍶和氟的檢驗(yàn)，需送檢。取0.7MPa壓力下納濾水和原水，兩口井都取樣，總共四個(gè)樣送檢。結(jié)果見(jiàn)表5。項(xiàng)目新井老井原水納濾水去除率原水納濾水去除率鍶3.971.8952.4%1.100.5153.7%氟0.940.4947.9%0.490.2353.1%在0.7MPa壓力下，納濾對(duì)鍶的去除率在50%以上；對(duì)氟的去除率不穩(wěn)定且隨著含量增大而降低。這次送檢的結(jié)果，其中新井的鍶、氟與以前的檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果差異較大，這次的樣品是在連續(xù)抽水48小時(shí)以后所取的樣品。我認(rèn)為，有必要連續(xù)抽水直到水質(zhì)穩(wěn)定。3結(jié)論納濾膜操作壓力低，對(duì)高電價(jià)位的離子的去除率高，對(duì)分子質(zhì)量大離子去除率高，是一種適合于飲用水生產(chǎn)中采用的膜過(guò)濾技術(shù)。納濾膜對(duì)水中礦物質(zhì)總量、總硬度、鈣