《英語(yǔ)（二）》考研真題

管理類專業(yè)學(xué)位全國(guó)聯(lián)考英語(yǔ)（二）真題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,BCorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points)yourselfregularlyisawonderfulwaytostayawareofanysignificantweightfluctuations.1,whendonetoooften,thishabitcansometimeshurtmorethatit2.clothesfitandyouroverallenergylevel.1.A.Therefore B.Otherwise C.However D.Besides2.A.cares B.warns C.reduces D.helps3.A.solely B.occasionally C.formally D.initially4.A.lowering B.explaining C.accepting D.recording5.A.set B.review C.reach D.modify6.A.depiction B.distribution C.prediction D.definition7.A.regardlessof B.asidefrom C.alongwith D.dueto8.A.rigid B.precise C.immediate D.orderly9.A.judgments B.reasons C.methods D.claims10.A.though B.again C.indeed D.instead11.A.track B.overlook C.conceal D.report12.A.approvalof B.holdonto C.accountfor D.dependon13.A.share B.adjust C.confirm D.prepare14.A.features B.rules C.tests D.results15.A.anxious B.hungry C.sick D.bored16.A.secret B.belief C.sign D.principle17.A.necessity B.decision C.wish D.request18.A.surprising B.restricting C.consuming D.disappointing19.A.because B.unless C.until D.if20A.dominating B.puzzling C.triumphing D.obsessingSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Unlikeso-calledbasicemotionssuchassadness,fear,andanger,guiltemergesalittlelater,inconjunctionwithachild'sgrowinggraspofsocialandmoralnorms.Childrenaren'tbornknowinghowtosay“I'msorry”;rather,theylearnovertimethatsuchstatementsappeaseparentsandfriendsandtheirownconsciences.Thisiswhyresearchersgenerallyregardso-calledmoralguilt,intherightamount,tobeagoodthing.Inthepopularimagination,ofcourse,guiltstillgetsabadrap.Itisdeeplyuncomfortable-it'stheemotionalequivalentofwearingajacketweightedwithstones.thisunderstandingisoutdated."Therehasbeenakindofrevivalorarethinkingaboutwhatguiltisandwhatroleguiltcanserve,”saysAmrishaVaish,apsychologyresearcherattheUniversityofVirginia,addingthatthisrevivalispartofalargerrecognitionthatemotionsaren'tbinary--feelingsthatmaybeadvantageousinonecontextmaybeharmfulinanother.Jealousyandanger,forexample,mayhaveevolvedtoalertustoimportantinequalities.Toomuchhappinesscanbedestructive.Andguilt,bypromptingustothinkmoredeeplyaboutourgoodness,canencouragehumanstomakeupforerrorsandfixrelationships.Guilt,inotherwords,canhelpholdacooperativespeciestogether.Itisakindofsocialglue.Viewedinthislight,guiltisanopportunity.WorkbyTinaMalti,apsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofToronto,suggeststhatguiltmaycompensateforanemotionaldeficiency.Inanumberofstudies,Maltiandothershaveshownthatguiltandsympathymayrepresentdifferentpathwaystocooperationandsharing.Somekidswhoarelowinsympathymaymakeupforthatshortfallbyexperiencingmoreguilt,whichcanreinintheirnastierimpulses.Andviceversa:Highsympathycansubstituteforlowguilt.Ina2014study,forexample,Maltilookedat244children.Usingcaregiverassessmentsandthechildren'sself-observations,sheratedeachchild'soverallsympathylevelandhisorhertendencytofeelnegativeemotionsaftermoraltransgressions.Thenthekidswerehandedchocolatecoins,andgivenachancetosharethemwithananonymouschild.Forthelow-sympathykids,howmuchtheysharedappearedtoturnonhowinclinedtheyweretofeelguilty.Theguilt-proneonessharedmore,eventhoughtheyhadn'tmagicallybecomemoresympathetictotheotherchild'sdeprivation.“That’sgoodnews.”Maltisays,“Wecanbeprosocialbecausewecausedharmandwefeelregret.”21.Researchersthinkthatguiltcanbeagoodthingbecauseitmayhelp .A.fosterachild'smoraldevelopmentB.regulateabasicemotionsC.improveachild'sintellectualabilityD.intensityapositivefeelings22.Accordingtoparagraph2,manypeoplestillconsiderguilttobe .A.inexcusableB.deceptionC.addictiveD.burdensomeholdsthattherethinkingaboutguiltcomesfromanawarenessthat .A.emotionsarecontext-independentB.anemotioncanplayopposingrolesC.emotionsaresociallyconstrictiveD.emotionalstabilitycanbenefithealth24.Maltiandothershaveshownthatcooperationandsharing .A.mayhelpcorrectemotionaldeficienciesB.canbringaboutemotionalsatisfactionC.canresultfromeithersympathyorguiltD.maybetheoutcomeofimpulsiveacts25.Theword“transgressions”(Line4,Para.5)isclosestinmeaningto .A.wrongdoingsB.discussionsC.restrictionsD.teachingsText2Forestsgiveusshade,quietandoneoftheharderchallengesinthefightagainstclimatechange.Evenaswehumanscountonforeststosoakupagoodshareofthecarbondioxideweproduce,wearethreateningtheirabilitytodoso.Theclimatechangewearehasteningcouldonedayleaveuswithforeststhatemitmorecarbonthantheyabsorb.Thankfully,thereisawayoutofthistrap--butitinvolvesstrikingasubtlebalance.Helpingforestsflourishasvaluable“carbonsinks”longintothefuturemayrequirereducingtheircapacitytosequestercarbonnow.Californiaisleadingtheway,asitdoesonsomanyclimateefforts,infiguringoutthedetails.Thestate’sproposedForestCarbonPlanaimstodoubleeffortstothinoutyoungtreesandclearbrushinpartsoftheforest,includingbycontrolledburning.Thistemporarilylowerscarbon-carryingcapacity.Buttheremainingtreesdrawagreatershareoftheavailablemoisture,sotheygrowandthrive,restoringtheforest’scapacitytopullcarbonfromtheair.Healthytreesarealsobetterabletofendoffbarkbeetles.Thelandscapeisrenderedlesscombustible.Evenintheeventofafire,fewertreesareconsumed.Theneedforsuchplanningisincreasinglyurgent.Already,since2010,droughtandbeetleshavekilledmorethan100milliontreesinCalifornia,mostofthemin2016alone,andwildfireshaveburnedhundredsofthousandsofacres.Californiaplanstotreat35,000acresofforestayearby2020,and60,000by2030-financedfromtheproceedsofthestate'semissions-permitauctions.That'sonlyasmallshareofthetotalacreagethatcouldbenefit,abouthalfamillionacresinall,soitwillbeimportanttoprioritizeareasatgreatestriskoffireordrought.Thestrategyalsoaimstoensurethatcarboninwoodymaterialremovedfromtheforestsislockedawayintheformofsolidlumber,burnedasbiofuelinvehiclesthatwouldotherwiserunonfossilfuels,orusedincompostoranimalfeed.Newresearchontransportationbiofuelsisalreadyunderway.Stategovernmentsarewellaccustomedtomanagingforests,buttraditionallythey’vefocusedonwildlife,watershedsandopportunitiesforrecreation.Onlyrecentlyhavetheycometoseethevitalpartforestswillhavetoplayinstoringcarbon.California'splan,whichisexpectedtobefinalizedbythegovernorearlynextyear,shouldserveasamodel.ysaying“oneoftheharderchallenges,”theauthorimpliesthat A.globalclimatechangemaygetoutofcontrolB.peoplemaymisunderstandglobalwarmingC.extremeweatherconditionsmayariseD.forestsmaybecomeapotentialthreatmaintainforestsasvaluable“carbonsinks”,wemayneedto A.preservethediversityofspeciesinthemB.acceleratethegrowthofyoungtreesC.strikeabalanceamongdifferentplantsD.lowertheirpresentcarbon-absorbingcapacityForestCarbonPlanendeavorsto A.cultivatemoredrought-resistanttreesB.reducethedensityofsomeofitsforestsC.findmoreeffectivewaystokillinsectsD.restoreitsforestsquicklyafterwildfires29.WhatisessentialtoplanaccordingtoParagraphA.Tohandletheareasinseriousdangerfirst.B.Tocarryitoutbeforetheyearof2020.C.Toperfecttheemissions-permitauctions.D.Toobtainenoughfinancialsupport.30.Theauthor’sattitudetoCalifornia’splancanbedescribedas A.ambiguousB.tolerantC.supportiveD.cautiousText3Americanfarmershavebeencomplainingoflaborshortagesforseveralyears.Thecomplaintsareunlikelytostopwithoutanoverhaulofimmigrationrulesforfarmworkers.CongresshasobstructedeffortstocreateamorestraightforwardvisaforagriculturalworkersthatwouldletforeignworkersstaylongerintheU.S.andchangejobswithintheindustry.Ifthisdoesn’tchange,Americanbusinessescommunities,andconsumerswillbethelosers.PerhapshalfofU.S.farmlaborersareundocumentedimmigrants.Asfewersuchworkersenterthecountry,thecharacteristicsoftheagriculturalworkforcearechanging.Today'sfarmlaborers,whilestillpredominantlyborninMexico,aremorelikelytobesettledratherthanmigratingandmorelikelytobemarriedthansingle.They'realsoaging.Atthestartofthiscentury,aboutone-thirdofcropworkerswereovertheageof35.Nowmorethanhalfare.Andpickingcropsishardonolderbodies.Oneoft-debatedcureforthislaborshortageremainsasimplausibleasit'sbeenallalong:NativeU.S,workerswon'tbereturningtothefarm.Mechanizationisn'ttheanswer,either-notyet,atleast.Productionofcorn,cotton,rice,soybeans,andwheathasbeenlargelymechanized,butmanyhigh-value,labor-intensivecrops,suchasstrawberries,needlabor.Evendairyfarms,whererobotsdoasmallshareofmilking,havealongwaytogobeforethey'reautomated.Asaresult,farmshavegrownincreasinglyreliantontemporaryguestworkersusingtheH-2Avisatofillthegapsintheworkforce.Startingaround2012,requestsforthevisasrosesharply;from201Ito2016thenumberofvisasissuedmorethandoubled.TheH-2Avisahasnonumericalcap,unliketheH-2Bvisafornonagriculturalwork,whichislimitedto66，000ayear.Evenso,employerscomplaintheyaren'tgivenalltheworkerstheyneed.Theprocessiscumbersome,expensive,andunreliable.OnesurveyfoundthatbureaucraticdelaysledtheaverageH-2Aworkertoarriveonthejob22dayslate.Theshortageiscompoundedbyfederalimmigrationraids,whichremovesomeworkersanddriveothersunderground.Ina2012survey,71percentoftree-fruitgrowersandalmost80percentofraisinandberrygrowerssaidtheywereshortoflabor.SomewesternfarmershaverespondedbymovingoperationstoMexico.From1998to2000,14.5percentofthefruitAmericansconsumedwasimported.Littlemorethanadecadelater,theshareofimportswas25.8percent.Ineffect,theU.S.canimportfoodoritcanimporttheworkerswhopickit.31.Whatproblemshouldbeaddressedaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs? A.DiscriminationagainstforeignworkersintheU.S.B.FlawsinU.S.immigrationrulesforfarmworkers.C.BiasedlawsinfavorofsomeAmericanbusinesses.D.DeclineofjobopportunitiesinU.S.agriculture.32.OnetroublewithU.S.agriculturalworkforceis A.therisingnumberofillegalimmigrantsB.thehighmobilityofcropworkersC.theagingofimmigrantfarmworkersD.thelackofexperiencedlaborers33.Whatisthemuch-arguedsolutiontothelaborshortageinU.S.farming?getnativeU.S.workersbacktofarming.attractyoungerlaborerstofarmwork.usemorerobotstogrowhigh-valuecrops.strengthenfinancialsupportforfamers.34.AgriculturalemployerscomplainabouttheH-2Avisaforits A.controlofannualadmissionsB.limitondurationofstayC.tightenedrequirementsD.slowgrantingprocedures35.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthistext?A.ImportFoodorLabor?B.U.S.AgricultureinDecline?C.AmericaSavedbyMexico?D.Manpowervs.Automation?Text4ArnoldSchwarzenegger,DiaMirzaandAdrianGrenierhaveamessageforyou:It’seasytobeatplastic.They’repartofabunchofcelebritiesstarringinanewvideoforWorldEnvironmentDay--encouragingyou,theconsumer,toswapoutyoursingle-useplasticstaplestocombattheplasticscrisis.ThekeymessagesthathavebeenputtogetherforWorldEnvironmentDaydoincludeacallforgovernmentstoenactlegislationtocurbsingle-useplastics.Buttheoverarchingmessageisdirectedatindividuals.Myconcernwithleavingituptotheindividual,however,isourlimitedsenseofwhatneedstobeachieved.Ontheirown,takingourownbagstothegrocerystoreorquittingplasticstraws,forexample,willaccomplishlittleandrequireverylittleofus.Theycouldevenbeharmful,satisfyinganeedtohave“doneourbit”withouteverprogressingontobigger,bolder,moreeffectiveactions--akindof“morallicensing”thateasesourconcernsandstopsusdoingmoreandaskingmoreofthoseincharge.Whiletheconversationaroundourenvironmentandourresponsibilitytowarditremainscenteredonshoppingbagsandstraws,we’reignoringthebalanceofpowerthatimpliesthatas“consumers”wemustshopsustainably,ratherthanas“citizens”holdourgovernmentsandindustriestoaccounttopushforrealsystemicchange.It’simportanttoacknowledgethattheenvironmentisn’teveryone’spriority--orevenmostpeople’s.Weshouldn’texpectittobe.Inherlatestbook,WhyGoodPeopleDoBadEnvironmentalThings,ElizabethR.DeSombrearguesthatthebestwaytocollectivelychangethebehavioroflargenumbersofpeopleisforthechangetobestructural.Thismightmeanimplementingpolicysuchasaplastictaxthataddsacosttoenvironmentallyproblematicaction,orbanningsingle-useplasticsaltogether.Indiahasjustannounceditwill“eliminateallsingle-useplasticinthecountryby2022.”Therearealsoincentive-basedwaysofmakingbetterenvironmentalchoiceseasier,suchasensuringrecyclingisatleastaseasyastrashdisposal.DeSombreisn’tsayingpeopleshouldstopcaringabouttheenvironment.It’sjustthatindividualactionsaretooslow,shesays,forthattobetheonly,orevenprimary,approachtochangingwidespreadbehavior.Noneofthisisaboutwritingofftheindividual.It’sjustaboutputtingthingsintoperspective.Wedon’thavetimetowait.Weneedprogressivepolicesthatshapecollectiveaction,alongsideengagedcitizenspushingforchange.36.Somecelebritiesstarinanewvideoto A.demandnewlawsontheuseofplasticsB.urgeconsumerstocuttheuseofplasticsC.invitepublicopinionontheplasticscrisisD.disclosethecausesoftheplasticscrisis37.Theauthorisconcernedthat“morallicensing”may A.misleadusintodoingworthlessthingsB.preventusfrommakingfurthereffortsC.weakenoursenseofaccomplishmentD.suppressourdesireforsuccess38.Bypointingoutouridentityas“citizens,”theauthorindicatesthat .A.ourfocusshouldbeshiftedtocommunitywelfareB.ourrelationshipwithlocalindustriesisimprovingC.wehavebeenactivelyexercisingourcivilrightsD.weshouldpressourgovernmentstoleadthecombat39.DeSombrearguesthatthebestwayforacollectivechangeshouldbe A.awin-winarrangementB.aself-drivenmechanismC.acost-effectiveapproachD.atop-downprocess40.Theauthorconcludesthatindividualefforts A.canbetooaggressiveB.arefarfromsufficientC.canbetooinconsistentD.arefarfromrationalReadingthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET.(10points)Howseriouslyshouldparenttakekid’sopinionswhensearchingforahome?Inchoosinganewhome,CamilleMcClain’skidshaveasingledemandabackyard.ThatseeminglyreasonablerequestturnedtheChicagofamily’shomehuntupsidedown,asthereweren'tmanythreebedroomapartmentsontheNorthSide--wherethefamilywaslooking--thatcamewithyardspace.Still,McClainandherhusbandchosetohonortheir4-and6-year-old‘srequest.“Weworkedwithafewapartmentbrokers,anditwasstrangethatmanyofthemdidn'tevennowiftherewasoutdoorspace,sothey'dbringustoanapartment,we'dseethatitdidn'thaveayard,andwe'dmoveon,"saidMcClain,whorunsMerryMusicMakersinLakeview,abusinessfocusedonmusiceducationforchildren.McClain'slittleonesaren'ttheonlykidswhohaveanopinionwhenitcomestohousing,andinmanycasesyoungsters’viewsweighheavilyonparents’realestatedecisions,accordingtoa2018HarrisPollsurveyofmorethan2,000U.S.adults.Renterspaidattentiontotheirkids’preferencesevenmore:83percentsaidtheirchildren'sopinionswillbeafactorwhentheybuyahome.Theideaofinvolvingchildreninabigdecisionisagreatideabecauseitcanhelpthemfeelasenseofcontrolandownershipinwhatcanbeanoverwhelmingprocess,saidRyanHooper,clinicalpsychologistinChicago.“Childrenmayfaceseriousdifficultiesincopingwithsignificantmoves,especiallyifitremovesthemfromtheircurrentschoolorsupportsystem,"hesaid.Youngerchildrenshouldfeellikethey'rechoosingtheirhome--withoutactuallygettingachoiceinthematter,saidAdamBailey,realestateattorneybasedinNewYorkandauthoroftheupcomingchildren'sbookHome,"aboutthesearchfortheperfecthomefromtheviewpointofachild.Askingthemquestionsaboutwhattheylikeaboutthebackyardofapotentialhome--oraskingthemwheretheirtoyswouldgointhehouse--willmakethemfeellikethey'rebeingincludedinthedecision-makingprocess,Baileysaid.Manyoftheaspectsofhomebuyingaren'taconsiderationforchildren,saidTraceyHampson,arealestateagentbasedinSantaClarita,Calif.Andplacingtoomuchemphasisontheiropinionscanruinafantastichomepurchase.Shehasaclientwhohasbeenhouse-huntingforawhile,andhealwaysaskshisyoungchildrentheiropinion.Butwhenthisbuyerfinallydecidedtowriteanofferonahomewithapool,hischildrenburstintotearsbecausetheydidn'twantapool.Theyendedupnotsubmittinganoffer,"Hampsonsaid.”Sospeakingwithyourchildrenbeforeyoumakearealestatedecisioniswise,butIwouldn'tbasethepurchasingdecisionsolelyontheiropinions.”Theotherissueisthatmanychildren--especiallyolderones--maybasetheirrealestateknowledgeonHGTVshows,whichtendtofocusonsuperficialaspectsofrealestate,saidAaronNorrisofTheNorrisGroupinRiverside,Calif.TheyloveChipandJulieGainesjustasmuchastherestofus,"hesaid.HGTVhasseriouslychangedhowpeopleviewrealestate.It'snotshelter,it'salifestyle.Withthatmindsetchangecomessomeseriousmoneyconsequences."Kidstendtogetstuckinthefeaturesandtheimmediatebenefitstothempersonally,Norrissaid.Andwhiletheiropinionsonthoseelementsshouldn'treignsupreme,thehomebuyingprocesscouldbeatimetostarttalkingtokidsaboutmoney,budgeting,homeownershipandotherfinancialdecisions.“Theiropinionscanchangetomorrow,”Garnersaid"asharshasitmaybetosay,thatdecisionshouldlikelynotbemadecontingentonachild'sopinions,butrathermadeforthemwithgreatconsiderationintowhathomecanmeettheirneedsbest–andgivethemanopportunitytocustomizeitabitandmakeittheirown."Thisadviceismorerelevantnowthaneverbefore,evenasmoreparentswanttoembracetheideasoftheirchildren,despitethecurrenthousingcrunch.Today,wannabehomebuyershavetobemoreopenwhenitcomestomust-havesandwhatyoucancompromiseon,Hampsonsaid.Andspeakingofcompromise:TheMcClainkids,hungryforoutdoorspace,fellinlovewithahomeintheNorthParkneighborhoodthathadalargeyard.Butitwasn’tidealbytheirparents’standards.ThefamilyendeduprentingahouseinNorthCenterthathadasmalleryard,butitwasstillbigenoughforplaytime.A.notesthataspectslikechildren’sfriendsandsocialactivitiesshouldbeconsidereduponhomebuying.41.RyanHopperB.believesthathomebuyingdecisionsshouldbebasedonchildren’sneedsratherthantheiropinions.42.AdamBaileyC.assumesthatmanychildren’sviewsonrealestateareinfluencedbythemedia.43.TraceyHampsonD.remarksthatsignificantmovesmayposechallengestochildren.44.AaronNorrisE.saysthatitiswisetoleavekidsinthedarkaboutrealestatedecisions.45.JulieGarnerF. advisesthathomepurchasesshouldnotbebasedonlyonopinions.G.thinksthatchildrenshouldbegivenasenseofinvolvementinhomebuyingdecisions.IhadtodoabitofasalesjobwiththekidssincetheylovedtheyardinNorthPark,"McClainsaid.Butthere'sahammocktheyloungeon,aspottojumprope,aplacetoplayinthe.sprinkler,andanareatowritewithsidewalkchalk."SectionIIITranslation46.Directions:TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)ItiseasytounderestimateEnglishwriterJamesHerriot.Hehadsuchapleasant,readablestylethatonemightthinkthatanyonecouldimitateit.HowmanytimeshaveIheardpeoplesay,“Icouldwriteabook.Ijusthaven’tthetime.”Easilysaid.Notsoeasilydone.JamesHerriot,contrarytopopularopinion,didnotfinditeasyinhisearlydaysof,asheputit,“havingagoatthewritinggame”.Whileheobviouslyhadanabundanceofnaturaltalent,thefinal,polishedworkthathegavetotheworldwastheresultofyearsofpractising,re-writingandreading.Likethemajorityofauthors,hehadtosuffermanydisappointmentsandrejectionsalongtheway,butthesemadehimallthemoredeterminedtosucceed.Everythingheachievedinlifewasearnedthehardwayandhissuccessintheliteraryfieldwasnoexception.SectionIVWritingPartA46.Directions:SupposeProfessorSmithaskedyoutoplanadebateonthecitytraffic.Writehimanemailto1)suggestaspecifictopicwithyourreasons,and2)tellhima