高中英語(yǔ)人教版一輪課時(shí)提升作業(yè)二十一必修5Unit1Greatscientists

溫馨提示：此套題為Word版，請(qǐng)按住Ctrl,滑動(dòng)鼠標(biāo)滾軸，調(diào)節(jié)合適的觀看比例，答案解析附后。關(guān)閉Word文檔返回原板塊。二十一必修5Unit1Greatscientists(限時(shí)35分鐘)Ⅰ.閱讀理解A(2021·北京模擬)Researcherscontinuetoshowthepowerbehindoursenseofsmell.Recentstudieshavefound,amongotherthings,thatthesmelloffoodslikepizzacancauseuncontrollableangerindriversonroads.Thereviewexplainsthatsmellisuniqueinitseffectsonthebrain.AccordingtoConradKing,theresearcherwhocarriedoutthereview,“morethananyothersenses,thesenseofsmellgoesthroughthelogicalpartofthebrainandactsonthesystemsconcernedwithfeelings.Thisiswhythesmellofbakingbreadcandestroythebestintentionsofadieter.”Smell,whichdictates(決定)theunbelievableplexityoffoodtastes,hasalwaysbeentheleastunderstoodofoursenses.Ournosesareabletodetectupto10,000distinctsmells.Ourabilitytosmellandtastethisextremelylargerangeofsmellsiscontrolledbysomethinglike1,000genes,whichmakeupanamazing3%ofthehumangenome.ResearchersRichardAxelandLindaBuckweretogetherawardedaNobelPrizein2004fortheirgroundbreakingresearchonthenatureofthisextraordinarysense.Thesetwoscientistswerethefirsttodescribethefamilyof1,000olfactory(嗅覺(jué))genesandtoexplainhowourolfactorysystemworks.Accordingtoonestudyintheresearchreview,smellingfreshpizzaoreventhepackagingoffastfoodscanbeenoughtomakedriversfeelimpatientwithotherroadusers.Theyarethenmorelikelytospeedandexperienceuncontrollableangeronroads.Themostreasonableexplanationisthatthesecanallmakedriversfeelhungry,andthereforedesperatetosatisfytheirappetites.Incontrast,thesmellsofpeppermintandcinnamonwereshowntoimproveconcentrationlevelsaswellasreducedrivers’impatience.Similarly,thesmellsoflemonandcoffeeappearedtopromoteclearthinkingandmentalfocus.However,thewaygenesregulatesmelldiffersfrompersontoperson.AstudybyresearchersinIsraelhasidentifiedatleast50olfactorygeneswhichareswitchedoninsomepeopleandnotinothers.Theybelievethismayexplainwhysomeofuslovesomesmellsandtasteswhileothershatethem.TheIsraelresearcherssaytheirstudyshowsthatnearlyeveryhumanbeingshowsadifferentpatternofactiveandinactivesmelldetectingreceptors.【文章大意】文章主要介紹了人類的嗅覺(jué)基因和嗅覺(jué)系統(tǒng),科學(xué)家們通過(guò)研究嗅覺(jué)基因和嗅覺(jué)系統(tǒng)是如何工作的,發(fā)現(xiàn)了嗅覺(jué)對(duì)我們生活的影響。1.WhatdidRichardAxelandLindaBuckfindout?A.Thetypeoffoodsmells.B.Thelogicalpartofhumanbrain.C.Thenatureofhumanolfactorysystem.D.Therelationshipbetweenfoodandfeelings.【解析】選C。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。答案定位在第三段Thesetwoscientistswerethefirsttodescribethefamilyof1,000olfactorygenesandtoexplainhowourolfactorysystemworks.(這兩位科學(xué)家首次描述了1000個(gè)嗅覺(jué)基因家族,并解釋了我們的嗅覺(jué)系統(tǒng)是如何工作的。)由此可知RichardAxel和LindaBuck這兩位科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類嗅覺(jué)系統(tǒng)的本質(zhì)。2.Whichofthefollowingcanhelppeopleconcentrate?A.Bread. B.Fastfood.C.Pizza. D.Coffee.【解析】選D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。答案定位在第五段Similarly,thesmellsoflemonandcoffeeappearedtopromoteclearthinkingandmentalfocus.可知喝咖啡有助于提高思考和注意力。3.Whatdoweknowfromthelastparagraph?A.Differentpeoplearesensitivetodifferentsmells.B.Everypersonhasadifferentpatternofgenes.C.Somepeoplecanrecognizeupto50smells.D.Therearestillsomeolfactorygenestobefoundout.【解析】選A。推理判斷題。答案定位在最后一段TheIsraelresearcherssaytheirstudyshowsthatnearlyeveryhumanbeingshowsadifferentpatternofactiveandinactivesmelldetectingreceptors.(以色列研究人員表示,他們的研究表明,幾乎每個(gè)人的嗅覺(jué)感受器的活躍和不活躍模式都不一樣。)由此可知不同的人對(duì)不同的氣味敏感。4.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Logicandbehavior.B.Smellanditsinfluence.C.Senseabilityandfoodtastes.D.Olfactorygenesanditssystem.【解析】選B。主旨大意題。第一段Recentstudieshavefound,amongotherthings,thatthesmelloffoodslikepizzacancauseuncontrollableangerindriversonroads.(最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),比薩等食物的味道會(huì)讓道路上的司機(jī)產(chǎn)生無(wú)法控制的憤怒)是全文的主題句,結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容,可知這篇文章主要介紹了氣味及其影響?！局R(shí)拓展】詞匯積累uncontrollableanger不可遏止的怒氣;unbelievableplexity難以置信的復(fù)雜性;detect發(fā)現(xiàn);humangenome人類基因庫(kù);groundbreakingresearch開(kāi)創(chuàng)性的研究;desperatetosatisfytheirappetites迫切滿足欲望B(2021·天津模擬)Arewealoneintheuniverse?AteamofscientistsannouncedonJanuary6,2015thattheyhadidentifiedeightplanetsbeyondoursolarsystem,threeorfourofwhichorbitintheirstars“GoldilocksZone”—theregionwheretemperaturesarenottoohotortoocoldforwater,whichisanecessaryingredientforlifeasweknowit,toexistliquidform.ThismaybegoodnewsforpeoplehopingthatEarthisnottheonlyinhabitedworldintheuniverse.Thescientists,ledbyDr.GuilermoTorresoftheHarvardSmithsonianCenterforAstrophysics,madethediscoveriesusingdatacollectedbytheplanetseekingKeplertelescope.NASAlaunchedKeplerin2009.Sincethen,thetelescopehasidentifiedmorethan1,000planetsoutsideofoursolarsystem.TorresandhisteamanalyzedthedataabouttheeightnewlydiscoveredworldtodeterminewhichonesaremostlikelytobesimilartoourEarth.Amongthenewdiscoveries,thescientistssaytheplanetscalledKepler438band442baretheclosesttoEarth.Kepler438bisjustabout10%largerthanourplanet,andgets40%moreofitsenergyfromitsstarthanEarthreceivesfromtheSun.Temperaturestherewouldbeabout140degrees.Kepler442bisabout33%largerthanEarth,butreceives30%lessenergyfromitsstar.Thatwouldmakeitapotentiallychillierworldthanourown.Torressaysitispossibleforlifetoexistandsurviveineitherofthosetemperatures,butforthattohappen,theseplanetswouldneedtohaveanotherkeyingredientforlife:aheattrappingatmospherelikeEarth’s.WhilethesefindingsaddtothepossibilitythatlifeexistsbeyondEarth,Torrescautionsagainstdrawingconclusions.“Wearenotclaimingtheyareinhabited,”hesays.Infact,theseplanetsaresofarawaythatthescientistscannotobservethemdirectly,whichcanbeexplanationforwhyfornowitremainsunknownwhethertheseplanetscontainlife.Butthediscoveryofplanetsintheirstars’habitablezonessuggeststhatsomewhereoutthere,someformofalienlifemayhavetakenhold.【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。講述了科學(xué)家宣布找到了太陽(yáng)系外的另外八個(gè)星球,其中三四個(gè)星球的運(yùn)行軌道溫度適宜,適合水的存在。這使人們相信地球外還可能存在生命的跡象。5.Thescientistshaveidentifiedeightplanets,_________.

A.whicharesuitableforhumanstoliveonB.someofwhicharepossibleforlifetoexistonC.someofwhichhavethesamesituationsasEarthD.whicharenottoohotortoocoldforwatertoexiston【解析】選B。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第二句可知,科學(xué)家已經(jīng)確定了八個(gè)太陽(yáng)系以外的行星,其中三個(gè)或四個(gè)軌道恒星的“適居帶”——水,我們所知的生命存在的必要成分,在這個(gè)地區(qū),水的溫度既不太熱也不太冷,能夠以液體的形式存在。故可推理得知,八顆行星中的其中一些可能存在生命。6.WhichstatementaboutthediscoveryofTorresandhisteamisTRUE?A.Kepler438bistoohotforanylifetoexiston.B.Kepler438band442barethefarthesttoEarth.C.TheyhavemadethediscoveriesthroughKepler.D.Theyhavediscoveredover1000planetsin7years.【解析】選C。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Thescientists,ledbyDr.GuilermoTorresoftheHarvardSmithsonianCenterforAstrophysics,madethediscoveriesusingdatacollectedbytheplanetseekingKeplertelescope.”可知,Torres和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)是利用開(kāi)普勒望遠(yuǎn)鏡收集的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)了這些行星。7.WhatisthepossiblethingthatKepler442blacksforlifetoexiston?A.Thewater. B.Thesunlight.C.Thesoil. D.Theatmosphere.【解析】選D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句“Torressaysitispossibleforlifetoexistandsurviveineitherofthosetemperatures,butforthattohappen,theseplanetswouldneedtohaveanotherkeyingredientforlife:aheattrappingatmospherelikeEarth’s.”可知,開(kāi)普勒442b缺少能夠讓生命存在的另一個(gè)關(guān)鍵組成部分:大氣層。8.Abouttheirexploration,Torreswantstoindicatethat_________.

A.thereisalotlefttolearnB.theyhavehaddecisivegainsC.itisthefirstinhumanhistoryD.itiscertainforlifeontheplanets【解析】選A。推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第三句“Infact,theseplanetsaresofarawaythatthescientistscannotobservethemdirectly,whichcanbeexplanationforwhyfornowitremainsunknownwhethertheseplanetscontainlife.”可知,Torres認(rèn)為這些行星如此遙遠(yuǎn)以至于科學(xué)家們無(wú)法直接觀測(cè)到它們,這就可以解釋為什么目前還不清楚這些行星上是否存在生命。Torres想要暗示我們還有很多很多東西需要了解?！局R(shí)拓展】長(zhǎng)難句分析Infact,theseplanetsaresofarawaythatthescientistscannotobservethemdirectly,whichcanbeexplanationforwhyfornowitremainsunknownwhethertheseplanetscontainlife.分析:so...that結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句;which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,指代前面一整句話的內(nèi)容;why引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,其中it作形式主語(yǔ),真正主語(yǔ)是whether從句。翻譯:事實(shí)上,這些行星非常遙遠(yuǎn),科學(xué)家無(wú)法直接進(jìn)行觀測(cè),這就解釋了為什么這些行星上是否存在生命還是個(gè)未知數(shù)。Ⅱ.閱讀填句Livingtotheripeoldageof90maydependonyourbodysize—bothheightandweight—aswellasyourlevelofphysicalactivity,andgeeingtoinfluenceawoman’slifespanmorethanitdoesaman’s.Thestudyfoundwomenwholivedto90were,onaverage,tallerandhadputonlessweightsincetheageof20asparedtowomenwhowereshorterandheavier.1However,mensawmorebenefitfromphysicalactivitythanwomen.

In1986researchersaskedover7,000Norwegianmenandwomenbetweenage55and69abouttheirheight,currentweight,andweightatage20.Bothgendersalsotoldresearchersabouttheircurrentphysicalactivities.2Themenandwomenwerethensortedintodailyactivityquotas:lessthan30minutes,30to60minutes,and90minutesormore.

Menandwomeninthestudyfaredverydifferentlywhenitcametotheimpactofbodysizeandexercise.Womenwhoweighedlessatage20andputonlessweightastheyagedweremorelikelytolivelongerthanheavierwomen.3Thestudyfoundwomenwhoweretallerthan5feet9incheswere31%morelikelytoliveintotheir90sthanwomenwhowerelessthan5feet3inches.

4Menwhospent90minutesadayormorebeingactivewere39%morelikelytoliveto90thanmenwhowerephysicallyactiveforlessthan30minutes.

However,womenwhowerephysicallyactiveformorethan60minutesadaywereonly21%morelikelytoliveto90thanthosewhodid30minutesorless.Andunlikemen,therewasnobonusforincreasingactivity.5

A.Heightplayedamajorfactor.B.Nosuchassociationwasseenformen.C.Thestudywasobservationalandcouldn’testablishcause.D.Infact,thestudyfoundthattheoptimallevelofactivityforwomenwas60minutesaday.E.Neitherheightnorweightseemedtofactorintowhetherthemenreachedtheir90s,butactivityleveldid.F.Inaddition,foreach30minutesadaythemenwereactive,theywere5%morelikelytoreachthatage.G.Andtheyincludeddogwalking,gardening,homeimprovements,walkingorbikingtoworkandsports.【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章講述的是人的壽命取決于哪些因素。研究表明活到90歲的高齡可能取決于你的身高和體重以及你的身體活動(dòng)水平,并且指出影響一個(gè)女性的壽命比影響一個(gè)男性的壽命更多。1.【解析】選B。上文提示“研究發(fā)現(xiàn)活到90歲的女性,平均而言更高,20歲后更不易發(fā)胖,這是與更矮、更重的女性相比?！倍挛奶岬絤ensawmorebenefitfromphysicalactivitythanwomen以及However可知前后相反,前面提女性,后面講男性,承接上文,B項(xiàng)Nosuchassociationwasseenformen.切題。2.【解析】選G。上文提示“男女雙方還告訴研究人員關(guān)于他們當(dāng)前的體育活動(dòng)。”承接上文,G項(xiàng)Andtheyincludeddogwalking,gardening,homeimprovements,walkingorbikingtoworkandsports.(它們包括遛狗、園藝、家庭環(huán)境的改善、走路或騎自行車(chē)去上班和運(yùn)動(dòng)。)切題。該項(xiàng)中的they指的就是上句中的activities。3.【解析】選A。下文提示“研究發(fā)現(xiàn)高度超過(guò)5英尺9英寸的女性活到90歲的概率比身高不到5英尺3英寸的女性高出31%?！背薪酉挛?A項(xiàng)Heightplayedamajorfactor.(高度扮演了一個(gè)主要因素。)切題。4.【解析】選E。下文提示“一天花了90分鐘或更多時(shí)間在運(yùn)動(dòng)上的男性比每天鍛煉少于30分鐘的男性活到90歲的可能性高39%。”承接下文,E項(xiàng)Neitherheightnorweightseemedtofactorintowhetherthemenreachedtheir90s,butactivityleveldid.(男性是否能活到90多歲,其因素似乎既不是身高也不是體重,而是活動(dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。)切題。5.【解析】選D。上文提示“與男性不同,增加活動(dòng)沒(méi)有額外的收獲?！背薪由衔?D項(xiàng)Infact,thestudyfoundthattheoptimallevelofactivityforwomenwas60minutesaday.(事實(shí)上,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),女性活動(dòng)的最優(yōu)水平是每天60分鐘。)切題。Ⅲ.語(yǔ)法填空閱讀下面材料,在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個(gè)單詞)或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。The2020NobelPeacePrize1._________(go)totheUNWorldFoodProgramme(WFP)onFriday,9October2020.Theagencywasrecognizedforitseffortstofighthungerforitscontributionto2._________(improve)conditionsforpeaceinconflictaffectedareasandforactingasadrivingforcetopreventtheuseofhunger3._________aweaponofwarandconflict.TheeffortsofWFPfocusonemergencyassistance,developmentaidandspecialoperations,twothirdsof4._________aremadeinconflictaffectedcountries.Inthosecountries,peoplearethreetimesmorelikelytosufferpoornutrition5._________thoselivingincountrieswithoutconflictdo.

DavidBeasley,WFPExecutiveDirector