研究生英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)資料

UnitOneFromCompetencetoCommitmentWhentoday’shigh-schoolseniorsareaskedwhattheyplantodoaftergraduates,mostsaythattheyintendtogetabachelor’sdegree.Theyhavebeentoldthattheirgenerationhasonly“onewaytowin”-bygettingatleastatleastabachelor’sdegree,inthehopethatitwilleventuallyleadtoaprofessionaljob.Inarecentsurveyofhigh-schoolseniorsconductedbytheNationCenterforEducationStatistics,85percentoftherespondentssaidtheyplannedtogetabachelor’sdegree.And,although20yearsagoonly45percentofhigh-schoolgraduateswentontocollege,today68percentactuallymatriculate(注冊(cè)),withthemajorityenrollinginfour-yearortwo-yearprogramsdesignedtoallowthemtransfertofour-yearinstitutions.Accordingtoconventionalwisdom,therapidriseinthenumberofstudentsattendingcollegeiscausefornationalcelebration.Butourresearchsuggeststhat,intenditmaybecausefornationalconcern.Why?Becauseformanyyoungpeople,the“onewaytowin”paradigm(例子)isnotrealistic,giventheiracademictalentsandthelabor-marketprojections.Studentsrankingbelowthetopthirdoftheirhigh-schoolgraduatingclasstoooftenfailtoearnasbachelor’sdegreeiftheyenrollincollege.Thecostofsuchfailure–inbothdollarsandunmetexpectations-isrisingandbeginningtoerodepublicconfidenceinoursystemofhigheducation.A:ArnoldToynbeehassaidthatallprogress,alldevelopmentcomefromachallengeandaconsequentresponse.Withoutchallengethereisnoresponse,nodevelopment,nofreedom.Sofirstweowetoourchildrenthemostdemanding,challengingcurriculumthatiswithintheircapabilities.A.德.湯說(shuō)過(guò)，一切進(jìn)步，一切發(fā)展均來(lái)自挑戰(zhàn)及由此引起的反應(yīng)。沒(méi)有挑戰(zhàn)就沒(méi)有反應(yīng)，沒(méi)有發(fā)展，沒(méi)有自由。因此，我們首先應(yīng)當(dāng)在我們孩子的能力容許的范圍內(nèi)為他們開(kāi)設(shè)最嚴(yán)格最富有挑戰(zhàn)性的課程。B:Thesecondopportunitywecangiveourboysandgirlsistherighttofailure.“Freedomisnotonlyaprivilege,itisatest,”writesDeNouy.Whatkindofatestisit,whatkindoffreedomwherenoonecanfail?ThedayispastwhentheUnitedStatescanaffordtogivehighschooldiplomastoallwhositthroughfouryearsofinstruction,regardlessofwhetheranyvisibleresultscanbediscerned.Weliveinarrowedworldwherewemustbealert,awaketorealism:andrealismdemandsastandardwhicheithermustbemetorresultinfailure.Thesearehardwords,buttheyarebrutallytrue.Ifwedepriveourchildrenoftherighttofailwedeprivethemoftheirknowledgeoftheworldasitis.B.我們可以向我們的孩子提供第二個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)是容許他們有失敗的權(quán)力。德.紐伊寫(xiě)道：“不僅是一種特權(quán)，也是一種考驗(yàn)。”假如沒(méi)有人可以失敗，那它算什么考驗(yàn)，算什么自由呢？美國(guó)可以向所有在高中讀者完四年課程而不管其與否獲得任何明顯收獲的學(xué)生發(fā)放畢業(yè)文憑的日子已經(jīng)一去不復(fù)返了。我們目前生活在一種外變得很狹隘的世界里，們必須同對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)保持警惕，有所認(rèn)識(shí)；而現(xiàn)實(shí)主義規(guī)定樹(shù)立一種要么成功要么失敗的原則。這些話聽(tīng)起來(lái)很刺耳，但都是殘酷的事實(shí)。假如我們剝奪了孩子的失敗權(quán)力，實(shí)際上我們就剝奪了他們?nèi)鐚?shí)地認(rèn)識(shí)世界的機(jī)會(huì)。1、當(dāng)今的大學(xué)生，盡管他們努力地想使自己成才，但對(duì)未來(lái)還是很模糊的。（establishoneself）Today'suniversitystudentsarestrugglingtoestablishthemselves,buttheystillhaveambiguousfeelingsabouttheirfuture.2、一種人假如不能找到自我以外的中心，就不能實(shí)現(xiàn)他的自我價(jià)值。因此，理想的本科教育必須使學(xué)生超越自我。（transcend）Amancannotfindhimselfwithoutfindingacenterbeyondhimself.Sotheidealismoftheundergraduateexperiencemusthelpthestudenttranscendhimself.3、我們強(qiáng)烈地但愿在大學(xué)所學(xué)到的知識(shí)在此后的工作與學(xué)習(xí)中能起到重要的作用。（revealoneself）Weeagerlyhopethatthelessonsleanedintheuniversitywillrevealthemselvesinourperformanceintheworkplaceandfurthereducation.4、四年的本科學(xué)習(xí)是走向成功生活的唯一道路，這種說(shuō)法是無(wú)法接受的。（gounchallenged）Itcannotgounchallengedtosaythatthe4-yearundergraduateexperienceistheonlypathtosuccessinlife.5、在對(duì)一種關(guān)鍵的問(wèn)題作結(jié)論時(shí)，假如只相信所謂專家而不相信自己，不根據(jù)調(diào)查的成果，不根據(jù)試驗(yàn)的數(shù)據(jù)，那是在冒險(xiǎn)。（runtheriskof;blindfaithin）Weruntheriskofmakingcriticaldecisions,notonthebasisofwhatweknow,thefindingsofinvestigations,andthedataofexperiments,butonthebasisofblindfaithinprofessedexperts.6、我們的事業(yè)需要一批受過(guò)良好教育又能關(guān)懷他人的年輕人，他們能團(tuán)結(jié)一致，互相學(xué)習(xí)，積極參與四化建設(shè)。（bandtogether;participatein）Ourtaskneedsalargegroupofwell-informed,caringyoungpeoplewhocanbandtogether,learnfromeachother,andactivelyparticipateinthefourmodernizations.7、假如這所新學(xué)校要有生命活力的話，它培養(yǎng)的學(xué)生不僅要有扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)和純熟的專業(yè)技能，還要有奉獻(xiàn)精神。（betoendure;commitoneself）Ifitistoendure,thenewschoolshouldhelpthestudentsnotonlyacquireasoldbasiceducationandbecomecompetentinaspecificfield,butalsobereadytocommitthemselvestoothers.8、假如大學(xué)生對(duì)考試過(guò)于投入，就有也許把能力與奉獻(xiàn)放到次要地位，這樣說(shuō)一點(diǎn)也不過(guò)度。（pushtothefringes）Itisnottoomuchtosaythatifundergraduatesexcessivelydevotethemselvestoexaminations,thewillpushcompetenceandcommitmenttothefringes.9、我甚至沒(méi)有跟他說(shuō)話，當(dāng)然更不用說(shuō)與他討論有關(guān)你們學(xué)校的改建問(wèn)題。（muchless）Ididn’tevenspeaktohim;muchlessdiscussthereconstructionofyourschoolwithhim.10、有人認(rèn)為考試是很重要的，但也有人認(rèn)為考試有不少弊端。因此考試留下了一種我能處理的問(wèn)題——考試對(duì)教育有什么影響？（openquestion）Somepeoplethinkexaminationsaresecondtonone,butsomethinkexaminationshavealotofdisadvantages.Examinationsleaveusanopenessentialquestion---whatinfluencedoexaminationsexertoneducation?UnittwoFamilybusiness:theNextGenerationAsmallfamily-ownedcompany,Eisai,wasoneoftheoriginalmanufacturersofvitaminE,anditmaintainedastrongresearchcommitmenttonaturalpharmaceuticals.Overtheyears,itdevelopeddrugsforthetreatmentofcardiovascular,respiratory,andneurologicaldiseases.Thecompanyexperiencedsteady.Modestgrowth,andin1992salesreached197billionyenandprofitsapproached13billionyen.Althoughitwasthesixth-largestJapanesepharmaceuticalcompany,Eisaiwasarelativelysmallplayerinanindustryinwhichglobalcompetitionwasincreasingwhilegrowthinthedomesticmarketwasslowingdown.In1993,HaruoNaitotookoveraspresidentfromhisfather.Beforethat,hehadchairedEisai’sfive-yearstrategicplanningcommittee.Duringthattime,hehadbecomeconvincedthatthecompany’sfocusonthediscoveryandmanufactureofpharmaceuticalswasnotsustainableforlong-termgrowthagainstlarge,globalcompetitors.Twoyearsafterbecomingpresident,NaitoformulatedaradicalnewvisionforEisaithathecalledHumanHealthCare.Itextendedthecompany’sfocusfrommanufacturingdrugtreatmentsforspecificillnesstoimprovingtheoverallqualityoflife.Toaccomplishthatmission,Eisaidevelopedawidearrayofnewproducts.Andthat,inturn,wouldrequirebroadinvolvementandcommitment.Heencouragedinnovativeactivityandcreatedanenvironmentinwhichemployees’effortswouldbeacceptedandrewarded.Soontherewereproposalsfor130additionalHHCprojectsandbytheendof1996,intheJapanesedomesticpharmaceuticalindustry,andEisai’scustomersandcompetitorsviewthecompanyasaleaderinhealthcare.Owners/foundersareextremelydrivenanddynamic.Oftentheyexcelatmorethanoneskill.In,manycases,productionexpertsarealsomarketinggeniusesorskilledfinanciers.Replacingthemmayrequiremorethanoneperson.Therefore,familybusinessownersshoulddetermineexactlyhowthesuccessionprocessshouldcreatehisorherownchart.Thesechartsshouldthenbecompared.Thedifferenceswillpointtogapsinthemanagementstructureandhighlightareasofmisunderstandinganddifferencesinperception.Ａ.業(yè)主/企業(yè)創(chuàng)立者不僅進(jìn)取心強(qiáng)，并且精力充沛。他們往往擅長(zhǎng)于多種技能。在諸多狀況之下，他們即是生產(chǎn)專家又是營(yíng)銷(xiāo)天才或經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的金融家。要接替他們的工作則需要諸多的人。因此家庭企業(yè)主應(yīng)當(dāng)通過(guò)制定組織機(jī)構(gòu)圖來(lái)明確規(guī)定該企業(yè)怎樣運(yùn)作。參與交接過(guò)程的每個(gè)重要組員也應(yīng)當(dāng)制定他們自己的組織構(gòu)圖。然后,對(duì)它們進(jìn)行比較。各機(jī)構(gòu)之間的不一樣點(diǎn)將表明管理體制上的差異、存在誤會(huì)的重要方面及觀念上分歧。Fewbusinesses,evenfamilybusinesses,growwithoutthehelpofloyalemployees.Moreoftenthannottheyholdkeypositionsinmanagement.Therefore,youmustkeepyouremployeesinformedaboutlong-rangsuccessionplans.Keymanagementmusthaveaclearpictureofwheretheystandandwhattheirresponsibilitieswillbeinasuccession-managementstructure.Developacompensationandbenefitstructurethatissufficienttoattractandretainkeymanagersaswellastomotivatethemtoperforminthebestinterestsofthebusinessandthefamily.Ｂ.沒(méi)有忠心耿耿雇員,很少企業(yè)可以發(fā)展壯大，雖然是家庭企業(yè)也是如此。這些盡職的雇員多半擔(dān)任了重要管理職務(wù)。因此，應(yīng)當(dāng)將有關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)繼承的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)計(jì)劃隨時(shí)通報(bào)給他們，而重要的企業(yè)管理人員必須清晰懂得他們?cè)诋a(chǎn)業(yè)交接管理機(jī)構(gòu)中的職責(zé)。改善企業(yè)的勞保福利制度以吸引和留住重要部門(mén)經(jīng)理,激發(fā)他們的積極性,使他們能為企業(yè)和業(yè)主的最大利益而工作1.他不僅是位杰出的銀行家和公認(rèn)的貿(mào)易專家，并且還是位經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的企業(yè)主管。（nottomention）Heisanexperiencedbankerandanacknowledgedtradeexpert,nottomentionanexcellentmanagingdirector.2.意大利一種和平組織的志愿者不顧危險(xiǎn)，已開(kāi)赴伊拉克首都巴格達(dá)，構(gòu)成“人體盾牌”，以制止美國(guó)轟炸該地。（regardlessof）Regardlessofdanger,volunteersfromanItalianorganizationforpeacehavegonetoBaghdad,thecapitalofIraq,toforma"bodyshield"forthepurposeofpreventingtheUSfrombombingtheplace.3.在這個(gè)家庭里，沒(méi)有人比朱蒂更能致力于經(jīng)營(yíng)房地產(chǎn)生意。（bededicatedto）NobodyinthefamilyismorededicatedtooperatingtherealestatebusinessthanJudy.4.由于經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣，房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人正處在或減少房?jī)r(jià)或減少銷(xiāo)售量的兩難境地。（dilemma）Becauseoftheeconomicdepression,realestateagentsareinthedilemmaofwhethertolowerpricesorletsalesfalloff.5.史密斯先生往往靠謹(jǐn)慎投資而獲取巨額利潤(rùn)。（moreoftenthannot）Moreoftenthannot,Mr.Smithearnsgreatprofitsbycarefulinvestmentofhiscapital.6.約翰在學(xué)校里各門(mén)功課的成績(jī)都不怎樣，但在體育方面倒是身手不凡。（excelat）Johndidnotmakemuchofamarkinhisstudiesatschool,butheexcelledatsports.7.有條不紊的職責(zé)交接是家庭企業(yè)長(zhǎng)期繁華的一種條件。（transition;long-range）Ordrlytransitionofresponsibilitiesisaconditionforthelong-rangeprosperityofafamilybusiness.8.在制定投資計(jì)劃之前，你最佳對(duì)投資前景有個(gè)清晰的理解。(haveaclearpictureof)Youhadbetterhaveaclearpictureofprospectsbeforeformulatingaplanforinvestment.9.盡管雕塑費(fèi)時(shí)，不過(guò)仍有某些人以雕塑為職業(yè)。（timeconsuming）Althoughsculptureisatime-consumingart,therearestillsomepeoplefollowingitasaprofession.10.這家電腦軟件企業(yè)正處在從獨(dú)資經(jīng)營(yíng)到合資經(jīng)營(yíng)的轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程中。（inthemidstof）Thesoftwarecompanyisinthemidstofbeingtransformedfromanindividualproprietorshiptoajointventure.UnitthreeAnAmericanloveAffairTodayitcanbesaidthatwheelsrunAmerica.ThefourrubbertiresoftheautomobilemoveAmericathoughworkandpay.Wheelsspin,andpeopledriveofftotheirjobs.Tiresturn,andpeopleshopfortheweek’sfoodatthebigsupermarket.Downthehighway.Hubcapswhirl,andthewholefamilyspendsadayatthelake.Eachyearmorewheelscrowdthehighwaysas10millionnewcarsrolloutofthefactories.OneoutofeverysixAmericasworksatassemblingcars,drivingtrucks,buildingroads,orpumpinggas.Americawithoutcar?it’sunthinkable.ButeventhoughthemajorityofAmericanswouldfindithardtoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutacar,somehavebeguntoresizethattheautomobileisamixedblessing.Trafficaccidentsareincreasingsteadily,andlargecitiesareplaguedbytrafficcongestion.Worstofall,perhaps,istheairpollutioncausedbytheinternal-combustionengine.Everycarengineburnshundredsofgallonsoffueleachyearandpumpshundredsofpoundsofthesmogthathangsoverlargecities.Someofthesegasesarepoisonousanddangeroustoone’shealth,especiallyforsomeonewithaweakheartorarespiratorydisease.Oneanswertotheproblemofairpollutionistobuildacarthatdoesnotpollute.That’swhatseveralmajorautomobilemanufacturersarecryingtodo.Butbuildingacleancariseasiersaidthandone.Sofar,progresshasbeenslow.Anothersolutionistoeliminatecarfumealtogetherbygettingridoftheinternal-combustionengine.Inventorsarenowworkingonturbine-poweredcars,aswellasoncarspoweredbysteamandelectricity.Butmostofuswon’tbedrivingcarsrunonbatteriesorboilingwaterforawhileyet.Manyautomakersbelievethatitwilltakeyearstodeveloppracticalmodelsthatarepoweredbyelectricityorsteam.Historically,jeep’sreputationasago-anywherevehicledatesbacktotheSecondWorldWarwhentheoriginaltheJeep,suppliedbytheWillyscompany,carriedAlliedforcesthroughthePacificandEurope.TheMacquariedictionaryofMotoringsaysthenameJeepstemmedfromtheUnitedStatesArmy’sdecisiontocallthevehicleGPforGeneralPurposevehicle.Thenamewaseventuallycorruptedto“jeep,”fromthepronunciationofthelettersGP,andbecameatrademarkownedbytheWillyscompany.JeepbecamepartofChryslerin1998andthecompanyhassincespentalotofmoneytorevitalizetheJeepproductionfacilities,andtoincreasethenumberandstyleofmodelsavailable.Chryslersaysthejeep’swar-timereputationandruggedimageundoubtedlyhelpedittocarveoutanewroleinpeacetimeasarecreationalvehicle.ItsaystheJeepcreatedtheoriginalmarketforrecreational,off-roadvehiclesusingthepowerfulfour-wheeldrivetraction(knowncommerciallyas4WD)forwhichthearmyjeepwasfamous.在歷史上，吉普車(chē)以其能適應(yīng)多種路況的杰出性能而著稱于世。這種美名可以追溯到二戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)由威利斯企業(yè)提供的最初型號(hào)的吉普車(chē)載著盟軍部隊(duì)馳騁于太平洋沿岸及歐洲戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)。<<麥?zhǔn)掀?chē)駕駛大全>>一書(shū)認(rèn)為，“吉普”這個(gè)名字來(lái)源于美國(guó)軍隊(duì)決定把這種車(chē)輛叫做GP（forGeneralPurpose）即多功能車(chē)之意。而后，GP這兩個(gè)字母的讀音被誤發(fā)成為“吉普”，并成為威利斯企業(yè)享有的商標(biāo)名稱。1988年吉普為克萊斯勒企業(yè)所有，此后該企業(yè)投入了大量資金更新改造吉普車(chē)的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，提高吉普車(chē)的產(chǎn)量并開(kāi)發(fā)多種新車(chē)型應(yīng)市?？巳R斯勒企業(yè)稱吉普車(chē)在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)年代享有的盛名以及其結(jié)實(shí)耐用的形象無(wú)疑會(huì)有助于它在和平時(shí)期樹(shù)立其作為休閑娛樂(lè)車(chē)的新形象。該企業(yè)說(shuō)，吉普為休閑，越野車(chē)開(kāi)發(fā)了新市場(chǎng)，它有強(qiáng)勁的4輪牽引裝置（商業(yè)上稱為4輪驅(qū)動(dòng)），過(guò)去軍用吉普車(chē)曾因此而享譽(yù)四方。1.汽車(chē)誕生后發(fā)展很快，很快就替代了馬。（displace）Theautomobilewasimprovedveryrapidlyafteritwasinventedandsoondisplacedhorses.2.由于汽車(chē)污染環(huán)境并嚴(yán)重傷害人體，甚至殺人，我們也許不得不消減私人擁有汽車(chē)的數(shù)量而更多地依賴公共交通系統(tǒng)。（masstransitsystems）Wemayhavetocutdownonthenumberofprivatelyownedcarsanddependmoreonpublicmasstransitsystemsbecausecarspolluteandmaimorevenkillpeople.3.汽車(chē)輪子給我們帶來(lái)了更好、更為便利的交通時(shí)，它也應(yīng)對(duì)諸如空氣污染、交通事故、交通擁擠之類(lèi)的許多問(wèn)題負(fù)責(zé)。（beguiltyof）Whilewheels(automobiles)havebroughtwiththembetterormoreconvenienttransportation,theyareguiltyofmanysins,suchasairpollution,trafficaccidentsandtrafficcongestion.4.美國(guó)人對(duì)汽車(chē)的熱愛(ài)以及他們較大的工作流動(dòng)性是出了名的。（benotedfor）Americansarenotedfortheirloveforcarsandgreatjobmobility.5.要是燃料質(zhì)量和效率的提高和技術(shù)的進(jìn)步能大大減少汽車(chē)的排放量，那該多好啊。（ifonly）Ifonlyadvancesinfuelqualityandefficiencyandintechnologywouldradicallyreducetheemissionsfromautomobiles.6.在美國(guó)，高度發(fā)達(dá)的公路網(wǎng)使在各地之間來(lái)來(lái)往往成為也許。（fromcoasttocoast）AhighlydevelopedhighwaynetworkhasmadepossibletheeasymovementfromcoasttocoastintheUnitedStates.7.一想到這條林蔭大道的建設(shè)速度，參觀者都感到很吃驚：這條路很快前還在開(kāi)挖及鋪設(shè)排水管。（theverythoughtof;tearup）Theverythoughtofthespeedatwhichthebeautifulavenuewasconstructedelectrifiedeveryvisitor;theroadhadonlyrecentlybeentornuptolaydrain-pipesnotlongago.8.環(huán)境保護(hù)主義者嚴(yán)厲訓(xùn)斥了汽車(chē)，認(rèn)為汽車(chē)是產(chǎn)生空氣污染的重要原因。（denounce）Environmentalistshavedenouncedautomobiles,believingtheyareamajorfactorintheproductionofdirtyair.9.由于有便利的公共交通，在大都市的市郊，許多新建的住宅群拔地而起。（riseup）Manynewresidentialcomplexeshaverisenupinthesuburbsofmetropolitancitiesbecauseoftheavailabilityofconvenientpublictransportation.10.盡管非常喜歡汽車(chē)，許多人還是相信廣泛地使用公共交通系統(tǒng)能緩和交通擁擠。（lendcredenceto）Despitetheirloveforcars,manypeoplelendcredencetotheextensiveuseofthepublictransportsystem,whichcancutdownontrafficcongestion.UnitfourTheNo-childFamily:GoingAgainst100,000yearsofBiologyChildrenarenowleavinghomeinlateadolescence-anearlieragethaninthepast.Adolescentarenolongerinvolvedinmakinganeconomiccontributiontothefamily.Infact,theirmajoreconomicimpactedisasconsumers.Therefore,thefamilyhaslittlereasontokeepthechildhomeasaneconomiccontribution.Itisbecomingincreasinglycommonforyoungpeopletoleavehomeforcollegeortolivewithsomeoneelsewhentheybecomeemployed.Notonlydofamilieshavefewerchildrenbuttheyhavetheminschoolandoutofthehomeatyoungeragesthaninthepast.Themostsurprisingfindingswithregardtochildrenshowanegativeimpactonmarriageduetochildren.Therehasbeenmuchevidencethatchildrencontributetogreaterconflictanduncertaintyinamarriage.Studiesshowthatgeneralifesatisfactionishighestforpeoplewhentheyareyoung,married,andchildless.OtherstudiesshowthatAmericancoupleswithchildrenathomelendtohavelowermaritalsatisfactionthanthosewithoutchildren.Forbothmenandwomen,reportsofhappinessandsatisfactiondrop-anddon’triseagainuntilthechildrenaregrownandabouttoleavethenest.A:Someobserverssuggestthatperhapswhatweareseeingisnotarealchangeatall,that,likethesexualrevolution,itisnotreallyarevolutioninbehaviorbutinexpression.“itmaybe,”saysoneConnecticutpsychoanalyst,“thatanidentifiablegroupthathasexistedallalongissimplycomingoutofthecloset,likehomosexuals.Thespiritofthetimeistodoyourownthingandnothideit,andthesepeoplemayreflectanincreasedfranknessandopennessratherthananyrealchange.A.某些觀測(cè)家提出，我們正在看到的這種現(xiàn)象主線就不是什么重大變化，或許它和性革命同樣，不是人們行為上的而是體現(xiàn)方式上的一種劇變。一位住在康涅狄格州的精神分析學(xué)家說(shuō)，“也許，一直就有那么一群與眾不一樣的人存著。只不過(guò)他們目前從隱蔽外走了出來(lái)，公開(kāi)表明了他們的觀點(diǎn)，就像同性戀者那樣。我們這一時(shí)代的時(shí)尚就是干你想干的事而不是加以掩飾。這些人身上所反應(yīng)的不是什么變革而是人們目前越來(lái)越坦率直言的這樣一種現(xiàn)象。B:InrecentdecadesithasbecomeclearthatforadistinctminorityofAmericanwomenthetraditionalmotherroleintheseclusionofthehomeisnolongeracceptable.Formanythefamilyisofdiminishingimportance.Thedevelopmentofeducationforwomenhasbeenacrucialfactorinthischange.Today,over80%ofallwomencompletefouryearsofhighschoolascomparedtoonly35%in1940.Thisisrelatedtothefactthatmarriagenowoccursayearlaterfortheaveragewomen.Theproportionofwomenaged20to24whoaresingleincreasedfrom28%in1996to40%bythemid1970s.Childearingisbeingpostponedsothat,comparedtothe1960s,10%fewerwomenbeartheirfirstchildinthetwoyearsimmediatelyfollowingmarriage.Furthermore,morewomentodayremainchildless.Work,olderageatmarriage,andchildlessnessarethebasicchangesthathavetakenplaceinwomen’srolesinrecentyears.B.在近來(lái)幾十年的時(shí)間里，人們漸漸地明白了一種事實(shí)，那就是：為數(shù)不多的婦女已不再接受并樂(lè)意飾演深居簡(jiǎn)出的老式母親角色。許多人認(rèn)為家庭的重要性正日益消失。婦女受教育程度的提高是導(dǎo)致這一文化的重要原因。如今，百分之八十的婦女完畢了四年制的高中學(xué)習(xí)。而在1940年，完畢這一階段學(xué)習(xí)的婦女僅占百分之三十。這與目前美國(guó)婦女平均晚一年結(jié)婚有關(guān)。二十歲至二十四歲未婚者從1960年的28%上升到20世紀(jì)70年代的40%。人們推遲了生兒育女的時(shí)間，只有不到10%的婦女是在結(jié)婚后兩年內(nèi)生孩子。除此之外，越來(lái)越多的婦女不想要孩子。工作、晚婚、不要孩子是近年來(lái)婦女作用發(fā)生變化的重要體現(xiàn)。1.某些職業(yè)觀測(cè)家認(rèn)為，目前的年輕人不再對(duì)政治和事業(yè)感愛(ài)好；他們?cè)絹?lái)越關(guān)注與他們自身關(guān)系更為親密的問(wèn)題。（preocccupiedwith）Someprofessionalobserversbelievethatyoungpeopletodayarenolongerinterestedinpoliticsandcauses,butrather,havebecomeincreasinglypreoccupiedwithissuesclosertothemselves.2.一種婦女所獲得的教育程度越高，就越有也許走出小家庭這個(gè)環(huán)境，到社會(huì)上去實(shí)現(xiàn)自我。（belikelyto;realizeoneself）Thehigherawoman’seducationalattainment,themorelikelysheistogooutoftheprivatesettingofthenuclearfamilyandtorealizeherselfinthecommunity.3.就我而言，某些已婚夫婦作出選擇不要小孩的真正原因是他們非常自戀，以致于他們沒(méi)有多出的愛(ài)給他人。（startafamily;liebehind;havenomarginof;spare）AsfarasIamconcerned,whatreallyliesbehindthedecisionofsomemarriedcouplesnottostartafamilyisthattheyaresonarcissisticandhavenomarginoflovetospareothers.4.這家企業(yè)甚至在未征求發(fā)明人同意的狀況下，就將其一項(xiàng)注冊(cè)過(guò)的新發(fā)明投放市場(chǎng)。這一行為違反了專利法。（goagainst）Thecompanyputonthemarketaregisteredinventionevenwithoutaskingtheinventor’spermission,whichgoesagainstthepatentlaw.5.在某些國(guó)家的敦促下，聯(lián)合國(guó)對(duì)該國(guó)施加壓力，迫使其放棄研制和使用核武器。（pressuresbtodo）Urgedbysomeothercountries,theUnitedNationshaspressuredthecountrytogiveupdevelopingandusingnuclearweapons.6.按照每個(gè)會(huì)員必須是無(wú)子女的這一規(guī)定，懷特先生及其太太只好推出Non-Parent協(xié)會(huì)，由于他們很快就要當(dāng)父母了。（alternative;parenthood）Accordingtotherulethateverymembershouldremainchildless,Mr.AndMswhitehavenoalternativebuttowithdrawfromtheNon-ParentAssociation,fortheywillattainparenthoodsoon.7.他期望通過(guò)上演一部肥皂劇來(lái)揭示現(xiàn)實(shí)生活所固有的復(fù)雜性。（implicit）Heexpectstoreveal,bypresentingasoapopera,thecomplexityimplicitinreallife.8.幾乎在每個(gè)國(guó)家，嗜用麻醉品、酗酒和摧殘小朋友均有變?yōu)樽盍钊松钏嫉纳鐣?huì)問(wèn)題的趨勢(shì)。（loomas）Invirtuallyeverycountry,drugabuse,alcoholabuseandchildabuseloonasmostchallengingsocialproblems.9.在接受采訪時(shí)，這些老年人合理地解釋了為何會(huì)對(duì)當(dāng)今青年人產(chǎn)生矛盾心理的原因。（beambivalentabout;rationalize）Wheninterviewed,theseelderlypeoplerationalizedwhytheywereambivalentabouttoday’syoungpeople.10.不少大學(xué)生更關(guān)懷怎樣在畢業(yè)后謀得一份酬勞優(yōu)厚的工作，怎樣在這個(gè)充斥競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的社會(huì)里迅速得到提高。（beconcernedwith）Manycollegestudentsarefarmoreconcernedwithhowtogetahighly-paidjobongraduationandhowtoreceiveaquickpromotioninthecompetitivesociety.

UnitfiveSandwichGenerationIntheworld’srichcountries,whenyouretireat65youcanexpecttolive,onaverage,foranother15or20years.Ahundredyearsagoyouwould,onaverage,havebeenalreadydead.Thelate20thcenturyhasbroughttomanytheultimategift:theluxuryofaging.Butlikeanyluxury,agingisexpensive.Governmentsarefrettingabout(苦惱)thecostalready;Buttheyalsoknowthatfarworseistocome:Overthenext30or40years,thedemographicchangesoflongerlivesandfewerbirthswillforcemostcountriestorethinkinfundamentalwaystheirarrangementsforpayingforandlookingafterolderpeople.In199018%ofpeopleinOECDcountrieswereagedover60.By2030thatfigurewillhaverisentoover30%.Theshareofthe“Oldestold”(thoseover80),nowaround3%,issettodouble.Thevastmajorityoftheseolderpeoplewillbeconsumers,notproducers.Thankstostatetransfers,beingoldindevelopedcountriesmostlynolongermeansbeingpoor.Theoldpeoplewillexpectdecentpensionstoliveon;theywillmakeheavydemandsonmedicalservices;andsomewillneedexpensivenursingcare.Yetwhiletheirnumbersareexpandingfast,numbersofpeopleatwork-whowillhavetofootthebill-willstaymuchthesame,soeachworkerwillhavetocarryamuchheavierburden.Masssurvivaltoaripeoldagewillnotbeconfinedtorichcountries.Mostdevelopingcountries,whosepopulationsarenowmuchyoungerthanthedevelopedworld’s,arestartingtoagefast.ThenewcombinationofageandpovertyinseveralcountriesinLatinAmericaandAsiawillcreatemanyproblemsthatarealreadyfamiliartoindustrialcountries,butwithfarfewerresourcestotacklethem.Ethicaldilemmasovertheuseofscarceresourceswillbemagnified.Financingofhealthcareandpensionscouldbeanightmare.在不少拉丁美洲和亞洲的國(guó)家,老年化和貧困將引起許多新問(wèn)題,而這些問(wèn)題對(duì)于工業(yè)化國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)并不陌生,不過(guò)這些國(guó)家擁有資源少得多。在使用有限資源時(shí)所碰到倫理道德問(wèn)題將更為突出,為醫(yī)療保健和養(yǎng)老金提供資金也許成為這些國(guó)家面臨的一件棘手的事。In