英語(yǔ)國(guó)家社會(huì)與文化-第一章-Introduction-of-uk

TheAimsoftheCourseAccumulationofnecessarybackgroundknowledgeofwesternculture,mainlyofEnglish-speakingcountries.ToshortendistancebetweendifferentculturesToassistbettercommunicationToincreasecross-culturalskillsonjobsinfutureTeachingStrategyfortheCourseThecoursewillbetaughtbyacombinationofteachinganddiscussion.Theteachingwillproviderelevantknowledgeincludingthatofgeographical&historicalbackground,politics,socialcustoms,wayofthinking,livingstyleandsoonwhilethediscussionismainlyintendedtohelpstudentstogetfamiliarwiththoseknowledgeandtoapplyit.ExpectationArriveontimeforclass;takepartindiscussioninclass;takenotesbyyourself;previewbeforeclass;reviewafterclass;readsomereferencesoutsideclass.Assessment Studentswillbeassessedonclassparticipationandexamination.---Geography,People,andLanguageSurveyofUKTheLocationsoftheUKTheGeographicalFeaturesoftheUKClimateTheMajorCitiesPopulationTheEnglishLanguageThreeterms

BritishIslesBritainGreatBritainTwolargeislandsseveralsmallonesGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandEngland,WalesScotlandFocusquestionsWhatisthefullnameofBritain?Howmanypartsdoesitconsistof?WhatisthetotalpopulationoftheUnitedKingdom?Whereisthemostdenselypopulatedregion?Whereistheleastpopulated?WhatarethemajorcitiesinBritain?

Location:North-westerncoastofcontinentalEuropepopulation:62,770,000(2013)density:270.1persons/sqkm(2013)totalarea:244,820sqkm

ThecomplicatedfullnameoftheUKTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandFourparts:EnglandScotlandWalesNorthernIrelandUnionJackRemember:askyoutoreadallthenamesonthemapofUKnextweeknationalidentityapersonfromChina--ChineseapersonfromUS---American…apersonfromUK?England--EnglishScotland--Scottish/Scot(s)Wales---WelshNorthernIreland---IrishThelocationoftheUKBritainissituatedinwesternEuropeandisseparatedfromtheEuropeancontinentbytheNorthSea,theStraitofDoverandtheEnglishChannel.Itisaninsularcountry.Itscoastlineruns12,429km,Itisoneof

thecountrieswithlongestcoastline.TothewestofitliestheAtlanticOcean,acrossandbeyonditisAmerica.TheGeographicalFeaturesoftheUKVariedlandscapeFlatlandsinEnglandMountainsinScotlandandWalesEnglandAflatlandcountry,alsocalledLowlandzonePennines:thebackboneofEnglandLakedistrictHighlyurbanizedPhysicallylargestwithlargestpopulationDominancein:size/culture/economy----takeEnglandforUK

LakeDistrictascenicspotinNorthWestEnglandApopularholidaydestinationbeingfamousforitslakesanditsmountainsitsassociationswiththeearly19thcenturypoetryandwritingsofWilliamWordsworth

andotherpoets.WilliamWordswortharomanticpoetPoetLaureatein1843（1770—1850）Scotland

mountainousthreenaturalzones:HighlandsinthenorthCentralLowlandsUplandsinthesouthBenNevis:thehighestmountainacountryofcastlesHighlandsinScotlandBenNevis(1343metershigh)Airthcastle(埃斯城堡)

A14thcenturycastleScottishcastleweddings.

Stirlingcastle(斯特靈城堡)

PalaceforScottishkingAlonghistory,animportantfortificationandthesiteofmanysiegesandbattles,

standingoutforitsimpressinglocationandstoriedhistoryWalesmountainousSnowdon(highestinWales)takinguplessthan9%ofthewholeisland.NorthernIrelandthesmallestoneMostlyrural,lowhills,beautifulruggedcoastlineLoughNeagh(內(nèi)伊湖)----thelargestlakeinUKGiant’sCauseway(巨人之路)The8thNaturalWonderoftheWorldSixtymillionyearsagoastretchofrockpillarsweathered風(fēng)化todifferentheightsandpresentingasteppedsurfaceClimateandWeatherAmaritimetypeofclimate:rainy,changeableandunpredictablerarelyrisingabove32℃insummerorfallsbelow–10℃inwinter,mildwintersandcoolsummers(warmsummersandcoolwintersasisstatedinthetext)IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureClimateFeaturesAtemperatemaritimeclimateThreefeaturesThereisoftenalotoffogorsmoginwinter.Therearemanymorerainydaysthansunnydays.Theweatherisquiteinstableandchangeable.MountainsandRiversThebackboneofUK:PenninesChiefmountainranges:theCambriansinWalestheGrampiansinScotland(thelargestmountainrangeintheUK)(1343metershigh)BenNevisBenNevis

ThelongestriverinEngland:RiverSevernNEWSEVERNBRIDGE:thelongestbridgeintheUK,connectingWalesandEngland

AnImportantRiverinBritain:

RiverThames

thesecondlongestbestknownforflowingthroughcentralLondoncentreofmanyeventsandfashionsinBritishhistoryamajorleisureareasupportingtourismaswellasthesportsaspecialappealtowriters,artists,musiciansandfilm-makersmanyriversideattractions:LondonEye,TowerofLondon,HouseofParliament,etc.Majorcities

LondonLiverpoolEdinburghCardiffBelfastLondonThecommercialcenter:theWestEndThepoliticalcenter:Downingstreet,BuckinghamPalaceTheculturalcenter:LondonUniversity(thebiggest)LondonLondonThecapital,thelargestportandthelargestcityinBritainTheCityofLondon+InnerLondon+OuterLondon=GreaterLondonThecommercialcenter:theWestEndThepoliticalcenter:theCityofWestminster

(Downingstreet,BuckinghamPalace)Theculturalcenter:LondonUniversity(thebiggest)ThecenterofLaborMovement(Chartism)憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)TheOlympicgamesheldherein2012TheLondonEyethelargestFerriswheelinEurope(135meters)themostpopularpaidtouristattractionintheUK

BigBenthelargestfour-facedclockthethird-tallestfree-standingclocktowerintheworldItscelebrationofits150thanniversaryinMay2009TowerBridgeaniconicsymbolofLondon

Carries–motorvehicles,cyclists,pedestriansCrossesThamesOpened30June1894WestminsterGothicchurchburialsiteformonarchsaswellaspoliticians,scientists,scholars,poetsStPaul’sCathedralWaterlooBridgeTube/subwayWaterlooBridge《魂斷藍(lán)橋》AmericanfilmThemesong:AuldLangSyne

TrafalgarsquareasquareincentralLondonatouristattractionLiverpoolThesecondlargestportofEnglandAmetropolitancityShipbuildingFoodprocessingEdinburghthecapitalcityofScotlandeconomiccenterofScotlandatouristcitysecondonlytoLondoninU.K.aculturalcity，holdinganinternationalfestivalofmusicandartsevery

year

IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureEdinburghEdinburghFestival

Explanationoftheterm:EdinburghiswellknownfortheannualEdinburghFestival,theworld’slargestartsfestival.Establishedin1947,ittakesplaceinthecityduringthreeweekseveryAugustalongsideseveralotherartsandculturalfestivals,collectivelyknownastheEdinburghFestival.ThenewcityofEdinburghCastlesinEdiburghNovisittoEdinburghiscompletewithoutavisittoEdinburghCastle

EdinburghcastleThesymbolofEdinburghsituatedonamoundofvolcanicrockoneofScotland'soldestcastles,unequalledinthewholeoftheBritishIslesaremarkablefortress,thehistoricalinterestofandformerroyalresidence,visitedannuallybyapproximatelyonemillionpeopleCardiffThecapitalcityofWalesAportShippingIronSteelBelfastThecapitalofNorthernIrelandAnindustrialseaportthewheelofBelfastBelfastcityhallPopulationThetotalpopulation:about62million(2009)Highlyurbanized:80%livingincitiesand20%livinginthecountrysideThemostdenselypopulatedarea:England(51million)Theleastpopulatedarea:NorthernIrelandTheofficiallanguage:EnglishCeltic,thenativeBetweenthe5thandthe7thcenturies,Anglo-Saxons,aGermanicpeoplefromEuropedrovethenativestothemountainsofWalesandScotland.MajoritypopulationaredescendantsoftheAnglo-Saxons.CelticaretheancestersofWelsh,ScottishandIrishpeople.Italians,Greeks,Australians,andNewZealanders:permanentresidents;ImmigrantsfromAfricaandAsia;India,Pakistan,BangladeshInLondon,youseldomhearpeoplespeakEnglishTheEnglishLanguageEnglishisaWestGermaniclanguagethataroseintheAnglo-SaxonkingdomsofEnglandandspreadintowhatwastobecomesouth-eastScotland.Followingtheeconomic,political,military,scientific,cultural,andcolonialinfluenceoftheUnitedKingdomfromthe18thcentury,viatheBritishEmpire,andoftheUnitedStatessincethemid-20thcentury,ithasbeenwidelydispersedaroundtheworld,becometheleadinglanguageofinternationaldiscourse,andhasacquireduseaslinguafrancainmanyregions.ItiswidelylearnedasasecondlanguageandusedasanofficiallanguageoftheEuropeanUnionandmanyCommonwealthcountries,aswellasinmanyworldorganizations.Itisthethirdmostnativelyspokenlanguageintheworld,afterMandarinChineseandSpanish.Itisthemostwidelyspokenlanguageacrosstheworld.ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagereallystartedwiththearrivalofthreeGermanictribeswhoinvadedBritainduringthe5thcenturyAD.Thesetribes,theAngles,theSaxonsandtheJutes,crossedtheNorthSeafromwhattodayisDenmarkandnorthernGermany.AtthattimetheinhabitantsofBritainspokeaCelticlanguage.ButmostoftheCelticspeakerswerepushedwestandnorthbytheinvaders-mainlyintowhatisnowWales,ScotlandandIreland.TheAnglescamefromEnglalandandtheirlanguagewascalledEnglisc-fromwhichthewordsEnglandandEnglisharederived.OldEnglish(450-1100AD)TheinvadingGermanictribesspokesimilarlanguages,whichinBritaindevelopedintowhatwenowcallOldEnglish.OldEnglishdidnotsoundorlooklikeEnglishtoday.NativeEnglishspeakersnowwouldhavegreatdifficultyunderstandingOldEnglish.Nevertheless,abouthalfofthemostcommonlyusedwordsinModernEnglishhaveOldEnglishroots.Thewordsbe,strongandwater,forexample,derivefromOldEnglish.OldEnglishwasspokenuntilaround1100.MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)In1066WilliamtheConqueror,theDukeofNormandy(partofmodernFrance),invadedandconqueredEngland.Thenewconquerors(calledtheNormans)broughtwiththemakindofFrench,whichbecamethelanguageoftheRoyalCourt,andtherulingandbusinessclasses.Foraperiodtherewasakindoflinguisticclassdivision,wherethelowerclassesspokeEnglishandtheupperclassesspokeFrench.Inthe14thcenturyEnglishbecamedominantinBritainagain,butwithmanyFrenchwordsadded.ThislanguageiscalledMiddleEnglish.ItwasthelanguageofthegreatpoetChaucer(c1340-1400),butitwouldstillbedifficultfornativeEnglishspeakerstounderstandtoday.ModernEnglish

EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1800)TowardstheendofMiddleEnglish,asuddenanddistinctchangeinpronunciation(theGreatVowelShift)started,withvowelsbeingpronouncedshorterandshorter.Fromthe16thcenturytheBritishhadcontactwithmanypeoplesfromaroundtheworld.This,andtheRenaissanceofClassicallearning,meantthatmanynewwordsandphrasesenteredthelanguage.Theinventionofprintingalsomeantthattherewasnowacommonlanguageinprint.Booksbecamecheaperandmorepeoplelearnedtoread.PrintingalsobroughtstandardizationtoEnglish.Spellingandgrammarbecamefixed,andthedialectofLondon,wheremostpublishinghouseswere,becamethestandard.In1604thefirstEnglishdictionarywaspublished.LateModernEnglish(1800-Present)ThemaindifferencebetweenEarlyModernEnglishandLateModernEnglishisvocabulary.LateModernEnglishhasmanymorewords,arisingfromtwoprincipalfactors:firstly,theIndustrialRevolutionandtechnologycreatedaneedfornewwords;secondly,theBritishEmpireatitsheightcoveredonequarteroftheearth'ssurface,andtheEnglishlanguageadoptedforeignwordsfrommanycountries.StandardEnglishBasedonthespeechofupperclassofsoutheasternEnglandAdoptedasabroadcastingstandardintheBritishmediaUsedinprintedmaterialsNormallytaughtinschoolsandtonon-nativespeakerslearningthelanguageQueen’sEnglishorBBCEnglishAmodelforthecorrectBritishEnglishThenormcarriedtooverseasfornon-nativespeakerslearningEnglishExercisesThefullnameoftheUnitedKingdomis___.TheislandofGreatBritainismadeupof___,___and___.TheUnitedKingdomhasbeenamemberof___since1973.ThehighestmountaininBritainis___._____flowsthroughcentralLondonanditisaveryimportantriver.____isthecapitalofScotland.AnswersTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritain

theNorthernIrelandEngland,Scotland,WalesEuropeanUnionBenNevisThamesriverEdinburghclarificationthePennines:奔寧山脈(backbone,principalmountainchain)otherranges:theCambriansinWalestheGrampiansinScotlandBenNevis:尼維斯山(midwestofScotland,thehighestmountaininUK)LoughNeagh:內(nèi)伊湖(inNorthernIreland,thelargestlakeinBritain)WestminsterAbby:wedding,inauguration,burialsitecapitalcitiesandtheiridentityEngland:LondonEnglishScotland:EdinburghScottishWales:CardiffWelshNorthernIreland:BelfastIrishIreland:Dublincapital?首都？省會(huì)？首府？unitarystate:UK,China單一制政府，中央集權(quán)制政府London英格蘭的首府，英國(guó)的首都federalstate:US聯(lián)邦制政府英國(guó)原本是四個(gè)國(guó)家，在中世紀(jì)，蘇格蘭是蘇格蘭，英格蘭是英格蘭，其差距和德國(guó)與法國(guó)一樣大。但英格蘭在金雀花王朝開(kāi)始就不斷侵入威爾士公國(guó)，最終完全掌握了威爾士的大公位，而蘇格蘭的斯圖亞特王朝國(guó)王詹姆士六世憑借著母系血統(tǒng)繼承了英格蘭王位成為詹姆士一世，從而使英格蘭蘇格蘭成為一個(gè)邦聯(lián)。但兩者有兩套政府來(lái)管轄，其唯一的通點(diǎn)就是國(guó)王是同一個(gè)人。就像當(dāng)年滿清的皇帝同時(shí)繼承了中國(guó)皇帝的稱號(hào)和蒙古大汗的稱號(hào)是一樣的（同樣還有奧匈帝國(guó)，奧地利皇帝會(huì)兼任匈牙利國(guó)王。）而愛(ài)爾蘭則一直在受到來(lái)自大不列顛的侵犯，英國(guó)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命后被并入英國(guó)，最初英國(guó)的全稱是:"大不列顛及愛(ài)爾蘭聯(lián)合王國(guó)"后來(lái)雖然愛(ài)爾蘭獨(dú)立了，但北部一直被不列顛人控制著，所以英國(guó)的全稱便改為今天的:"大不列顛及北愛(ài)爾蘭聯(lián)合王國(guó)"HomeworkKingArthurRobinHoodWilliamtheConquerorWilliamandMaryHistoricalbackgroundofMacbethandBraveHeartIdentificationofnationalidentityofScotlandKingArthur:p5,3rdparafromEngland;p65thcentury,unitedtheBritish,drovetheSaxonsback,Excalibur,legend,knights,roundtable,allwouldhaveequalprecedenceRobinHood:p6,lastpara;p7Normans--arulingclass,aSaxonnobleman--anoutlaw,merrymen,forestrobfromtherichtogivethepoorWilliamtheConqueror:P6aboveRobbinHood;p6-71066,WillliamofNormandy,BattleofHastings,KingHaroddefeatedWilliamtheFirstofEnglandtheTowerofLondonItmarksthelasttimethatanyarmyfromoutsidetheBritishIslessucceededininvading.

WilliamandMary:P7midpara;P7-8conflictbetweenmonarchandparliament1640s,CharlestheFirst,civilwar(wantedtooverruleparliament)executedruledbyparliament'sleaderOliverCromwell,monarchyrestored復(fù)辟WilliamandMaryimported,establishedParliament'sdominanceMacbeth：P9whenScotlandexperiencedtheVikingraidsinthe9thcentury.BraveHeart:howtheScotswonindependenceIdentificationofnationalidentityofScotlandScotlandisthemostconfidentofitsownidentity,sinceithaspreviouslyspentasubstantialperiodofhistoryasaunifiedstateindependentoftheUK.Watchtheclipsandattempttoanswerquestions1.WhatwerethemajorinfluenceoftheEnglishlanguage?2.WhatweretheAnglo-Saxonwordsmentione