軟件工程試卷

Chapter11.whysoftwareengineeringisimportant?（1）Individualsandsocietyrelyonadvancedsoftwaresystem.（個人和社會依靠先進(jìn)的軟件系統(tǒng)）（2）.Producereliableandtrustworthysystemseconomicallyandquickly（生產(chǎn)可靠和值得信賴的系統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)和迅速）（3）Cheaperislongruntousesoftwareengineeringmethodsandtechniques.（便宜的是長期使用的軟件工程方法和技術(shù)）whataretheessentialattributesofgoodsoftware?（6分）Maintainability（n.可維護(hù)性；可維修性）Dependabilityandsecurity.（可靠性和安全）Efficiency（n.效率；效能；功效）Acceptability（n.可接受性；可容許性）（3）whatarethetypesofsoftwareproducts,givesomeexamples（.6分）1.Genericproduct（基本性產(chǎn)品通用產(chǎn)品）.eg:1.Graphicsoftware's2.Microsoftoffice3.CAD/CAMcustomproduct（定制的產(chǎn)品）.eg:1.StudentInformationSystem2.（Traffic/Remote/Embedded）ControlSystem（4）whatarethefundamentalactivitiesofsoftwareengineering（?6分）softwarespecification（軟件規(guī)格說明）softwaredevelopment（軟體開發(fā)）softwarevalidation（軟件確認(rèn)）softwareevolution（軟件演化軟件進(jìn)化軟體演進(jìn)）（5） whatarethecostofsoftwareengineering?Roughly60%ofsoftwarecostsaredevelopmentcosts,40%aretestingcosts.Forcustomsoftware,evolutioncostsoftenexceeddevelopmentcosts（大約60%的軟件成本開發(fā)成本,40%是測試成本。對于自定義軟件,進(jìn)化的成本往往超過開發(fā)成本）（6） Goalsofsoftwareengineering?（6分）satisfyuserrequirment（滿足用戶要求）2.lowmaintenancecost（低的維護(hù)成本）highreliablity（高可靠性）deliveryontime（定期交付）5.1owdevelopmentcost（低開發(fā)成本）highperformance（高性能；高效能的）7.easeofreuse（易于重用）（7） softwareengineeringethics（6分）confidentiality（n.機(jī)密，［計］機(jī)密性）competence（n.能力，勝任；權(quán)限；作證能力；足以過舒適生活的收入）3.intellectualpropertyrights（知識產(chǎn)權(quán)）computermisuse（計算機(jī)濫用）（8） whatissoftware?whatarethecategoriesofsoftware?（6分）softwareiscomputerprogramsandassociateddocumentation（軟件是計算機(jī)程序和相關(guān)的文檔）categories:Applicationsoftware2.SystemsoftwareAI:ArtificialIatelliqluceEmbeddedsystem5.Scientific/EngineeringsoftwareWebservices（9） whatissoftwareengineering?whataretheapplicationsofsoftwareengineeering?Forexample.softwareengineeringisan（engineeringdiscipline工程學(xué)科；工程規(guī)范）thatisconcernedwithallaspectsof各個方面softwareproductionApplications（15分）stand-aloneapplication獨立的應(yīng)用程序eg:Microsoftoffice2.Interactivetransaction-basedapplication交互式交易應(yīng)用程序eg:On-lineshoppingEmbeddedcontrolsystems嵌入式控制系統(tǒng)eg:cookingthingsBatchprocessingsystems批處理系統(tǒng)eg:dataprocessingEntertainmentsystems娛樂系統(tǒng)eg:on-linemovie6.Systemsformodelingandsimulation系統(tǒng)的建模和仿真eg:UMLDatacollectionsystems數(shù)據(jù)收集系統(tǒng)eg:8.Systemsofsystems系統(tǒng)的系統(tǒng)eg:subfuture1.SDLC(SoftwareDevelopmentLifeCycle)phases:requirementanalysis(specification)design(development)coding(development)testing(verification)Implementation(實現(xiàn)Revolution)Maintenance(維護(hù)Revolution)2.processmodelwaterfallmodelspiralmodelIncremntalmodelwinwinmodelprototypingmodel(原型模型)Chaper2whatissoftwareprocess?whatarethetypes?softwareprocess:Astructuredsetofactivities.結(jié)構(gòu)化活動集types:plandriven計劃驅(qū)動agileadj.敏捷的；機(jī)敏的；活潑的whatissoftwareprocessmodel?whataretheprocessmodels?types:waterfallmodel(plandriven)瀑布模型2.Incrementalmodel(plandrivenandagile)增量式模型Reuse-orientedmodel(plandrivenoragile)面向重用模型whyweneedSDLC?1.Softwaredevelopmentcanbedonesystematicallyadv.有系統(tǒng)地；有組織地Teammemberwillunderstandwhatisthenextactivityandhowtodoit.3.Itwillbringtheoveralldevelopment綜合開發(fā)processRUP(RationalUnifiedProcess統(tǒng)一開發(fā)過程TheRUPisamoderngenericprocessmodelthatisorganizedintophases（inception,elaboration,constructionandtransition）butseparatesactivities（requirements,analysis,anddesignetc）fromthesephases（5）whataretheprocessactivities?softwarespecification軟件規(guī)格說明softwaredesignandimplementation軟件設(shè)計和實現(xiàn)softwarevalidation軟件確認(rèn)4.softwareevolution軟件演化軟件進(jìn)化軟體演進(jìn)（1）waterfallmodel（15分）Alsocalledlenearsequentialmodel（也稱為線性順序模型）classiclifecyclemodel（經(jīng)典的生命周期模型）oldestsoftwareparadigmorSDLC（古老的軟件范式或SDLC）mostwidelyusedlifecyclmodel（最廣泛使用的生命循環(huán)模型）systematicandsequentialphases（系統(tǒng)和連續(xù)的階段）usefulforsmallimplementations（運用于小型的）phases:requirementgatheringandanalysis需求收集和分析design設(shè)計coding編程testing測試maintenance維護(hù)Drawbacks:（缺點）Difficulttoaccomodate容納changesaftertheprocesshasstartedBenefits:Thismodelisgoodforsmallscalesystems（這個模型適合小規(guī)模的系統(tǒng)）（2）Incrementalmodel（增量式模型）（15分）developandinitialimplementation（開發(fā)和初始實現(xiàn)）Exposethistousercomments（公開這個用戶評論）Evolvethisthroughseveralversionsuntilanadequatesystemhasbeendeveloped（通過幾個版本發(fā)展到一個適當(dāng)?shù)南到y(tǒng)已經(jīng)被開發(fā)出來）Phases:startwithanoutlinedecription（始于一個大綱類型）specification,development,validationactivitiesareinterleaved（規(guī)范、開發(fā)、驗證活動是交錯的）morerapid迅速的feedback反饋acrossactivitiesFundamentalpartofagileapproaches（敏捷方法的基本組成部分）betterformostbusiness,e-commerce,andpersonalsystemsthanwaterfallapproaches（更好的對于大多數(shù)商業(yè)、電子商務(wù)、和個人系統(tǒng)比瀑布方法）Benefits:Reducedcost（差額成本）Easiertogetcustomerfeedback（更容易獲得客戶反饋）Rapiddelivery交付anddevelopment開發(fā)Technicalriskscanbemanagedwitheachincrement技術(shù)風(fēng)險可以控制在每一個增額中Adoptedwhentherearelessnumberofpeopleinvolvedintheproject（采用當(dāng)有更少的多的人參與這個項目）Drawbacks:l.Processisnotvisible（過程是不可見的）2.Systemstructuretendstodegradeasnewincrementsareadded當(dāng)新的增量是更多的時候，系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)傾向于降級（3）BOehmsSpiral呷15分下面的1-6加上advantage&disadvantage和圖形&phase即可得l5分）1.DefinedbyBarryBoehm's2.Itisasoftwaredevelopmentprocess（這是一個軟件開發(fā)過程）AlsoknowasthespirallifecyclemodelorspiraldevelopmentCombinethefeaturesofprototypingmodel+waterfallmodel（結(jié)合特性的樣機(jī)模型+瀑布模Combinetheadvantagesoftop-downandbottom-upconcepts（結(jié)合的優(yōu)勢,自頂向下和自底向上的概念）6.Suitableforlarge,expensiveanddifficultproject（適合大型、昂貴和困難的項目）Phases:?objectivesetting目標(biāo)設(shè)定：determine確定theobjectives具體目標(biāo)‘a(chǎn)lternatives方案andconstraints約束條件Riskassessmentandreduction風(fēng)險評估和減少:evalute核定alternativesandidentifyresolveriskissuesDevelopmentandvalidation開發(fā)和驗證:develop開發(fā)andverify驗證theproductinthisiteration在這個迭代Planning規(guī)劃:planningthenextiterationAdvantages:HighamountofriskanalysisGoodforlargeprojects3.Softwareisproducedearlyinthesoftwarelifecycle軟件生存期Projectmonitoring項目監(jiān)測iseasyandeffectiveDisadvantages:canbeacostlymodeltouseprojectsuccessishighlydependedon依靠theriskanalysisphase風(fēng)險分析階段3.Itisnotsuitableforlowriskprojects（4）processactivities?softwarespecification:軟件規(guī)格說明Feasibilitystudy可行性研究Requirementselicitationandanalysis需求提取與分析Requirementsspecification需求規(guī)格說明Requirementsvalidation需求確認(rèn)DesignandImplementation:設(shè)計與實現(xiàn)Architecturaldesign體系結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計Interfacedesign界面設(shè)計Componentdesign組件設(shè)計Databasedesign數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計3.Softwarevalidation:軟件確認(rèn)Developmenttesting開發(fā)測試Systemtesting系統(tǒng)測試Acceptancetesting驗收測試4.Softwareevolution:軟件進(jìn)化softwaremaintenance軟件維護(hù)Requirements需求Changes變化（add,remove,modify更改）（5）Thedifferencebetweenwaterfallmodelandspiralmodelwaterfallmodel:（瀑布模型）l.Itrequireswellunderstandingofrequirements（它需要良好的理解需求）Difficulttoaccomodate容納changesaftertheprocesshasstartedCanaccomodateiteration可以容納迭代butindirectly間接地Riskscanbeidentifiedattheendwhichmaycausefailuretotheproduct（風(fēng)險識別最后可能導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)品的失?。㏕hecustomercanseetheworkingmodeloftheprojectonlyattheend.（只有在最后客戶才可以看到項目的工作模型）Afterreviewingoftheworkingmodel;ifthecustomergetdissatisfiedthenitcausesseriousproblems.（在審核的工作模型;如果客戶得到不滿那么它會導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的問題。）Customerspreferthismodel（客戶更喜歡這個模型）Thismodelisgoodforsmallscalesystems（這個模型是適合小規(guī)模的系統(tǒng)）8.Itissequentialnature（是順序自然的）spiralmodel:（螺旋式模型）1.Itisdevelopediniterations,hencetherequirementscanbeidentifiedatnewiterations（它是在迭代開發(fā)，因此需求可以被辨認(rèn)在新的迭代里）Therequiredchangescanbemadeateverystageofnewversion（所需的更改可以在每一個階段的新版本）3.Itisiterativemodel（它是迭代模型）RiskscanbeidentifiedandreducedbeforetheygetproblematicCustomercanseetheworkingproductatcertainstagesofiterationDeveloperspreferthismodelThismodelisgoodforlargescalesystems（這個模型是適合大規(guī)模系統(tǒng)）8.Itisevolutionarynature（這是進(jìn)化的自然）Chapter3RequirementsEngineeering:Theprocessoffindingout,analying,documentingandcheckingtheseservices.（發(fā)現(xiàn)的過程,分析、記錄和檢查這些服務(wù)）requirement:Establishingwhatthecustomerwants（建立客戶要的內(nèi)容）engineering:Tofinding,analying,documenting,checking（發(fā)現(xiàn)、分析、記錄、檢查）Typesofrequirements:userrequirements,systemsrequirements類型的需求:用戶需求、系統(tǒng)需求）（1） userrequirementswhatservicesthesystemsisexpectedtoprovidesystemusersItiswrittenforcustomersusesnaturallanguageanddiagrams（哪些服務(wù)系統(tǒng)將提供系統(tǒng)用戶，這是寫給客戶使用自然語言和圖表）（2） systemsrequirementswhatthesystemshoulddomoredetaileddescriptionofthesoftwaresystemsfunctionsandservicescontractbetweensystembuyerandsoftwaredevelopers（系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該做更詳細(xì)的描述軟件系統(tǒng)的功能和服務(wù),合同系統(tǒng)和軟件開發(fā)商之間的買家）Typesofsystemrequirements:（1） Functionalrequirements（功能要求）whatthesystemshoulddo（系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該做什么）（2） Non-Functionalrequirements（非功能性需求）Howthesystemshouldbeimplemented（系統(tǒng)該如何實現(xiàn)）Requirementspecification:需求規(guī)范）Itistheprocessofwritingdowntheuserandsystemrequirementdocument（它是一個過程,寫下用戶和系統(tǒng)需求文檔）Itshouldbeclear,unambiguous,easytounderstand,complete,consistent.（它應(yīng)該是清楚、明確、容易理解、完整、一致的。）Useofnaturallanguage&simpletables（使用自然語言、簡單的表）Acompleteanddetailedspecificationofthewholesystem（整個系統(tǒng)完整而詳細(xì)）HowtowriteSRS（如何編寫需求文檔）（1） Naturallanguage:（自然語言）usingnumberedsentences（使用編號的句子）（2） Structured