Waste Identification 4t 7大浪費(fèi)識(shí)別 - 日本專家

識(shí)別浪費(fèi)TimeLineReduction縮短時(shí)間線TheToyotaWayTheHeartoftheTPS:Eliminatingwaste.豐田生產(chǎn)體系的核心：消除浪費(fèi).Lean精益Weshouldnotfocusonresultsandthenrallyateamtofixtheproblem.Thisisareactionbasedapproach.我們不應(yīng)該遇到問題后，就組織一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)去解決，這是應(yīng)急措施的方法Bybuildingastrongfoundationfrombottomup,focusingonthetoolsprovided,automaticallypositiveresultswillbeabyproduct.如果我們從基層到高層建立一只強(qiáng)大堅(jiān)實(shí)的根底，在關(guān)注我們精益方法的應(yīng)用，好的結(jié)果會(huì)自動(dòng)出現(xiàn)。Improvingperformance提升績(jī)效Leanproductionisaimedattheeliminationof

waste

ineveryareaofproduction精益生產(chǎn)就是瞄準(zhǔn)生產(chǎn)區(qū)域的浪費(fèi)的消除Itsgoalistoincorporate

它的目標(biāo)包含lesshumaneffort,最少的人員消耗lessinventory,最少的庫存Lessscrap最少的報(bào)廢lesstimeand最短的周期lessspace最少的設(shè)備Tobecomequickertorespondtocustomerschangesindemandwhilemakingtopqualityproductsinthemostefficientwaypossible.以最快的速度響應(yīng)客戶的需求同時(shí)以最有效的方法提供高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品The7Wastes7大浪費(fèi)

T=Transport搬運(yùn)

I=Inventory庫存

M=Motion動(dòng)作

W=Waiting等待O=Overproduction過量生產(chǎn)O=Overprocessing過度加工D=Defects缺陷TypicallythefollowingisthebreakupVA/NVAinthemanufactureofapart.增值/非增值活動(dòng)所占比例Valueadded=5%增值NecessaryNVA=45%.必須的不增值NVA(Waste)=50%浪費(fèi)Typically95%ofTotalLeadTimeisNon-ValueAdded!!!95%的活動(dòng)都是不增值的Valueadded增值5%Non-valueadded不增值LEAN=ELIMINATIONOFWASTEWhatisHiddenWaste?什么是隱藏的浪費(fèi)Workthatdoesnotaddvaluebutisrequiredunderthecurrentoperatingconditions不增加價(jià)值但不得不做的工作toolchangeover換模Inspection檢查partshandling手持部件transportingparts搬運(yùn)部件unwrappingofpurchasedparts外購件拆包Paperwork文字工作Decanting轉(zhuǎn)移容器progresschasing追趕進(jìn)度storagespace儲(chǔ)存空間Meetings會(huì)議managinginventory庫存管理……..

1.Transportation搬運(yùn)Customersdonotpaytohavegoodsmovedaround,soanymovementofmaterialinafactoryisawaste.客戶不會(huì)為工廠內(nèi)無效的搬運(yùn)付錢，所以搬運(yùn)是浪費(fèi)Materialsstoredalongwayfrompointofuse存儲(chǔ)地相距使用點(diǎn)太遠(yuǎn)Unnecessarymovingorhandlingofparts不必要的搬運(yùn)Handlingequipmentmovingwithoutanypartsbeingmoved搬運(yùn)設(shè)備的空移動(dòng)Feedbackonqualityisinverselyrelatedtotransportlength長(zhǎng)距離搬運(yùn)導(dǎo)致質(zhì)量的隱患increasesthelikelihoodofdamage!增加損壞的可能性1.Transportation搬運(yùn)CellularManufacturingprovides細(xì)胞化生產(chǎn)方式提供shortdistances,shortlead-times,smallbatches頸段距離，周期時(shí)間，更小批量LowWIP,lowcost,Goodproblemsolving&teamspirit低庫存，本錢，號(hào)的問題解決精神PressPlatingWeldingShippingAssyPackingPolishing1025feet30Days200feet1Day1.TransportationThetraditionalApproach;傳統(tǒng)方法Specialistdepartments獨(dú)立的分工PressPlatingWeldingShippingAssyPackingPolishingLongdistances長(zhǎng)距離longlead-times長(zhǎng)周期bigbatches大批量highwip高在制品highcost高本錢poorproblemsolving差的問題解決能力2.Inventory庫存Largestocks大量庫存Stockpileoffinishedgoods大量的成品庫存HighWIP高的在制品Highrawmaterials原材料Excessiveracking多余的貨架Excessivewarehousespace多余的倉庫面積Excessivehandlingequipment多余的搬運(yùn)設(shè)備Extramanagement額外的管理Obsolescence報(bào)廢Poorlayout不合理的布局Restrictivelayout限制的布局Excessivetransportation多余的搬運(yùn)Unnecessarysearchingandmovingofmaterials不必要的尋找2.InventoryThemaincausesforinventoryare庫存的主要原因是Processunreliability(tocoverdowntime)不穩(wěn)定的工藝〔彌補(bǔ)損失時(shí)間〕Poorprocessresponsiveness(tocoverchangeovers)較慢的相應(yīng)流程〔來彌補(bǔ)長(zhǎng)的換型時(shí)間〕Pushsystemsofmanufacture差的制造系統(tǒng)Inventoryincreasesthemanufacturingleadtime,thisleadsto:庫存增加制造周期，導(dǎo)致：－slowerintroductionofengineeringchangesandprocessimprovements更慢的工程更高相應(yīng)increasedqualityrisk質(zhì)量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加increasedriskofobsolescence報(bào)廢增加Itleadsto導(dǎo)致Concealedproblems隱藏的問題Increasedleadtimes加長(zhǎng)的周期時(shí)間Preventsrapididentificationofproblems阻礙快速識(shí)別問題Increasesspacerequirements增加額外的空間需求Andtherebydiscouragescommunication因此導(dǎo)致溝通不暢Inventorydeliberatelyhidesproblems隱藏問題Qualityconcernsarenotconsideredimportantifextrapartscanbeusedinplaceofdefectiveparts由于可以多生產(chǎn)，導(dǎo)致忽略質(zhì)量問題Concealsimbalanceinprocesses掩蓋生產(chǎn)不平衡的問題Thetruecostofinventoryisthemoneytiedupinit庫存的本錢是資金的積壓InventoryisEVIL庫存有罪3.Motion動(dòng)作Unnecessarymovementofoperatorsandmachinesastheycarryoutcyclesofwork不必要的人員和設(shè)備動(dòng)作doublehandling二次搬運(yùn)triplehandling三次搬運(yùn)Reaching伸手Bending彎腰Stretching伸長(zhǎng)Walking走動(dòng)Twisting踮腳morethantwoturnstoloosenbolts松螺絲超過2圈undulyexertingthemselvesinanyway任何形式的不當(dāng)?shù)挠昧?.MotionMOVEdoesnotnecessarilyequalWORK.動(dòng)作不等于工作Anoperatormaybekept“busy〞forhourslookingfortoolswithoutaddinganyvalueforthecustomer操作員可能很忙的花1小時(shí)在找尋工具，但不是增值的活動(dòng)4.Waiting等待Thewasteofwaitingoccurswhenevertimeisnotbeingusedeffectively.等待浪費(fèi)是時(shí)間沒有真正有效的利用起來Waitingformaterial等料Waitingformaintenance等維修Waitingfortoolchange/setter等工具Waitingforqualitycheck等質(zhì)量檢查Waitingfornextstation等下一個(gè)工序Operatorsslowerthanline動(dòng)作慢導(dǎo)致等待Animbalanceintheline不平衡Materialswaitingformachinechangeovers材料等機(jī)器還型Abottleneckprocessshortofwork瓶頸工序引起的Operatorswatchingmachinestocompletecycles操作員看作設(shè)備操作，等待下料Waitingistheenemyofsmoothflow5.WaitingWhenoperatorsarewaitingforworkorwaitingforsomethingtodo,itiswaste.Canthetimenotbebetterspentonanotheroperation?有等待就有浪費(fèi)，不管是在等料還是其它Training培訓(xùn)Cleaning清掃5Smaintainingequipment設(shè)備維護(hù)checking(machineryandquality)檢查practisingachangeover換型improvementactivities改善活動(dòng)Whatisyourbestuseoftime?5.OverProduction過量生產(chǎn)Makinginexcessofcustomerdemandorinadvanceofcustomerdemand超過客戶需求或提前完成客戶需求Makingtoomuch做多了Makingtooearly做的太早了Making“just-in-case〞保險(xiǎn)起見多做Makinglargebatches大批量做Makingquickerthandemand比需求更快的做Makingquickerbecauseofunstableprocess由于不穩(wěn)定的原因更快的做Makingmorebecauseofinappropriatemachinery由于不恰當(dāng)?shù)脑O(shè)備做多了Ouraimshouldbetomakeexactlywhatisrequired,nomoreandnoless,just-in-timeandwithperfectquality我們的目標(biāo)是做客戶需要的，不多不少，時(shí)間正好，質(zhì)量上乘5.OverProductionOverproductionoccurswhen當(dāng)如下情況發(fā)生Buildplansaregeneratedbasedonaforecastwhich“guesses〞thedemandandpushesinventoryup.按照預(yù)測(cè)生產(chǎn)建庫存Processesarenotlinkedtogether工藝間銜接不好Bonussystemsencourageoutputthatisnotneeded不合理的鼓勵(lì)措施，如計(jì)件制Performancemeasuresencouragehighmachineutilisationwhenproductionisnotrequired當(dāng)產(chǎn)量不高時(shí)，一味的強(qiáng)調(diào)用足設(shè)備資源Inappropriateequipment(longchangeovers,producingfasterthantakt,poorprocesscapability)不適宜的設(shè)備條件〔長(zhǎng)換型時(shí)間，比節(jié)拍時(shí)間做的更快，不穩(wěn)定的流程〕5.OverProductionOverproductionisaproblembecause:過量生產(chǎn)將導(dǎo)致Usesresourceunnecessarily(People,MaterialandMachines)浪費(fèi)人機(jī)料資源Createscashflowproblemsbylockingincash現(xiàn)金流問題Leadstoextendedleadtimesbycreatingwaitingtimealongthewholeprocess加長(zhǎng)整個(gè)流程等待時(shí)間CreatesunnecessaryInventory(requiringextraspace,extratransportation,extraequipment,andextraresource)制造不必要的庫存等一系列的問題Increasesscrapcostsandcanleadtoobsolescence導(dǎo)致報(bào)廢MachineMaintenanceandImprovementactivitiescannottakeplacewhilstMachinesandPeopleareOverproducing沒有時(shí)間做設(shè)備保養(yǎng)UltimatelypreventstheFLOWofmaterials阻礙物料流動(dòng)6.OverProcessing過度加工Unnecessaryactionsorinappropriateprocesses不必要的動(dòng)作或不適合的流程Wrongchoiceofequipment選錯(cuò)設(shè)備Baddefinitionofcustomers’needs對(duì)客戶需求的錯(cuò)誤定義Unnecessaryoperations不必要的操作Excessiveinspections過度的檢查Unnecessaryinspections不必要的檢查Complexmachinery復(fù)雜化的設(shè)備duetopoorSupplierquality供給商的質(zhì)量問題Bottlenecks瓶頸Unbalancedprocess不平衡的流程Additionalworknecessarytobeabletocompleteajob超過完成一項(xiàng)工作的必須的步驟.Producingtoahigherspecificationthannecessary按照過高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來生產(chǎn)6.OverProcessing過度加工“Usingahammertocrackanut〞.Thinkingonebigmachineratherthanseveralsmallerones.“殺雞用牛刀〞leadtopressuretorunmachineasoftenaspossible頻繁的使用設(shè)備encouragesgeneralpurpose,morecomplexmachines更復(fù)雜的設(shè)備poorlayout&extratransportation不合理的布局和額外的搬運(yùn)Usethesmallest,simplestmachine,capableofproducingtherequiredquality,attherightspeedandcanbepositionedatthepointofuse使用最小巧,簡(jiǎn)單的設(shè)備以適宜的速度來生產(chǎn)需要的數(shù)量,且放置在使用點(diǎn).7.Defects缺陷LessthanperfectpartsScrap報(bào)廢Trimming修理Rejects不合格品Sorting分類排查Rework返工Quarantine隔離Waitingfordecisions等待決議Delayduetodefects由于缺陷延遲Transportationduetodefects缺陷搬運(yùn)Re-inspecting&sorting重新檢查Reworkarea/linesinproductionprocess返工區(qū)域Overtimetocatchbackdemand加班7.Defects缺陷Typesofmistakes錯(cuò)誤的分類Negligence疏忽Misunderstanding誤解Wrongidentification錯(cuò)誤的識(shí)別Lackofexperience缺少經(jīng)驗(yàn)LackofStandardOperations缺少標(biāo)準(zhǔn)流程N(yùn)otfollowingStandards沒有指示標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Wronginformation錯(cuò)誤信息Lackofknowledge缺少知識(shí)Carelessness粗心Doh!Toavoidmistakes:防止錯(cuò)誤Inventerrorproofingdevices開發(fā)防錯(cuò)設(shè)備Checklists檢查清單Dowelpinsandlocationpins定位銷Errorandalarmdetectors錯(cuò)誤報(bào)警探測(cè)器limitortouchswitc