國際貿(mào)易運(yùn)輸方式

TRANSPORTAirTransportRailTransportRoadTransportAirTransportRailTransportRoadTransportAdvantagesanddisadvantagesConsignmentnoteChargesAirTransportAircargotransporthasexperiencedfastdevelopmentinthepastdecades.Willexpandatanaverageannualrateof6.2%forthenexttwodecades.Certainregionssuchasintra-AsianmarketandEurope-Asia/Pacificroutes.Forhigh-valuebutlow-volumeconsumergoods:electronicsproductshigh-valuefashionsemiconductordevices(半導(dǎo)體設(shè)備)opticalinstruments(光學(xué)儀器)jewellerywatchesAirtransportsservicesaredividedintothreecategories:

ScheduledAirlines(班機(jī)運(yùn)輸)CharteredCarriers(包機(jī)運(yùn)輸)ConsolidatedConsignments(集中托運(yùn))Mostaircargoesarecarriedonpassengerairlines,liketheBeoing747-400FAirfreighterscancarrypalletsandcontainers(集裝箱運(yùn)輸)將一定數(shù)量的貨物裝入集裝箱內(nèi)，以集裝想作為一個(gè)運(yùn)送單位進(jìn)行的運(yùn)輸。適用于空運(yùn)，海洋運(yùn)輸，鐵路運(yùn)輸以及國際多運(yùn)式等。

MultimodalTransport(多式聯(lián)運(yùn))國際多式聯(lián)運(yùn)(InternationalMultimodalTransport),按照《聯(lián)合國國際貨物多式聯(lián)運(yùn)公約》的定義：指按照多式聯(lián)運(yùn)的合同，以至少兩種不同的運(yùn)輸方式，由多式聯(lián)運(yùn)經(jīng)營人把貨物由一國境內(nèi)接運(yùn)貨物的地點(diǎn)運(yùn)至另一國境內(nèi)指定交付貨物的地點(diǎn)。BenefitsofairtransportFasterdeliveryBettersecurityLesspackagingLowerinsuranceFastersettlementBetterserviceReducedstockExpandedtradeandnewmarketDisadvantagesLimitedcapacity,dimensionandweightrestrictions.(對容量，尺寸，重量有嚴(yán)格的限制)Veryhighoperatingexpensesandhightransportcost.(高額的營運(yùn)費(fèi)用和運(yùn)輸成本)Vulnerabletodisruptionwhenweatherisbad.(惡劣的天氣環(huán)境對貨物損壞很大)Expensivehandlingcostbecauseofconsignmentstendsnottobeconsolidated.(由于不能合并運(yùn)輸，昂貴的管理成本)Sparselylocatedfacilities.(當(dāng)?shù)厝鄙龠\(yùn)輸條件)Airwaybill(空運(yùn)單)

空運(yùn)承運(yùn)人或其代理人簽發(fā)的貨物單據(jù)。它是承運(yùn)人收到的貨物的收據(jù)，也是托運(yùn)人同承運(yùn)人之間的運(yùn)輸契約，但不具有物權(quán)憑證的性質(zhì)，因此空運(yùn)單也是不可以轉(zhuǎn)讓的。（AWB）

Twotypesofairwaybill:MasterAirWaybill(航空主運(yùn)單)HouseAirWaybill(航空托運(yùn)單)Freight(運(yùn)費(fèi))GeneralCargoRates(basicrates)普通運(yùn)價(jià)ClassificationRates等級運(yùn)價(jià)SpecificCommodityRates指定商品運(yùn)價(jià)AirTransportRailTransportRoadTransportAdvantagesanddisadvantagesConsignmentnoteChargesRailTransportRailtransportationisamajormodeoftransportationininternationaltradebetweenthecountriesonthesamecontinentforexample,Asian-EuropeanContinent.Comparedwithoceantransport,railtransportissecondaryincarryingcapacitybutpriorinspeed.RailwayTransportationAdvantagesofrailtransport

Themodernrailwaysystemisahighcapacityformoftransportoperatingonadisciplined,controlledandreliableway.Itiscapableofattainingrelativelyhighspeedsandismosteconomicalwhencompletetrainloadisused.Besides,comparedwithmostothermodesoftransport,itislesspronetointerruptionbypoorweather.Railtransportismostconvenientbetweencountriesconnectedbyrailway.Typesoffreightcars

Becausethecargoesaredifferent,thetypesofthefreightaredifferentsuchasshedcar（封閉式火車車廂），opencar（敞開式貨車車廂），flatcar（平板車廂）andalsosomespecial-purposecars.Typesoffreightcars鐵路運(yùn)輸種類(一)按運(yùn)輸條件的不同分為兩種

1、普通貨物運(yùn)輸:除按特殊運(yùn)輸條件辦理的貨物外的其他各種貨物運(yùn)輸。

2、特殊貨物運(yùn)輸

(1)闊大貨物運(yùn)輸:包括超長貨物、集重貨物和超限貨物,是一些長度長、重量重、體積大的貨物。

(2)危險(xiǎn)貨物運(yùn)輸:指在鐵路運(yùn)輸中,凡具有爆炸、易燃、毒蝕、放射性等特性,在運(yùn)輸、裝卸和儲存保管過程中,容易造成人身傷亡和財(cái)產(chǎn)毀損而需要特殊防護(hù)的貨物。

(3)鮮活