花卉在園林綠化美化建設(shè)中的作用

花卉在園林綠化美化建設(shè)中的作用我國目前正積極加速城市化的進(jìn)程。城市化帶來了現(xiàn)代文明，同時也造成了一系列問題，最主要的問題是生態(tài)環(huán)境的破壞。自然給人以健康和美的享受，人們渴望與自然共融。現(xiàn)代社會的人們即向往自然又離不開城市化進(jìn)程中的一大矛盾。為了改善并保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境，滿足人們對自然的渴求，以植物造景為主，融生態(tài)、保健、科學(xué)、文化和藝術(shù)為一體的生態(tài)園林成了現(xiàn)代園林發(fā)展的主要方向，同時園林植物的應(yīng)用情況也成為評價園林優(yōu)劣的重要指標(biāo)。Isactivelyacceleratestheprocessofurbanizationinourcountryatpresent.Urbanizationhasbroughtmoderncivilization,alsocausedaseriesofproblemsatthesametime,themainproblemisthedestructionoftheecologicalenvironment.Naturalhealthandbeautytoenjoy,peoplearelongingforcommunionwithnature.Inmodernsocietypeopleyearningnatureandwithoutabigcontradictioninurbanizationprocess.Inordertoimproveandprotecttheecologicalenvironment,satisfypeoplelongingfornature,mainlyonplantlandscape,ecological,health,science,cultureandartasawholehasbecomethemaindevelopmentdirectionofmodernlandscapeecologylandscape,atthesametime,theapplicationsituationofgardenplantsbecomeimportantindicatorsofevaluationoflandscape.1、花卉的含義及分類1,theflowers,themeaningandclassification花卉的種類極多，范圍廣泛，花卉是園林植物中的重要組成部分，是園林綠化中美化、香化的重要材料。花卉能夠快速形成芳草如茵、花團(tuán)錦簇、五彩繽紛、荷香拂水等優(yōu)美的植物景觀，給環(huán)境帶來勃勃生機，產(chǎn)生使人心曠神怡、流連忘返的藝術(shù)效果。狹義的花卉主要是指具有觀賞價值的草本植物，或稱之為草花?；ɑ苤参锓N類繁多，性狀各異。根據(jù)生態(tài)習(xí)性和在園林中的栽培應(yīng)用方式，可將花卉植物分為露地花卉和溫室花卉兩大類。Thekindsofflowers,abroadrange,flowersareanimportantpartofgardenplant,isoneoftheimportantmaterialinlandscapinglandscaping,aromatization.Canquicklyformplantssuchasflowers,bushesandflowers,colorful,fragrantlotuskissthebeautifulplantlandscapesuchaswater,bringvitalitytotheenvironment,makepeoplerelaxedandhappy,theartoflingereffect.Specialflowerismainlyreferstohastheornamentalvalueofherbs,orcallitsucks.Therearemanydifferentkindsofflowerplantsanddifferentcharacters.Accordingtotheecologicalhabitsandwayofcultivationapplicationinlandscapegardening,flowersplantcanbedividedintotwocategories:outdoorflowersandgreenhouseflowers.1.1露地花卉1.1openflowers能在自然條件下完成全部生長過程，不需要特殊防寒措施。這類花卉能直接地栽觀賞，但為調(diào)節(jié)花期或提高開花質(zhì)量時也常溫室盆栽。根據(jù)生命周期的長短又可分為一、二年生花卉和多年生花卉。一、二年生花卉是指生命周期短，通常在一個或兩個生長季內(nèi)完成生活史的花卉植物。Cancompletethewholegrowthprocessundernaturalconditions,nospecialprecautions.Thiskindofplantcandirectlywatchflowers,butalsotoadjustorimprovethequalityofflowerbloomingoftengreenhouse.Accordingtothelengthofthelifecyclecanbedividedintoa,biennialandperennialflowersflowers.One,thebiennialflowersisreferstotheshortlifecycle,usuallyinoneortwocompletelifecycleoffloweringplantsinthegrowingseason.1.2溫室花卉1.2thegreenhouseflowers原產(chǎn)熱帶、亞熱帶及南方溫暖的地區(qū)的花卉，在北方寒冷地區(qū)栽培須在溫室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)，或冬季在溫室內(nèi)越冬。這類花卉不能直接地栽觀賞，只能盆栽，多為室內(nèi)觀賞或作切花。有些種類可于溫暖季節(jié)擺放室外，冬季放回室內(nèi)。Nativetothetropical,subtropical,andwarminthesouthregionofflowers,inthenorthcoldareacultivationmustbeinsidethegreenhousecultivation,orwinteringreenhouseinwinter.Thiskindofplantcan'tdirectlyseeflowers,pottedplant,onlyforindoorornamentalorcutflowers.Somespeciescanbeputinwarmseason,outdoorwinterbackindoors.2、溫室花卉的種類和作用2,thekindsofgreenhouseflowersandrole溫室花卉不耐低溫，是原產(chǎn)于熱帶或亞熱帶地區(qū)的花卉。這種花卉在我國北方寒冷地帶種植必須安排在溫室內(nèi)栽培，在我國溫暖的南方地區(qū)栽培，其冬季也需用溫室進(jìn)行保護(hù)才能安全過冬。主要種類有：一是宿根花卉，如萬年青、君子蘭、四季海棠等。二是球根花卉，如仙客來、馬蹄蓮、朱頂紅等。三是蕨類花卉，如鐵線蕨、腎蕨、蜈蚣草等。四是亞灌木花卉，如天竺葵、香石竹、倒掛金鐘等。五是木本花卉，如一品紅、變?nèi)~木、扶桑等。六是蘭科花卉，如惠蘭、建蘭、卡特蘭等。七是一、二年生花卉，如瓜葉菊、蒲包花、香豌豆等。八是多漿植物和仙人掌，如龍舌蘭、仙人球、仙人掌等。了解花卉的種類，我們就能按照它對環(huán)境的要求進(jìn)行科學(xué)栽培，就能更好地發(fā)揮花卉的作用。一般來說，溫室花卉都是用盆栽的花卉。它既可用來布置室內(nèi)環(huán)境，如車站、賓館、大會堂及其它場所，又可裝飾室外環(huán)境，如機場、廣場、碼頭、路旁、河畔及湖泊周邊地區(qū)。在園林建設(shè)中，人們常用各種花卉作為美化材料來裝飾環(huán)境，創(chuàng)造出綠草如茵，空氣清新，花團(tuán)錦簇的景觀景帶和景區(qū)，以滿足人們對文化娛樂、環(huán)境保護(hù)、風(fēng)景藝術(shù)等方面的需求，滿足人們對環(huán)境的審美感。Greenhouseflowersnotgoodlowtemperatureresistance,flowersandplantsarenativetotropicalorsubtropicalregions.TheflowersgrowincoldzoneinthenorthofChinamustbearrangedincultivationingreenhouse,growninwarmsouthernareasofChina,thewinteralsoneededprotectioningreenhousetosecurityforthewinter.Maintypesare:oneistheperennialrootflowersandplants,suchasthefourseasonsevergreen,clivia,hitom,etc.Second,bulbousflowers,suchascyclamen,callas,zhured,etc.3itisfernsflowers,suchasfernadiantum,kidney,suchasthecentipedegrass.Fouristheshrubsandflowerssuchasgeranium,carnation,fuchsia,etc.Fiveiswoodyflowers,suchaspoinsettia,changeit,fusang,etc.Sixisorchidsflowers,suchaswhelan,facilities.we,carter,etc.Sevenisabiennialflowers,suchasmelon,calceolariasflower,sweetpea.Pulpplantandmorethaneightiscactus,suchastequila,celestialbeing,cactus,etc.Understandthekindsofflowers,wecanaccordingtothecultivationrequirementsofenvironmentscience,itcanbetterplaytotheroleoftheflowers.Ingeneral,greenhouseflowerswerepottedflowers.Itcanbeusedtodecoratetheindoorenvironment,suchasrailwaystations,hotels,hallandotherplaces,alsocandecorateoutdoorenvironment,suchasairport,square,dock,road,riverandlakearea.Inlandscapeconstruction,peopleusedtouseallkindsofflowersasabeautificationmaterialstodecoratetheenvironment,tocreategreen,theairisfresh,theflowersofthelandscapelandscapeandscenicspot,inordertosatisfypeople'sculturalentertainment,environmentalprotection,landscapeartneeds,satisfypeople'saestheticfeelingtotheenvironment.3、露地花卉的種類和作用3,openthekindsofflowersandrole從一般情況來說，能在自然氣候條件下完成全部生長過程，不需特殊防寒措施保護(hù)的花卉稱為露地花卉。這種花卉既能直接進(jìn)行露地栽培供人們觀賞，又可作為盆栽花卉或進(jìn)行溫室栽培。礦用錨索張拉機具根據(jù)其生長周期的長短可分為多年生或一、二年生花卉兩大類。根據(jù)花卉生長習(xí)性的不同，凡是生長期生命周期短，通常在一個或兩個生長季內(nèi)完成其生活史的花卉，如一串紅、萬壽菊、孔雀草、紫羅蘭等稱為一、二年生花卉。個體壽命超過兩年，能多次開花結(jié)籽（果實）的花卉則稱為多年生花卉。地下部形態(tài)正常，不發(fā)生變態(tài)的花卉，如芍藥、萱草、福綠考等常稱為宿根花卉。地下部會變態(tài)和肥大的花卉，如美人蕉、大麗花和唐菖蒲等常稱為Fromthemoregeneralcase,cangrowinthenaturalclimateconditionstocompletealltheprocess,withoutspecialprotectivemeasurestoprotecttheflowercalledopenflowers.Thiskindofflowercandirectlyopenforpeopletowatch,alsocanbeusedaspottedflowersoringreenhousecultivation.Accordingtothelengthofitsgrowthcyclecanbedividedintotwotypes:a,biennial,orperennialflowers.Dependingontheflowergrowthhabit,everygrowthperiodshortlifecycle,usuallyinoneortwotocompleteitslifehistoryingrowingseasonofflowers,suchasstring,marigold,peacock,violet,etc.Iscalledabiennialflowersandgrass.Individuallifeformorethantwoyears,canrepeatedlyflowerseedfloweriscalledperennialflowers(fruit).Undergroundpartshapeisnormal,notoccurabnormalflowers,suchaspeony,daylilies,andthegreenexamisoftenreferredtoasaperennialrootflowersandplants.Departmentofundergroundabnormalconditionandhypertrophyofflowers,suchascanna,dahlias,andoftencalledtangcalamus,etc球根花卉。從實際應(yīng)用結(jié)果來看，露地花卉是園林中應(yīng)用最多、最廣泛的花卉。根據(jù)其實際應(yīng)用方式來看，主要有以下幾種形式：Bulbousflowers.Fromtheactualapplicationresult,openflowerismost,themostwidelyusedingardenflowers.Accordingtoitspracticalapplicationmethods,mainlyhasthefollowingform:3.1花壇應(yīng)用方式3.1flowerbedapplicationway在一些大中城市的廣場和街道及農(nóng)村公路的中央及兩側(cè)或企事業(yè)、機關(guān)單位辦公場所，常用花壇方式來綠化、美化環(huán)境。其方法是常選用一、二年生花卉或球根花卉，組成單獨或連續(xù)帶狀對稱圖案，并保持色彩鮮艷整齊的輪廓，供游客觀賞。因為植株的高度和形狀對表現(xiàn)圖案效果好差有密切的關(guān)系，因此組裝時常選用植株低矮，花期集中，生長整齊，株叢緊湊，花色鮮艷，適合于表現(xiàn)平面圖案變化的花卉，如五色莧類、三色堇、白草等進(jìn)行裝飾和組合，同時也可用草坪來鑲嵌進(jìn)行配合布置。Insomelargeandmedium-sizedcitysquaresandstreetsandruralroadsonbothsidesofthecentralandagencyunitsorenterprises,offices,commonflowerbedtoafforest,beautifytheenvironment.Itsmethodisoftenchoosea,biennialflowersorbulbflowers,singleorcontinuouszonalsymmetricpatterncomposed,andkeepthebrightcolorsofthecontours,forvisitorstosee.Becauseoftheplantheightandshapeonthepoorperformancedesigneffectisgoodhasacloserelationship,sooftenchooseassemblyplants,lowconcentratedflowering,growth,compactplantclump,designandcolorisbright,suitableforplanarpatternchangesofflowers,suchascoloredamaranth,pansy,whitegrass,decorationandcombination,atthesametime,itcanbeinlaidwithlawntocooperate.3.2花叢和花群應(yīng)用方式3.2theflowersandflowergroupofapplications采用花群和花叢布置，方法比較簡單，應(yīng)用較靈活。株少則為叢，叢多則連成群。這是將自然風(fēng)景中野生的花卉應(yīng)用到園林景觀中的一種方法?；ɑ艿倪x擇是常選用莖稈挺直、不易倒伏，花朵繁密，株型豐滿的花卉進(jìn)行裝飾。花叢布置在開闊的草坪周圍，或布置在公路轉(zhuǎn)折處；HDPE防水板或點綴于庭院之中，均有較好的觀賞效果。若采用花叢花壇裝飾，則要選擇開花時間較長，整體效果較好的花卉，如一串紅、萬壽菊、三色堇、矮牽牛等花朵繁茂、色彩鮮明艷麗的花卉。這樣群體和群體間容易形成絢麗色彩和優(yōu)美外貌，所產(chǎn)生的直觀效果更好。裝飾時花壇中心要選用高大而整齊的花卉，如美人蕉、毛地黃、金魚草等進(jìn)行裝飾。另外也可選用蘇鐵、蒲葵、龍柏等進(jìn)行裝飾?；▔闹車＿x用矮小的灌木綠籬或常綠草本花卉，如紫葉小檗、沿階草等作鑲邊進(jìn)行種植。Withflowersandflowerarrangement,methodissimple,theapplicationmoreflexible.Strainsarelesscluster,clustermore,eveningroups.Thisisthenaturallandscapeofwildflowerisappliedtothelandscapeinaway.Flowerofchoiceisoftenchoosestemstraight,noteasytolodging,flowersmany,plantdecorationfullofflowers.Flowersarrangedintheopenlawnaround,ordecorateinhighwayturningpoint;Ortheornamentinthecourtyard,hasgoodviewingeffect.Ifuseflowersfloweradornment,shouldchoosetobloomforalongtime,theoveralleffectgoodflowers,suchasstring,marigold,pansy,petuniaflowersflourish,colorfulgorgeousflowers.Suchgroupsandgroupsformagorgeouscolorandbeautifulappearance,easilyproducedbythedirecteffectisbetter.Decorativeflowerbedcentershouldchoosetallandstraight,flowerssuchascanna,foxglove,goldfishgrassundertakesdecorating.Alsocanchoosecycads,decorativesabal,Sabinachinensis,etc.Flowerbedaroundoftenchooseshortshrubhedgeroworevergreenherbflowers,suchaspurpleleafbarberry,alongthegrassedgetogrow.3.3花鏡、花臺和花缽應(yīng)用方式3.3convexglass,flowerterracesandflowerpotapplicationway在園林建設(shè)中若采用花鏡式進(jìn)行裝飾，常常是選用多種花卉，讓其組成自然的帶狀形式。其花鏡的邊緣，根據(jù)環(huán)境的不同可選用直線，也可選用自然曲線，但各種花卉的配植則是自然斑狀混交而成的。破壁靈芝孢子粉膠囊這是利用自然風(fēng)景中自然生長的花卉加以藝術(shù)提煉而應(yīng)用到園林裝飾中的一種方式。若采用花臺形式進(jìn)行裝飾，則要將花卉栽植在高出地面的臺座上，形狀類似花壇但比花壇小，一般設(shè)置在庭院中央或兩側(cè)角。由于面積較小，因此一個花臺內(nèi)常選用一種花。因花臺高于地面，因此應(yīng)選用株型較矮，花朵繁密匍匐或莖葉下垂的花卉，如玉簪、芍藥、沿階草等進(jìn)行裝飾。若采用花缽進(jìn)行裝飾時，應(yīng)選用一串紅、萬壽菊、矮牽牛、金魚草等花卉進(jìn)行裝飾。因為花缽是隨著現(xiàn)代城市發(fā)展、花卉種植逐步完善而推出的花卉應(yīng)用形式，是一種活動的花壇。因此在造型上既要大方美觀，又要豐富多彩，新穎別致。有圓形的、方形的、六角形的、八角形的，也有高腳杯形或其它形狀的。先將營養(yǎng)土裝在缽內(nèi)或木箱里，再種植花卉，以其豐富的色彩美化重點部位，形成園林景觀。所以說露地花卉是園林綠化美化中應(yīng)用最多，最廣的一種花卉。它對綠化、美化大自然，滿足人們審美感，保護(hù)人們身體健康有著重要的作用。因此我們一定要重視花卉的種植和管理，讓它為人類美化環(huán)境做出更大的奉獻(xiàn)。Ifusedinlandscapeconstructiondecorativeconvexglasstype,isoftenavarietyofflowers,letthetapeformofnature.Itsconvexglassedge,dependingontheenvironmentcanchoosestraightline,alsocanchoosenaturalcurve,butavarietyofflowersandshrubsarenaturalporphyriticmixed.Thisistheuseofthenaturalsceneryinthenaturegrowsflowersofartrefiningandappliedtoawayofgardendecoration.Ifusingflower-standformtodecorate,itwillflowerplantinginapedestalabovetheground,theshapesimilartobutsmallerthanflowerbeds,flowerbedgenerallysetupinthemiddleoftheyardoronbothsidesoftheAngle.Becausetheareaislesser,sooftenchooseafloweraflowerterraces.Becauseflowerterracesabovetheground,soshouldchooseshorteranddroopingflower,theflowerincrediblyprostrateorleaffragrantplantainlily,peony,grassalongtheorderofdecoration.Whenusingflowerpottodecorate,shouldchoosestring,marigold,petunias,snapdragonflowersfordecoration,etc.Becauseflowerpotiswiththedevelopmentofmoderncity,flowersgrowgraduallyimprovethelaunchoftheapplicationform,isakindofflowerbed.Sobegenerousonmodellingbeautiful,andrichandcolorful,novelandchic.Withround,square,hexagonal,octagonal,andtherearegobletshapeorothershapes.Firstthenutriti