大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試復(fù)習(xí)資料大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)分類模擬題264

[大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試復(fù)習(xí)資料]大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)分類模擬題264[大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試復(fù)習(xí)資料]大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)分類模擬題2641/1[大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試復(fù)習(xí)資料]大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)分類模擬題264大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)分類模擬題264

ReadingComprehension

SugarIsNowEnemyNumberOneintheWesternDiet

ActiononSugariskeentomakethepublicawareofthedangersandformanufacturerstofaceregulation.

A.In2012,theUnitedNationsWorldHealthAssemblyadvocatedasignificantnewhealthgoal:toreduceavoidabledeathsfromnon-communicable(非傳染性的)diseasesby25%by2025.Cardiovascular(心血管的)disease,diabetes,cancerandrespiratory(呼吸的)diseasekill35millionperyear.TheUNhasidentifiedtobacco,alcoholandpoordietascentralriskfactors.Thefirsttwohavebeenregulatedbygovernmentsinordertoprotectpublichealth,butpoordietisactuallyresponsibleformorediseasethansmoking,alcoholandphysicalinactivitycombined.

B.Butwhatcomponentofthewesterndietshouldbetargeted?Theevidencesuggestingthataddedsugarshouldbethetargetisnowoverwhelming.Unlikefatandprotein,refinedsugarsoffernonutritional(營(yíng)養(yǎng)的)valueand,contrarytowhatthefoodindustrywantyoutobelieve,thebodydoesnotrequireanycarbohydrate(碳水化合物)fromaddedsugarforenergy.Thusitisasourceofcompletelyunnecessarycalories.

C.SugarsareaddedtothemajorityofprocessedfoodsintheUK.Yetdisturbingly,manyconsumersareunawareofitspresenceinsuchlargequantities.IntheUKandEuropeguidelinedailyamountsforsugarhavenotbeenupdatedsince2003.Theseobsolete(過(guò)時(shí)的)guidelinesstillsuggestonecanconsumeasurprising22teaspoonsofsugardaily.TheWorldHealthOrganisationhasrecentlybeenadvisedbyscientificexpertsthataddedsugarshouldconstitutenomorethan5%ofenergy.Thatwouldgivealimittotheaveragemanofamaximumofeightteaspoonsadayandtheaveragewomansixteaspoonsaday.Andthatwouldincludesugarsfromfruitjuiceandhoney.

D.Themisleadinglabellingandhealthclaimson"lowfat"foodsthatactuallyhaveshockinglevelsofaddedsugarisascandal.Worsestill,ithascreatedtheperfectstormforpublichealth.Therefore,severaldaysago,agroupofUKandinternationalexperts,includingmyself,launchedActionOnSugar.Themainaimistopressurethefoodindustrytoreduceaddedsugarinfoodsby40%overfouryears.Thatwouldmean100fewercaloriesperperson,whichaccordingtotheUKDepartmentofHealthwouldreversetheobesity(肥胖)epidemic.

E.However,theindustryremainsindenial.BarbaraGallani,directorofregulationattheFoodandDrinkFederation,madeastatementofimmediateresistance,denyingsugar'sroleinobesityandfailingtoacknowledgethemultitudeofscientificstudiestothecontrary.Wemustn'tforgetthatittook50yearsfromwhenthefirstscientificstudiesbetweensmokingandlungcancerweremadebeforeanyeffectivelegislationwasintroducedthroughregulation.Why?BecauseBigTobaccoverysuccessfullyadoptedacorporatestrategyofdenial.Byplantingdoubt,confusingthepublic,bribingpoliticalalliesandevenbuyingtheloyaltyofsomescientists.

F.Thecomparisonswiththesugarindustryarequitechilling.LeaderoftheCommonsAndrewLansley'saggressiveinterventioninparliamentwasthusinteresting.HeattemptedtorubbishrespectedpublichealthexpertProfessorSimonCapewell'sstatementthatsugaristhenewtobacco.LansleythencompoundedhiserrorsbyignorantlyassertingintheHousethat"sugarisessentialtofood".Itisnot.Hewouldhavebeenmoreaccurateinsaying"sugarisessentialtofoodindustryprofitsandliningthepocketsofitscooptedpartners".LansleywasapaiddirectorofmarketingcompanyProferototheendof2009.Profero'sclientshaveincludedPepsi,Mars,PizzaHutandDiageo'sGuinness.Duringhisunhappytimeashealthsecretary,LansleypromotedtheResponsibilityDeal.There,heinvitedfast-foodcompaniesinforcosydiscussionsonhowtotackleobesity,cynicallygeneratingtheimpressionofprogress,butonlyachievingweakandmeaninglessvoluntarycaloriereductionpledges.

G.Thefoodindustryspendsbillionsinjunkfoodandsugarydrinkadvertising,targetingthemostvulnerablemembersofsociety,includingchildren.Worse,theindustrycynicallyassociatesfitnessandsportwithjunkFoodandsugarydrinks.ThusMarsisoneoftheofficialsponsorsoftheEnglandfootballteam.Yetoneregularsizedbarcontainseightteaspoonsofsugar,almosttripletheamountrecommendedasalimitforafour-toeight-year-oldchildbytheUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices'dietaryguidelines.Thecommonestcauseofchronicpaininchildrenistoothdecaywithsugarasthenumberoneriskfactor.Regularphysicalactivityhasamultitudeofhealthbenefits;however,itseffectonsustainedweightlossisoftenweak.Furthermore,activitylevelshavechangedlittleinthepast30yearsasobesityhasrocketed.

H.Weareallvulnerable,becauseyoudon'thavetobeoverweighttobeaffectedbydiet-relateddisease.Ofallthechronicdiseases,type2diabetes,whichisentirelypreventable,isperhapsthemostdamaging.Diabetesincreasestheriskofheartattack,stroke,kidneyfailureandeyedisease.Uptohalfofalldiabeticpatientsgoontosufferacuteorchronicpain,andtwo-thirdswillultimatelydevelopdementia(癡呆).ThedirectandindirectcoststotheUKofdiabetesisover24billionandprojectedtoapproach40billionby2030.Ifwedonothing,thiswillcrippletheNationalHealthService.

I.Howdoessugarcomparetotobacco?Ateaspoonofsugaroronecigarettewillnotharmyou.Butovertime,thehabitcanbefatal.UnlikeBigTobacco,BigSugardeliberatelytargetschildren,Andaddedsugarhasbecomesocommonwithinthefoodenvironmentthatwecan'tavoiditevenifwewantedto.Itisthusnotsimplyamatterofpersonalchoice.Butperhapsmostdisturbingofallthesimilaritiesisthefinancialandpoliticalmusclethatbothindustrieshaveexertedtotryandprotecttheirprofits,attheexpenseofourhealth.It'stimetowindbacktheharmsoftoomuchsugar,reversethe"diabesity"epidemicandtheunspeakablesufferingitcauses.It'stimeforActionOnSugar.

1.Thehabitofsmokingcanbefatal,andsimilarlytakingtoomuchsugarforalongtimecancausedeath.

答案:I題干意為，正如習(xí)慣性吸煙可能危及生命，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地食用太多的糖也可以致死、注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞smokingcanbefatal。原文I段中提到了煙草和糖的共同點(diǎn)，該段前三句中指出，怎么把糖比作煙草呢？一茶匙糖或者一根煙不會(huì)傷害你。但是時(shí)間長(zhǎng)了，這個(gè)習(xí)慣會(huì)致命。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選I。

2.MostoftheprocessedfoodsinBritainareaddedsugars.

答案:C題干意為，英國(guó)大多數(shù)的加工食品中均添加了糖。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞MostoftheprocessedfoodsinBritain。原文C段提到了英國(guó)加工食品中含糖的情況，該段首句中指出，在英國(guó)，糖被添加到大部分加工食品中。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選C。

3.TheResponsibilityDealdidlittletodealwiththeproblemofobesity.

答案:F題干意為，“責(zé)任協(xié)議”對(duì)解決肥胖問(wèn)題并沒(méi)有起到多大作用。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞TheResponsibilityDeal和obesity。原文F段中提到了“責(zé)任協(xié)議”與肥胖相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，該段最后兩句中指出，在擔(dān)任衛(wèi)生部長(zhǎng)的那段不愉快的日子里，蘭斯里推行了“責(zé)任協(xié)議”。他邀請(qǐng)了各快餐公司就如何處理肥胖進(jìn)行了愉快的探討，諷刺性地營(yíng)造了進(jìn)步的假象，但只是獲得了微弱而毫無(wú)意義的自愿降低卡路里的保證?？梢姟柏?zé)任協(xié)議”成效甚微，并沒(méi)有對(duì)解決肥胖問(wèn)題起到多大作用。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選F。

4.Tobacco,alcoholandpoordiethavebeenrecognizedbytheUNasmainriskfactors.

答案:A題干意為，煙草、酒精和不良飲食已經(jīng)被聯(lián)合國(guó)認(rèn)定為主要的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞theUN和mainriskfactors。原文A段中提到了聯(lián)合國(guó)所認(rèn)定的三種主要健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素，該段第三句中指出，聯(lián)合國(guó)已將煙草、酒精和不良飲食認(rèn)定為主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選A。

5.People'sactivitylevelsbarelychangedinthepast30yearswhilethenumberofobesepeoplehasincreasedalot.

答案:G題干意為，在過(guò)去的30年里，人們的運(yùn)動(dòng)水平幾乎沒(méi)有改變，而肥胖的人數(shù)卻大幅增加。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞inthepast30years。原文G段提到了過(guò)去30年間的情況，該段最后一句中指出，此外，在過(guò)去的三十年里肥胖的人大量增加，而運(yùn)動(dòng)水平改變甚微。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選G。

6.ActionOnSugaraimstoforcethefoodindustrytocuttheuseofsugarinfoodsby40%infouryears.

答案:D題干意為，“限糖運(yùn)動(dòng)”的目的在于迫使食品業(yè)在四年內(nèi)將其在食物中糖的用量減少40%。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞ActionOnSugaraims和40%。原文D段中提到了“限糖運(yùn)動(dòng)”的目的，該段第三句中指出專家們發(fā)起了“限糖運(yùn)動(dòng)”，隨后在第四句中說(shuō)到，主要目標(biāo)是給食品行業(yè)施壓，以使其在四年時(shí)間內(nèi)將添加的糖分含量降低40%。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選D。

7.Amongallthechronicdiseases,thepreventabletype2diabetesmayaffectpeople'shealththemost.

答案:H題干意為，在所有的慢性疾病中，可以預(yù)防的Ⅱ型糖尿病可能對(duì)人的身體健康影響最大。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞type2diabetes。原文H段提到了Ⅱ型糖尿病的影響，該段第二句中指出，所有的慢性病中，完全能夠預(yù)防的Ⅱ型糖尿病或許是最具破壞性的。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選H。

8.Refinedsugarscanprovideuswithcaloriesthatweactuallydonotneed.

答案:B題干意為，精制的糖提供給我們的熱量是我們事實(shí)上并不需要的。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Refinedsugars和donotneed。原文B段中提到了精制的糖所能為人體提供的東西，該段第三句和第四句中指出，身體并不需要從添加的糖所提供的任何碳水化合物中獲取能量。因此它是一個(gè)完全不必要的熱量來(lái)源。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選B。

9.Thoughphysicalactivityisbeneficialtohealthinvariousaspects,itisnotsohelpfulwhenitcomestolosingweight.

答案:G題干意為，雖然鍛煉身體在很多方面有助于健康，但是說(shuō)到減肥，它就不那么有幫助了。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞physicalactivity和loseweight。原文G段中提到了鍛煉身體和減肥相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，該段倒數(shù)第二句中指出，經(jīng)常鍛煉身體對(duì)健康有很多益處；然而對(duì)于持續(xù)的減肥則效果甚微。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選G。

10.BarbaraGallanidoesnotthinkthatsugarisassociatedwithobesity.

答案:E題干意為，芭芭拉·加拉尼并不認(rèn)為糖與肥胖有美。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞BarbaraGallani。原文E段提到了與芭芭拉·加拉尼相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，該段第二句中指出，食品飲料聯(lián)合會(huì)管理經(jīng)理芭芭拉·加拉尼即刻發(fā)表了抗議聲明，否認(rèn)糖對(duì)于肥胖的影響，也拒不承認(rèn)與之相反的大量科學(xué)研究。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選E。

ComputerPassword

Computerpasswordsneedtobememorableandsecure.Mostpeople'sarethefirstbutnotthesecond.Researchersaretryingtomakeiteasierforthemtobeboth.

A.Passwordsarewidelyusedincomputersecurity.Alltoooften,theyarealsoineffective.Agoodpasswordhastobebotheasytorememberandhardtoguess,butinpracticepeopleseemtochoosetheformeroverthelatter.Namesofwives,husbandsandchildrenarepopular.Sometakesimplicitytoextremes:oneofmyfriendsused"z"formanyyears.Andwhenhackersstole32mpasswordsfromasocial-gamingwebsitecalledRockYou,itemergedthat1.1%ofthesite'susers—365,000people—hadchoseneitherfor"123456"orfor"12345".

B.Thatpredictabilityletssecurityresearcherscreatedictionarieswhichlistcommonpasswords,goodnewstothoseseekingtobreakin.Butalthoughresearchersknowthatpasswordsareinsecure,workingoutjusthowinsecurehasbeendifficult.Manystudieshaveonlysmallsamplestoworkon—afewthousandpasswordsatmost.HackedwebsitessuchasRockYouhaveprovidedlongerlists,butthereareethical(倫理的)problemswithusinghackedinformation,anditsavailabilityisunpredictable.

C.However,apapertobepresentedatasecurityconferenceheldwiththesupportoftheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,aNewYork-basedprofessionalbody,inMay2012,shedssomelight.WiththecooperationofYahoo!,alargeInternetcompany,JosephBonneauofCambridgeUniversityobtainedthebiggestsampletodate—70mpasswordsthat,thoughanonymised(隱去姓名),camewithusefuldemographicdataabouttheirowners.Mr.Bonneaufoundsomeinterestingvariations.Olderusershadbetterpasswordsthanyoungones.PeoplewhosepreferredlanguagewasKoreanorGermanchosethemostsecurepasswords;thosewhospokeIndonesiantheleast.Passwordsdesignedtohidesensitiveinformationsuchascredit-cardnumberswereonlyslightlymoresecurethanthoseprotectinglessimportantthings,likeaccesstogames."Nagscreens"thattolduserstheyhadchosenaweakpasswordmadevirtuallynodifference.Anduserswhoseaccountshadbeenhackedinthepastdidnotmakedramaticallymoresecurechoicesthanthosewhohadneverbeenhacked.

D.Butitisthebroaderanalysisofthesamplethatisofmostinteresttosecurityresearchers.For,despitetheirdifferences,the70muserswerestillpredictableenoughthatagenericpassworddictionarywaseffectiveagainstboththeentiresampleandanydemographicallyorganisedsliceofit.Mr.Bonneauisblunt:"Anattackerwhocanmanagetenguessesperaccount...willcompromisearound1%ofaccounts."Andthat,fromthehacker'spointofview,isaworthwhileoutcome.

E.Oneobviousanswerwouldbeforsitestolimitthenumberofguessesthatcanbemadebeforeaccessisblocked,ascashmachinesdo.Yetwhereasthebiggestsites,suchasGoogleandMicrosoft,dotakesuchmeasures,manydonot.Asampleof150bigwebsitesexaminedin2010byMr.BonneauandhiscolleaguePreibuschfoundthat126madenoattempttolimitguessing.Howthisstateofaffairsaroseisobscure.Forsomesites,laxity(松懈)mayberational,sincetheirpasswordsarenotprotectinganythingparticularlyvaluable,suchascredit-carddetails.Butpasswordlaxityimposescostsevenonsiteswithgoodsecurity,sincepeopleoftenusethesamepasswordforseveraldifferentplaces.

F.Onesuggestionisthatlaxpasswordsecurityisaculturalremnant(殘余)oftheInternet'sinnocentyouth—anacademicresearchnetworkhasfewreasonstoworryabouthackers.Anotherpossibilityisthatbecausemanysitesbeginascash-strappedstart-ups,forwhichimplementingextrapasswordsecuritywouldtakeupvaluableprogrammingtime,theyskimponitatthebeginningandthenneverbothertochange.Butwhateverthereason,thosewhoareunwillingtowaitforwebsitesshouldgettheiractstogethertoconsiderthealternativestotraditionalpasswords.

G.Onesuchismulti-wordpasswordscalledpassphrases.Usingseveralwordsinsteadofonemeansanattackerhastoguessmoreletters,whichcreatesmoresecurity—butonlyifthephrasechosenisnotonelikelytoturnup,throughfamiliarusage,inadictionaryofphrases.Which,ofcourse,itoftenis.Mr.BonneauandhiscolleagueEkaterinaShutovahaveanalysedareal-worldpassphrasesystememployedbyAmazon,anonlineretailerthatalloweditsAmericanuserstoemploypassphrasesbetweenOctober2009andFebruary2012.Theyfoundthat,althoughpassphrasesdoofferbettersecuritythanpasswords,theyarenotasgoodashadbeenhoped.Aphraseoffourorfiverandomly(隨機(jī)地)chosenwordsisfairlysecure.Butrememberingseveralsuchphrasesisnoeasierthanrememberingseveralrandomlychosenpasswords.Onceagain,theneedformemorabilityisgoodnewstoattackers.ByscrapingtheInternetforlistsofthingslikefilmtitles,sportingphrasesandslang,Mr.BonneauandDr.Shutovawereabletoconstructa20,656-worddictionarythatbrokeinto1.13%oftheaccountsinAmazon'sdatabase.

H.Theresearchersalsosuspectedthateventhosewhodonotusefamousphraseswouldstillpreferpatternsfoundinnaturallanguageovertruerandomness.Sotheycomparedtheircollectionofpassphraseswithtwo-wordphrasesextractedatrandomfromtheBritishNationalCorpus,andfromtheGoogleNGramCorpus.Sureenough,theyfoundconsiderableoverlap(重疊)betweenstructurescommoninordinaryEnglishandthephraseschosenbyAmazon'susers.Some13%oftheadjective-nounconstructionswhichtheresearcherstriedwereonthemoney,aswere5%ofadverb-verbmixes.

I.Onewayroundthatistocombinetheideasofapasswordandapassphraseintoaso-calledmnemonic(幫助記憶的)password.Thisisastringofapparentnonsensewhichisnotactuallytoohardtoremember.Itcanbeformed,forexample,byusingthefirstletterofeachwordinaphrase,varyingupperandlowercase,andsubstitutingsomesymbolsforothers—"8"for"B",forinstance.Evenmnemonicpasswords,however,arenotalwayssafe.Astudypublishedin2006cracked4%ofthemnemonicsinasampleusingadictionarybasedonsonglyrics,filmtitlesandthelike.

J.Thefinalresultisthatthereisprobablynorightanswer.Allsecurityisannoying,andthereisaconstanttensionbetweenpeople'sdesiretobesafeandtheirdesireforthingstobesimple.Whilethattensionpersists,thehackerwillalwaysgetthrough.

11.Mr.Bonneaufoundthatthepasswordsusedbyolderusersweremoresecurethantheonesusedbyyoungusers.

答案:C題干意為，波諾先生發(fā)現(xiàn)，老齡用戶采用的密碼比年輕用戶采用的密碼安全性更高。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞olderusers和youngusers。原文C段中提到了老齡用戶和年輕用戶相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，該段第三句和第四句中指出，波諾先生在該樣本中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些有趣的差異。與年輕用戶相比，老齡用戶設(shè)置的密碼更安全。原文中的better具體指的就是全文都在討論的密碼安全性，由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選C。

12.AmazononcetriedtoallowitsAmericanuserstousepassphrasesbutitdidn'tworkoutwell.

答案:G題干意為，亞馬遜曾經(jīng)試圖允許其美國(guó)用戶使用口令短語(yǔ)(作為密碼)，但是其結(jié)果不是很理想。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Amazon和Americanusers。原文G段提到了亞馬遜的美國(guó)用戶，該段第四句中提到了亞馬遜曾于2009年10月至2012年2月期間允許其美國(guó)用戶使用口令短語(yǔ)作為密碼，緊接著在后面一句中說(shuō)到，口令短語(yǔ)雖然比一般密碼安全性更高，但實(shí)際效果并不如預(yù)期的好。didn'tworkout對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的arenotasgoodashadbeenhoped，故選G。

13.Apasswordwhichiseasyfortheusertorememberandhardforotherpeopletoguesscanbecalledagoodpassword.

答案:A題干意為，便于用戶記憶且不容易被他人猜到的密碼可以稱之為一個(gè)好的密碼。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞agoodpassword。原文A段中明確地給出了好密碼的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，該段第三句中指出，一個(gè)好的密碼必須具備容易記憶和不容易被猜到這兩個(gè)特征。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選A。

14.Manynewly-establishedsitesdonotwanttospendmuchtimeonpasswordsecurity.

答案:F題干意為，許多新創(chuàng)建的網(wǎng)站不想在密碼安全方面花費(fèi)太多時(shí)間。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Manynewly-establishedsites。原文F段講到了與初建網(wǎng)站相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，該段第二句中指出，另外一種可能是由于許多網(wǎng)站在建立初期都面臨資金短缺的問(wèn)題，采取額外的密碼安全保護(hù)措施會(huì)占用寶貴的編程時(shí)間，因此他們從一開始就將這一步敷衍過(guò)去，以后也不會(huì)大費(fèi)周章地去更換了。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選F。

15.Amnemonicpasswordseemslikenonsensebutitisnottoohardtoremember.

答案:I題干意為，易記密碼看起來(lái)像是無(wú)意義的詞語(yǔ)，但是記憶起來(lái)并不是很難。注意抓住關(guān)鍵詞mnemonicpassword。原文I段中對(duì)易記密碼展開了詳細(xì)論述，該段前兩句中指出，一個(gè)折中的解決辦法就是將普通密碼和口令的概念融合成一種所謂的易記密碼。這種字符串看起來(lái)沒(méi)有什么意義，但實(shí)際上要記住它并不太難。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選I。

16.Ithasbeenquitehardforresearcherstofigureouthowinsecurethepasswordsare.

答案:B題干意為，研究者想要弄清楚密碼有多不安全一直都很困難。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞tofigureouthowinsecure。原文B段中講到了研究人員弄清楚密碼有多不安全相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，該段第二句中指出，不過(guò)即使研究人員知道密碼是不安全的，但要計(jì)算出不安全系數(shù)卻一直是個(gè)難題。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選B。

17.StructurescommoninordinaryEnglishandthephraseschosenbyAmazon'susershavealotincommon.

答案:H題干意為，常用英語(yǔ)和亞馬遜用戶所選的短語(yǔ)有很多的共同之處。原文H段提到了研究人員對(duì)英國(guó)國(guó)家語(yǔ)料庫(kù)和亞馬遜用戶所選的短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行的對(duì)比，該段第三句中指出，果然，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)常用英語(yǔ)與亞馬遜用戶所選的短語(yǔ)之間出現(xiàn)了大量的重合。題干中的havealotincommon對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的considerableoverlap。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選H。

18.Sitescanmaketheaccountsmoresecurebylimitingthenumberofguessesbeforeaccessisblocked.

答案:E題干意為，網(wǎng)站可以通過(guò)在凍結(jié)賬戶前限制輸錯(cuò)密碼的次數(shù)來(lái)提升賬戶的安全性。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Sites和limitingthenumberofguesses。原文E段提到了網(wǎng)站加強(qiáng)賬戶安全性可以采取的措施，該段首句中指出，很顯然的一個(gè)解決辦法是：各網(wǎng)站可以在凍結(jié)賬戶前限制輸錯(cuò)密碼的次數(shù)，就像自動(dòng)取款機(jī)所做的那樣。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選E。

19.Aslongaspeoplewantthingstobesimplewhilebeingsafe,hackerswillalwaysbeabletofindawaytobreakin.

答案:J題干意為，只要人們希望在安全的同時(shí)還能一切從簡(jiǎn)，黑客就總是能夠找到辦法入侵。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞wantthingstobesimple和beingsafe。原文J段提到了希望一切從簡(jiǎn)和安全相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，該段第二句和第三句中指出，人們既希望安全，又渴望一切從簡(jiǎn)，這二者之間的矛盾是一直存在的。只要這種矛盾存在，黑客們就總是有可乘之機(jī)。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選J。

20.Userswhohadbeenhackedbeforedidnotpaymuchmoreattentiontoaccountsecuritythanthosewhohadn't.

答案:C題干意為，那些被黑過(guò)的用戶并沒(méi)有比那些沒(méi)有被黑過(guò)的用戶更注意賬戶安全問(wèn)題。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Userswhohadbeenhackedbefore和thosewhohadn't。原文C段提到了被黑過(guò)的用戶與沒(méi)有被黑過(guò)的用戶相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，該段最后一句中指出，和那些賬戶從沒(méi)被黑過(guò)的用戶相比，有過(guò)被黑經(jīng)歷的用戶的安全防范意識(shí)也并沒(méi)得到明顯的提高。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選C。

WanttoLearnQuicker?UseYourBody

A.Everdealtwithaproblem?Pickedupanewskill?Graspedadifficultconcept?Thelanguageoflearningisfullofreferencestopartsofthebodyoutsidethebrain.Researchersdiscoverthatlearningiseasier,quickerandmorelong-lastingiflessonsinvolvethebodyaswellasthemind—whetherit'sgesturingwiththearmsormovingaroundaroom.Cantheseinsightsenhanceteachingandlearninginthefuture?Andshoulditinformthewaytechnologyisemployedintheclassroom?

B."Inthepast,peoplehavearguedthataswelearnwebecomemoreabletothinkabstractly,"saysAndrewManches,apsychologistattheUniversityofEdinburghintheUK.Conventionalthinkingmightsuggestthatteachersshouldhelpchildrengetridofphysicalobjectsandbodygesturestopreparethemfortheadultworld.Butintruth,thephysicalworldneverreallyleavesourthinking.Forexample,whenweprocessverbssuchaslick,kickandpick,medicalscannersshowthatthepartsofourbrainthatcontrolthemusclesinourface,legsandhands,respectively,lightupwithactivity.Andeventhemostabstractofconceptsmayhavegroundingintherealworld.

C.Bodyandmind—Thistheoryiscalledembodiedcognition(體驗(yàn)認(rèn)知),anditsuggeststhatwhatgoesoninourmindsstemsfromouractionsandinteractionswiththeworldaroundus.Itmeansthatencouragingchildrentothinkandlearninapurelyabstractwaymightactuallymakelessonsharderforthemtounderstandandremember.Scienceisbeginningtobackuptheideathatactionsreallymightspeaklouderthanwordsintheclassroom.

D.SpencerKelly,apsychologistatColgateUniversityinHamilton,NewYork,hasfoundthatpeoplespendthreetimesasmuchtimegesturingwhentheythinkitisparticularlyimportantthattheygetamessageacross,suggestingthatevenatthesubconsciouslevel,weappreciatethecommunicativevalueofourbodylanguage.Studiesshowthatyoungchildrenlearnmoreiftheirteacherusesgestureswhenexplainingaconcept.

E.Meanwhile,SusanWagnerCook,apsychologistattheUniversityofIowainIowaCity,hasfoundthatchildrenpickupnewconceptsmoreeffectivelyiftheyaretaughttomirrorandrepeatthegesturestheirteacheruses,andthatlessonsinvolvingwordsandgestureslivelongerinastudent'smemorythanlessonsusingwordsalone.

F.There'saplacefortechnology—particularlywiththeriseofgesture-recognitiondevicesliketheNintendoWii(任天堂游戲機(jī)),Microsoft'sKinectadd-on(外設(shè)設(shè)備)fortheXboxandtouchscreentabletPCs.ResearchersattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,turnedtwoWii-motevideogamecontrollersintoadevicethathelpschildrenvisualizeequivalenceratios(等值比)—forinstance,understandinghowifoneplantgrowstwiceasfastasanother,thedifferencebetweentheirrespectiveheightswillbecomelargerovertime.Thiscanbeatrickyconceptforchildrentounderstand.Whenaskedtousetheirhandstorepresentthedifferentgrowthrates,somestudentswillplaceonehandslightlyhigherthantheother,butthenraisebothhandsatthesamespeed.TheBerkeleyteam'sdevicegivesthechildreninstantfeedback,helpingthemworkoutwhentheirhandgesturescorrectlymatchwhatwouldhappenasthetwoplantsgrow.Afterwards,almostallstudentssaythattheyactuallyunderstandwhymovingtheirhandsatdifferentspeedsisthecorrectresponse.

G.TheKinectsensor,meanwhile,isbeingusedinstudiestohelpchildrenlearntomoreaccuratelymapnumbersontophysicalspace—asimpleskillbatonethatisfundamentaltoourunderstandingofmathematics.Mostpeopleknow,forinstance,toplacethenumber50exactlymidwayalongalinemarked"0"atoneendand"100"attheother.ResearchersatEberhardKarlsUniversityinTuebingen,Germany,foundthatseven-year-oldscanplacenumbersalongsuchalinemoreaccuratelyiftheyphysicallywalkthelineonthefloor—withtheirmotioncapturedandanalysedbytheKinectsensor—thaniftheyuseamousetointeractwithacomputerscreenrepresentationoftheline.MancheshasbegunexploringwhetherKinectoffersawaytore-imaginetraditionalchildren'sblocks(積木).Thetechnologyallowschildrentopickupandmanipulatevirtualblocksonthescreenusingthesamegesturestheywouldusetoplaywithrealblocks—butthevirtualblockscandonewthingslikechangecolourastheyarepulledapartintosmallerunits,givingchildrenfreshideasaboutthewaynumberscanbebrokendown.

H.Inlightofallthis,it'stemptingtoconcludethatteachers,andtheirstudents,shouldbejumpingupanddown,orwavingtheirarmsaboutduringlessons.Manches,however,advisescaution.Thetroubleis,sciencehasnotquiteworkedoutexactlyhowtherelationshipbetweenbodyandmindeffectswork."Youcan'tjumpintothepredictionandinterventionstagetooearly,"saysManches.

I.Thisisn'ttosaytherearen'tworkingtheoriesforwhat'sgoingon,particularlywhenitcomestounderstandingwhygesturinghelpsstoreinformationmorefirmlyinthemind,saysCook.Thelessonswelearnatschoolusuallyinvolvedeclarativememory(陳述性記憶)—thesearethefactsthatwecanconsciouslyrecallor"declare"atalaterdate.Butsomeofourmemoriesarenon-declarative—thingswecanrememberwithoutreallybeingabletoexplainwhy.

J.Theclassicexampleishowweneverreallyforgethowtorideabike.Physicalmovementsseemtobeparticularlysuitablefodder(素材)formakingnon-declarativememories,andsobybothspeakingandgesturing,wemayencourageourbrainstomaketwoindependentmemoriesofanevent,boostingourchancesofrememberingtheeventlater.

K.EventhoughresearcherslikeManchesandCookremainreluctanttosetoutprescriptiveguidelinesforteachers,theircautionisbeginningtoweaken."FiveyearsagoImighthavesaidthere'spotentialforrealharmingivingteachersinstructionsfromthisresearch,"saysCook.Today,sheislessworriedofthepotentialtododamage—inpartbecausenoneofherstudiesto-datehasuncoveredanyevidenceofsideeffects.

21.Youngchildrencanlearnmoreiftheirteacherusesgestureswhenexplainingaconcept.

答案:D題干意為，如果老師在解釋一個(gè)概念時(shí)采用手勢(shì)，那么年幼的孩子能夠?qū)W到更多。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Youngchildren。原文D段中提到了與年幼的孩子相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，該段最后一句中指出，研究表明，如果老師們?cè)诮忉屇骋桓拍顣r(shí)使用了肢體語(yǔ)言，年幼的孩子們會(huì)學(xué)到更多。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選D。

22.Researchersfindthatpeoplecanlearninaneasierandquickerwayifthebodyandthemindarebothusedinlearning.

答案:A題干意為，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)把身體和大腦都用上的話，人們學(xué)習(xí)起來(lái)會(huì)更容易，學(xué)習(xí)速度也會(huì)更快。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Researchers和easierandquicker。原文A段中提到了與學(xué)習(xí)更容易和更快相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，該段第五句指出，研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果課程中既用到大腦又用到身體，無(wú)論是用手臂示意還是在房間里走動(dòng)，學(xué)習(xí)起來(lái)都會(huì)更容易，更快速，學(xué)習(xí)持續(xù)的時(shí)間也會(huì)越長(zhǎng)。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選A。

23.Accordingtothetheoryofembodiedcognition,ourthoughtscomefromactionsandinteractionswiththeworldaroundus.

答案:C題干意為，依據(jù)體驗(yàn)認(rèn)知理論，我們的思想來(lái)源于行動(dòng)和與周圍世界的互動(dòng)。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞embodiedcognition。原文C段中提到了與體驗(yàn)認(rèn)知理論相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，該段首句中指出，身體與頭腦——這個(gè)理論被稱為體驗(yàn)認(rèn)知，它表明我們頭腦中的思想活動(dòng)均源自于我們的行動(dòng)和與周圍世界的互動(dòng)。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選C。

24.Peoplewillneverreallyforgethowtorideabike.

答案:J題干意為，人們永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)真的忘了怎么騎自行車。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞howtorideabike。原文J段提到了與騎自行車相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，該段首句中指出，一個(gè)經(jīng)典的例子就是我們從來(lái)不會(huì)忘記怎么騎自行車。由此可知，題干的表述與原文相符，故選J。

25.Non-declarativememoriesrefertothethingsthatwecanrememberwithoutreallyknowingthereason.

答案:I題干意為，非陳述性記憶指的是那些我們不知道什么原因但是卻能夠記住的事情。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Non-declarativememories。原文I段提到了與非陳述性記憶相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，該段最后一句中指出，但有些記憶是非陳述性的，即那些我們無(wú)法解釋原因卻還是能記得的事情。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選I。

26.Sofar,noevidenceofsideeffectshasbeenshowninCook'sstudies.

答案:K題干意為，迄今為止，庫(kù)克的研究中還沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)表明其有副作用證據(jù)。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞sideeffects和inCook'sstudies。原文K段中提到了與副作用相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，該段最后一句中指出，如今，她不再那么擔(dān)心那種潛在的可能性了，部分原因在于，她的研究至今從未發(fā)現(xiàn)任何副作用的證據(jù)。該句中的“她”指的即是庫(kù)克。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選K。

27.SusanWagnerCookhasfoundthatstudentscanbettermemorizethelessonsthatusingwordsandgestures.

答案:E題干意為，蘇珊·瓦格納·庫(kù)克發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生在(老師)使用語(yǔ)言和肢體語(yǔ)言教授的情況下能夠更好地記憶所學(xué)課程。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞SusanWagnerCook和studentscanbettermemorize。原文E段中提到了庫(kù)克發(fā)現(xiàn)的關(guān)于學(xué)生可以更好地記憶的相關(guān)內(nèi)容，該段中最后一個(gè)分句中指出，蘇珊·瓦格納·庫(kù)克發(fā)現(xiàn)融合了言語(yǔ)和動(dòng)作的課程比只是用言語(yǔ)教授的課程能夠讓學(xué)生記憶得更加長(zhǎng)久。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故選E。

28.Scienceisbeginningtosupporttheideathatactionsmightbemoreeffectivethanwordsintheclassroom.

答案:C題干意為，科學(xué)開始支持這樣一種觀點(diǎn)：在課堂上，動(dòng)作或許比言語(yǔ)更為有效。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Scienceisbeginningtosupport。原文C段中提到了科學(xué)開始支持的觀點(diǎn)，該段最后一句中指出，科學(xué)開始支持在課堂上動(dòng)作或許真的勝過(guò)語(yǔ)言這一觀點(diǎn)。題干中的bemoreeffe