法律英語重要詞匯

PAGEPAGE16法律英語重要詞匯Torts1、Intentionaltorts:（1）Intentionaltortsagainstperson：①Assaultandbattery②Falseimprisonment③Inflictionofmentaldistress④Defamation(libelandslander)⑤Invasionoftherightofprivacy⑥Misrepresentation（2）Intentionaltortsagainstproperty：①Trespasstoland②Trespasstopersonalproperty③Nuisance④Conversion2、UnintentionaltortsNegligence3、Strictliability.Quiz11.誹謗，損毀他人名譽n.defamation/adj.defamatory2.公布，公開n.publication3.挪用，盜用（公款）v.embezzle/n.embezzlement4.惡意malice5.不動產(chǎn)realty;動產(chǎn)personalty6.虛假陳述misrepresentation7.扣押，拘留v.detain/n.detention8.留置lien9.因果關(guān)系causation10.訴訟費用costs11.特權(quán)privilege12.口頭誹謗slander13.（對他人不動產(chǎn)的）滋擾或妨害nuisance14.侵占（他人動產(chǎn)）conversion15.不可預(yù)見的unforeseeable/unforeseeablility16可預(yù)見性foreseeability17.跟單買賣documentarysale18.適當?shù)睦碛?，充分的根?jù)probablecause19.重新審判的動議motionfornewtrial20.公眾人物publicfigure21.未經(jīng)他人允許將他人的姓名或肖像擅自用于商業(yè)用途Theappropriationofaperson’snameorpictureforcommercialpurposeswithoutpermission22.法定（為法律所認定或認可）的損害Legallyrecognizabledamage(injuries)23.事實上的原因actualcause(causationinfact)24.對財產(chǎn)的絕對占有權(quán)（排它性的財產(chǎn)占有權(quán)）Therighttoexcusivepossessionoftheproperty25.分攤過失，共同過失contributorynegligence26.最后無危險機會原則thelastclearchancedoctrine27.提單和保單billoflading&insurancepolicy28.陪審團審判thejurytrial29.不顧陪審團裁決而由法官直接判決的動議Motionforjudgmentnotwithstandingtheverdict30.詆毀性的，誹謗性的表述defamatorystatements31.為要丑化某人將信息公布公開Publicationofinformationthatplacesapersoninafalselight32.公共事務(wù)mattersofpublicconcern33.近因proximatecause34.替代性原因supersedingcause35.風(fēng)險自負assumptionofrisk36.相對過失，比較過失comparativenegligenceQuiz21.租賃，出租；租期v./n.lease2.顯失公平，不正當n.unconscionability3.確定，識別；辨認，鑒定v.identify/n.identification4.收回，取回，重新獲得v.repossess5.存款，保證金；使沉積，存放n./v.deposit6.破產(chǎn)者，無力償還者；破產(chǎn)的，無力償還的n./adj.insolvent7.信托，委托n.entrustment8.商銷性，適銷性n.merchantability9.免責聲明n.disclaimer10.（合同）相對性n.privity(ofcontract)11.lastclearchance最后清楚機會，最后明顯機會12.comparativedefenses相對抗辯，比較抗辯13.thestatuteoffrauds反欺詐條款14.tenderofdelivery指示交付15.fungiblegoods可替代貨物16.warehousereceipt倉單，倉庫收據(jù)17.sale-on-approvalcontract試用買賣合同18.sale-or-returncontract準許退貨合同19.insurableinterests保險權(quán)益，可保權(quán)益20.productliability產(chǎn)品責任1、Batteryistheintentional,harmfuloroffensivetouchingorcontactofanotherwithouthisconsent.2、Assaultisanattempttocauseaharmfuloroffensivecontactwithanotherifitcausesareasonableapprehensionorfearofimmediatethreattohisorherphysicalsafety.3、Falseimprisonmentistheintentionalconfinementofapersonforaperiodoftimewithouthisconsent.4、Confinementmayresultfromphysicalbarriertotheplaintiff’sfreedomofmovement,ortheuseofphysicalforceorthethreattousephysicalforceagainsttheplaintiff.5、Defamationreferstounprivilegedpublicationoffalseanddefamatorystatementsthatinjuresaperson’sreputationorcharacter.6、Libeliswrittendefamationandmayalsobeinprint,picture,orinanyotherpermanent,visualform.Libelisactionablewithoutanyproofofspecialdamagetotheplaintiff(duetoitsmorepermanentnatureandtheseriousness).7、Slanderisoralorspokendefamation.Slanderisgenerallynotactionablewithoutproofofspecialdamage(unlessthenatureofthestatementissoseriousthatitcanbeclassifiedasslanderperse).8、Actualmaliceeitherknowledgeoffalsityorarecklessdisregardofthetruth9、CompensatorydamagesPunitivedamagesNominaldamages10、Invasionofprivacyisthetortofintentionalintrusionintotheprivateaffairsofaperson.11、Individual’saffairsMattersofpublicconcern12、Falselightinthepubliceyesariseswhenonepublishesfalsematerialsdesignedtomakeapersonlookbad.13、Publicdisclosureofprivatefactsaboutanindividualariseswheninformationprivateincharacterisexposedtothepublic.14、Appropriationoccurswhenaperson’sname,pictureorotherlikenessisusedforcommercialadvantagewithouthisconsent.15、Commercialexploitation16、Anytimeaperson,withoutpermission,entersonto,above,orbelowthesurfaceoflandthatisownedbyanotherorcausesanythingtoenterontotheland,orremainsonthelandorpermitsanythingtoremainonit,suchactionconstitutestheciviltortcalleda“Trespasstoland”.Trespassisthattheremustbeanactual(physical),tangibleinterferences.Noactualharmtothelandisrequiredforliabilityof“Trespasstoland”.17、Nuisanceistheunreasonableandunlawfulinterferencewithanotherperson’srighttotheuseorenjoymentofhisland.Nuisancedoesnotnecessarilyinvolveanyphysicalinterferencesofaperson’sproperty.Fornuisanceliabilitytoexist,theinterferencemustbesubstantialandunreasonable.Nuisanceexample:noise,smoke,vibrations,theprojectionoflight,unpleasantsmell…18、Wheneveranyindividualunlawfullyharmsthepersonalpropertyofanotherorotherwiseinterfereswiththepersonalpropertyowner’srighttoexclusivepossessionandenjoymentofthatproperty,trespasstopersonalproperty(personalty)occurs.19、Conversionistheintentionalandunlawfulexerciseofcontrolordominion(power)overthepersonalpropertyofanotherwithouthisconsent.Conversionisdefinedasanyactdeprivinganownerofpersonalpropertywithoutthatowner’spermissionandwithoutjustcause.20、Negligencetheunintentionalcausingofharmthatcouldhavebeenpreventedifthedefendanthadactedasareasonableandprudentperson.21、Thereasonablepersonstandard--areasonablepersonofordinaryprudenceinsimilarcircumstances22、greaterreluctance23、CausationaclosecausalconnectionbetweenDefendant’sconductandPlaintiff’sinjury.24、Actualcause(causeinfact)Thedefendant’sconductistheactualcauseoftheplaintiff’sinjuryifthatinjurywouldnothaveoccurredbutforthedefendant’sbreachofduty.Abutfortest:(todeterminetheexistenceofactualcause)25、Thisideaofplacingsomelegallimitonanegligentdefendant’sliabilityfortheconsequencesofheractionsiscalledProximatecause(legalcause),whichisaquestionnotoffact,butoflawandsocialpolicy.Althoughadefendant’sconductmayhavebeentheactualcauseofaparticularplaintiff’sinjury,she/heisliableonlyifhis/herconductwasalsotheproximate(legal)causeofthatinjury.26、Superseding/Interveningforces(cause)asupersedingorinterveningforcemaybreaktheconnectionbetweenawrongfulactandinjurytoanother.27、Actual/proximate/supersedingcauseNegligentactualcauseInjuriesConductButfortest(A+B+C…)NegligentProximatecauseInjuriesConductForeseeablility(A+B)NegligentInterveningforceInjuriesConductSupersedingcause(Unforeseeablility)28、Assumptionofriskaplaintiffwhovoluntarilyentersintoariskysituation,knowingtheriskinvolved,willnotbeallowedtorecover.29、Thedoctrineofcontributorynegligenceprovidesthatplaintiffswhofailtoexercisereasonablecarefortheirownsafetyaretotallybarredfromanyrecoveryiftheircontributorynegligenceisasubstantialfactorinproducingtheirinjury;wherebothpartieshavebeennegligence,andtheircombinednegligencehascontributedtocausetheinjury.30、thedoctrineofcomparativenegligencethedoctrineenablesboththeplaintiff’sanddefendant’snegligencetobecomputed,andtheliabilityfordamagesdistributedaccordingly.31、Lastclearchanceisadoctrinethatcanexcusetheeffectofaplaintiff’scontributorynegligence.32、Strictliability(liabilitywithoutfault)liabilityforinjuryisimposedforreasonsotherthanfault.33、Firmoffermustbemadebyamerchantinasignedwritingwhichcontainsassurancesthattheofferwillbeheldopenandnotrevoked.34、Additionalterms35、Anyagreementmodifyingacontractneedsnoconsiderationtobebinding.Modificationsmustbemadeingoodfaith.Whenmodificationwithoutconsiderationrequiresawriting.36、StatuteoffraudIfthecontractpriceis$500ormore,theremustbeawritinginorderforthecontracttobeenforceable.37、ParolEvidenceRule38、Unconscionability39、Identificationisadesignationofgoodsasthesubjectmatterofthesalescontract,whichcanbemadeonlybyseparatingthecontractgoodsfromthemass.(afewexceptions)40、fungiblefoods41、riskofloss42、Tenderofdeliveryistheseller’splacingorholdingofconforminggoodsatthebuyer’sdisposition(withanynecessarynotice),enablingthebuyertotakedelivery.43、Asaleonapprovalisnotasaleuntilthebuyeraccepts(approves)theoffer.Titleandriskremainswiththeseller.44、Asaleorreturnisasalethatcanberescindedbythebuyerwithoutliability.Titleandriskremainswiththebuyer.Insurableinteresttherighttopurchaseinsuranceongoodstoprotectone’spropertyrightsandinterestinthegoods.Thebuyergainsaninsurableinterestwhenthegoodsareidentifiedtothecontract.Thesellerhasaninsurableinterestingoodsaslongasheorsheretainstitletothegoods.46、thevoidabletitleruleapersonwhohasavoidabletitletogoodscanpassgoodtitletoabonafidepurchaserforvalue47、theentrustmentruleapersonwhobuysgoodsintheordinarycourseofadealer’sbusinesstakesfreeofanyclaimofapersonwhoentrustedthosegoodstothedealer.48、Warrantyoftitleguaranteestheseller’srighttotransfergoodstoalaterbuyer.49、Warrantiesofperformancearedesignedtoencouragehonestyintransactionsbecausetheyassurethebuyerthatthegoodswillconformtocertainstandardsofperformance.50、GoodtitleThesellerwarrantsthatshehasgoodandvalidtitleandtherighttotransferthegoods.Iftheseller’stitleprovesdefective,thebuyerhasarighttorecoverdamagesfromtheseller.NoliensTheselleralsowarrantsthatshewilldeliverthegoodsfreefromanysecurityinterestsorlienswhichthebuyerdidnotknowaboutatthetimetheycontracted.NoinfringementsAmerchantalsowarrantstothebuyerthatthegoodsdonotviolateorinfringeonathirdperson’spatents,copyrightsortrademarks.51、Expresswarrantiesaretheguaranteeswhichresultfromtheparties’expectations,andtheyarisefromthespecificwordsofthepartiesandmustbecomepartofthebasisoftheirbargain.52、ImpliedwarrantiesareimposedbyArticle2oftheUCC.A.thewarrantyofmerchantabilityB.thewarrantyoffitnessforaparticularpurpose53、Theforeign-naturaltestisappliedwheneverconsumersdiscoversomesubstancewithinfoodordrinkthattheyfeelshouldnotbethere.54、Thereasonable-expectationtestisthecourt’swayofaskingwhatareasonablepersonwouldexpecttofindinfoodordrink—evenifthesubstanceisnotforeign.55、Impliedwarrantyofmerch