鎂條和鋁片在常溫下就能和空氣中的氧氣發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)51

金屬的化學(xué)性質(zhì)鎂條和鋁片在常溫下就能和空氣中的氧氣發(fā)生氧化反響。金屬與氧氣的反響4Al+3O2=2Al2O32Mg+O2=2MgO銅片和鐵絲在高溫時(shí)能與氧氣反響2Cu+O2加熱2CuO3Fe+2O2點(diǎn)燃Fe3O4金不能和氧氣反響鐵絲在氧氣中燃燒高溫?zé)捊鹩懻?：從以下方程式你能得到哪些信息？〔1〕4Al+3O2=2Al2O3〔2〕2Cu+O2加熱2CuO〔3〕2Mg+O2=2MgO〔4〕Au+O2→不反響〔5〕3Fe+2O2點(diǎn)燃Fe3O4綜合上述信息可知：1.大多數(shù)金屬都能與_______反響，反響劇烈程度________(相同，不相同〕2.金屬的活動(dòng)性：說(shuō)明_______較活潑,________次之,

______很不活潑Au氧氣不相同Al、MgFe、Cu〔1〕鋁在常溫下能與氧氣反響，那么我們用的鋁制餐具是怎么回事呢？金屬在常溫下發(fā)生緩慢氧化：4Al+3O2=2Al2O3；2Mg+O2=2MgO形成一層致密的氧化物薄膜，從而阻止鋁的進(jìn)一步氧化，因而鋁具有較好的抗腐蝕性。〔2〕為何不宜用鋼刷來(lái)擦洗鋁制餐具呢？假設(shè)用鋼刷擦洗鋁制品，容易把氧化薄膜除掉，從而起不到保護(hù)作用。思考：金屬和酸的反響在試管中分別參加少量鎂帶、鋅粒、銅片、鐵粉，再分別加少量稀鹽酸或硫酸，觀察各組物質(zhì)是否反響，有沒有氣泡，有沒有放熱現(xiàn)象，反響速度如何，完成反響方程式。反應(yīng)物反應(yīng)現(xiàn)象反應(yīng)速度反應(yīng)方程式稀鹽酸或稀硫酸鎂鋅

鐵

銅很快較快較慢不反響Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2↑Mg+2HCl==MgCl2+H2↑Zn+H2SO4==ZnSO4+H2↑Zn+2HCl==ZnCl2+H2↑Fe+H2SO4==FeSO4+H2↑Fe+2HCl==FeCl2+H2↑劇烈反響，產(chǎn)生大量氣泡劇烈反響，產(chǎn)生大量氣泡反響緩慢，有氣泡產(chǎn)生，溶液由無(wú)色變?yōu)闇\綠色不反響討論:(1)哪些金屬能與鹽酸、稀硫酸發(fā)生反響？反響后生成了什么氣體？哪些金屬不能與鹽酸、稀硫酸發(fā)生反響？鐵釘和稀鹽酸鎂和稀鹽酸鋅和稀鹽酸銅和稀鹽酸(3)由此推出，金屬活動(dòng)性順序__________________鐵、鎂、鋅能和稀鹽酸或稀硫酸反響，反響后生成了氫氣，銅不能和稀鹽酸或稀硫酸反響(2)鐵、鎂、鋅能和稀鹽酸或稀硫酸反響時(shí)劇烈程度不同。____反響最劇烈其次是_____，然后是_____鎂鋅鐵Mg、Zn、Fe、Cu金屬與某些化合物溶液反響：創(chuàng)設(shè)問(wèn)題情景：金屬能跟其他化合物反響嗎？提供以下藥品〔硫酸銅固體、硫酸銅溶液、硝酸銀溶液、硫酸鋁溶液、鐵釘、銅片〕進(jìn)行探究?；顒?dòng)性強(qiáng)的金屬能把活動(dòng)性弱的金屬?gòu)乃鼈兊幕衔镏蟹错懗鰜?lái)回憶:鐵和硫酸銅溶液反響的現(xiàn)象：鐵釘外表有紅色物質(zhì)生成，藍(lán)色溶液變成淺綠色鋁和硫酸銅溶液反響銅和硝酸銀溶液反響Fe+CuSO4==FeSO4+Cu

實(shí)驗(yàn)

現(xiàn)象

反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式

說(shuō)明光亮的鋁絲浸入硫酸銅溶液中銅絲浸入硝酸銀溶液中銅絲浸入硫酸鋁溶液中實(shí)驗(yàn)一：說(shuō)明___的活動(dòng)性強(qiáng)于_____鋁絲外表覆蓋一層紅色的銅，溶液由藍(lán)色變成無(wú)色銅絲外表覆蓋一層銀白色的銀，溶液由無(wú)色逐漸變成藍(lán)色2Al+3CuSO4==Al2(SO4)3+3CuCu+2AgNO3==Cu(NO3)2+2Ag無(wú)實(shí)驗(yàn)二：說(shuō)明____的活動(dòng)性強(qiáng)于

_____

實(shí)驗(yàn)三：說(shuō)明_____的活動(dòng)性弱于_____AlCuCuAgCuAl結(jié)論：金屬活動(dòng)性順序__________________________Al>Cu>Ag金屬與化合物溶液的反響一種_____和一種______反響，生成另一種_____和另一種_____的反響叫做置換反應(yīng)討論：以下反響方程式有何共同特征？Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2

↑

Zn+H2SO4==ZnSO4+H2↑Fe+2HCl==FeCl2+H2↑Fe+CuSO4==FeSO4+Cu你還能舉出哪些置換反響的例子嗎？

2.C

+CuO高溫Cu+CO2

3.H2+CuO加熱H2O+Cu1.Zn+2HCl==ZnCl2+H2

↑單質(zhì)化合物單質(zhì)化合物金屬活動(dòng)性順序：KCaNaMgAlZnFeSnPb(H)CuHgAgPtAu試一試：想一想：1.在金屬活動(dòng)性順序里：金屬的位置越______,它的活動(dòng)性就越強(qiáng)。2.通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)一，你能得出，在金屬活動(dòng)性順序里：位于____前面的金屬能置換出鹽酸、稀硫酸中的_____。3.通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)二，你能得出，在金屬活動(dòng)性順序里：位于_____的金屬能把位于____的金屬?gòu)乃鼈兊幕衔锏腳____里置換出來(lái)?？壳皻浜竺嫒芤簹淝懊妗睰、Ca、Na除外！〕知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)：金屬的化學(xué)性質(zhì)一.金屬與氧氣的反響4Al+3O2=2Al2O32Mg+O2=2MgO3Fe+2O2

點(diǎn)燃Fe3O4二.金屬與稀鹽酸、稀硫酸反響〔置換反響〕Fe+2HCl==FeCl2+H2↑Fe+H2SO4==FeSO4+H2↑Zn+2HCl==ZnCl2+H2

↑

Zn+H2SO4==ZnSO4+H2

↑Mg+2HCl==MgCl2+H2

↑Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2

↑三.金屬與某些化合物溶液反響〔置換反響〕2Al+3CuSO4==Al2〔SO4〕3+3CuCu+2AgNO3==Cu(NO3)2+2Ag四.置換反響：由單質(zhì)和化合物反響，生成單質(zhì)和化合物的反響五.金屬活動(dòng)性順序：KCaNaMgAlZnFeSnPb(H)CuHgAgPtAu

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