宜立特大學(xué)英語(yǔ)1 Unit1-2 Text A課件

1.Inwhatwaycanmusicinfluenceourlife?1.Musiccanrelax

ourbody;2.Musiccanopenourmind,andalsobebeneficialtoourheart;3.Musiccanhelpusfallasleep,enhanceourmemoryandattention;4.Musiccansoothethebaby'sbreathingandheartbeat,calmdownacryingbaby,and

promotethedevelopment

ofthinkingabilityofthebaby's

brain,thusmakinghimorhermoreintelligent.2.Doyouagreewiththeideathatlisteningtoclassicalmusiccanhelppromotethedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren?Itisoneofthoseideasthatsoundplausible.Mozartwasundoubtedlyageniushimself,hismusiciscomplex,andthereisahopethatifwelistentoenoughofit,alittleofthatintelligencemightruboffonus.Thetextismadeupofthreeparts.Trytogiveeachpartaheading.Thefirsthasbeengiven.7-1213Ascientificexplanationfortheso-calledMozarteffectbasedonvariousstudies:brainarousal.Conclusion:apartialrefutationoftheMozarteffect.

DoesListeningtoMozartReallyBoostYourBrainpower?(1)Youhaveprobablyheardofthe“Mozarteffect”.It’stheideathatifchildrenorevenbabieslistentomusiccomposedbyMozarttheywillbecomemoreintelligent.AquickInternetsearchreveals

plentyofproductstoassistyouinthetask.WhateveryouragethereareCDsandbookstohelpyouto

harnessthepowerofMozart’smusic,butwhenitcomestoscientificevidencethatitcanmakeyoumoreclever,thepictureismoremixed.ByClaudiaHammond(2)Thephrase“Mozarteffect”wascoinedin1991,butitwasastudydescribedtwoyearslaterinthejournalNaturethatsparkedrealmediaandpublicinterestabouttheideathatlisteningtoclassicalmusicsomehowimprovesthebrain.Itisoneofthoseideasthatsoundplausible.Mozartwasundoubtedlyageniushimself,hismusiciscomplex,andthereisahopethatifwelistentoenoughofit,alittleofthatintelligencemightruboffonus.(3)Theideatookoff,withthousandsofparentsplayingMozarttotheirchildren,andin1998ZellMiller,theGovernorofthestateofGeorgiaintheU.S.,evenaskedformoneytobesetasideinthestatebudgetsothateverynewbornbabycouldbesentaCDofclassicalmusic.It’snotjustbabiesandchildrenwhoweredeliberatelyexposedtoMozart’smelodies.WhenSergioDellaSala,thepsychologistandauthorofthebookMindMyths,visitedamozzarellafarminItaly,thefarmerproudlyexplainedthatthebuffaloswereplayedMozartthreetimesadaytohelpthemtoproducebettermilk.(4)I’llleavethedebateontheimpactonmilkyieldtofarmers,butwhatabouttheevidencethatlisteningtoMozartmakespeoplemoreintelligent?Exactlywhatwasitwasthattheauthorsofthe

initial

studydiscoveredthattookpublic

imagination

bystorm?(5)Whenyoulookbackattheoriginalpaper,thefirstsurpriseisthattheauthorsfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvinearemodestintheirclaimsanddon’tevenusethe“Mozarteffect”phraseinthepaper.Thesecondsurpriseisthatitwasn’tconductedonchildrenatall:itwasinfactconductedwiththosestalwartsofpsychologicalstudies—youngadultstudents.Only36studentstakepart.Onthreeoccasionstheyweregivenaseriesofmentaltaskstocomplete,andbeforeeachtask,theylistenedeithertotenminutesofsilence,tenminutesofatapeofrelaxationinstructions,ortenminutesofMozart’sSonataforTwoPianosinDmajor(K.448).(6)ThestudentswholistenedtoMozartdidbetterattaskswheretheyhadtocreateshapesintheirminds.Forashorttimethestudentswerebetteratspatialtaskswheretheyhadtolookatfoldeduppiecesofpaperwithcutsinthemandtopredicthowtheywouldappearwhenunfolded.Butunfortunately,astheauthorsmakeclearatthetime,thiseffectlastsforaboutfifteenminutes.Soit’shardlygoingtobringyoualifetimeofenhancedintelligence.(7)Nevertheless,peoplebegantotheorizeaboutwhyitwasthatMozart’smusicinparticularcouldhavethiseffect.Didthecomplexityofmusiccausepatternsofcorticalfiringinthebrainsimilartothoseassociatedwithsolvingspatialpuzzles?(8)Moreresearchfollowed,andameta-analysisofsixteendifferentstudiesconfirmedthatlisteningtomusicdoesleadtoatemporaryimprovementintheabilitytomanipulateshapesmentally,butthebenefitsareshort-livedanditdoesn’tmakeusmoreintelligent.(9)ThenitbegantoemergethatperhapsMozartwasn’tsospecialafterall.In2010alargermeta-analysisofagreaternumberofstudiesagainfoundapositiveeffect,butthatotherkindsofmusicworkedjustaswell.OnestudyfoundthatlisteningtoSchubertwasjustasgood,andsowashearingapassagereadoutaloudfromaStephenKingnovel.Butonlyifyouenjoyedit.So,perhapsenjoymentandengagementarekey,ratherthantheexactnotesyouhear.(10)AlthoughwetendtoassociatetheMozarteffectwithbabiesandsmallchildren,mostofthesestudieswereconductedonadults,whosebrainsareofcourseataverydifferentstageofdevelopment.Butin2006alargestudywasconductedinBritaininvolvingeightthousandchildren.TheylistenedeithertotenminutesofMozart’sStringQuintetinDMajor,adiscussionabouttheexperiment,toasequenceofthreepopsongs:Blur’s“CountryHouse”,“ReturnoftheMack”byMarkMorrisonandPJ&Duncan’s“SteppingStone”.Onceagainmusicimprovedtheabilitytopredictpapershapes,butthistimeitwasn’taMozarteffect,butaBlureffect.ThechildrenwholistenedtoMozartdidwell,butwithpopmusictheydidevenbetter,sopriorpreferencecouldcomeintoit.(11)Whateveryourmusicalchoice,itseemsthatallyouneedtodoabitbetteratpredictiveorigamiissomecognitivearousal.Yourmindneedstogetalittlemoreactive,itneedssomethingtogetitgoing,andthat’sgoingtobewhicheverkindofmusicappealstoyou.Infact,itdoesn’thavetobemusic.Anythingthatmakesyoumorealertshouldworkjustaswell—doingafewstarjumps5ordrinkingsomecoffee,forinstance.(12)ThereisawayinwhichmusiccanmakeadifferencetoyourIQ,though.UnfortunatelyitrequiresabitmoreeffortthanputtingonaCD.Learningtoplayamusicalinstrumentcanhaveabeneficialeffectonyourbrain.JessicaGrahn,acognitivescientistatWesternUniversityinLondon,Ontario,saysthatayearofpianolessonscombinedwithregularpracticecanincreaseIQbyasmuchasthreepoints.(13)SolisteningtoMozartwon’tdoyouoryourchildrenanyharmandcouldbethestartofalife-longloveofclassicalmusic.Butunlessyouandyourfamilyhavesomeurgentimaginaryorigamitodo,thechancesarethatstickingonasonataisnotgoingtomakeyoubetteratanything.composevt.Vivaldicomposedalargenumberofveryfineconcertos.1.write(music,opera,etc.)寫(xiě)作，創(chuàng)作（樂(lè)曲、歌劇等）HestartedatoncetocomposeareplytoAnna.他馬上開(kāi)始給安娜寫(xiě)回信。維瓦爾第創(chuàng)作了很多美妙的協(xié)奏曲。3.combinetogethertoformawhole構(gòu)成（整體）；組成Morethan17millionfirmscomposethebusinesssectorofoureconomy.我們經(jīng)濟(jì)中的商業(yè)部門(mén)由1,700萬(wàn)家公司構(gòu)成。2.write(apoem,speech,etc.)寫(xiě)（詩(shī)、講稿等）revealvt.Thesurveyrevealedthatthehousewasnotsuitableforliving.1.make(facts,etc.)known使（事實(shí)等）顯露出來(lái)Thecurtainopenedtorevealthegrandprize.大幕拉開(kāi)，大獎(jiǎng)?wù)宫F(xiàn)在眼前。那所房子經(jīng)調(diào)查表明不適合居住。2.causeorallow(sth.)tobeseen展現(xiàn)或顯示（某物）harnessvt.TurkeyplanstoharnessthewatersoftheTigrisriverforbighydro-electricpowerprojects.controlandusethenaturalforceorpowerofsomething控制及利用（自然界的力量）Hepaidtendollarsforthenewharness.他花十美元買(mǎi)了這件馬具。土耳其計(jì)劃利用底格里斯河的河水建設(shè)大型水利發(fā)電設(shè)施。n.equipmentconsistingofleatherstrapsandsaddleandmetalfittingsbywhichahorseiscontrolledandfastenedtothecart,plough,etc.thatitpulls馬具（包括皮帶和馬鞍以及金屬器具）It’stheideathatifchildrenorevenbabieslistentomusiccomposedbyMozarttheywillbecomemoreintelligent.

1.Whatisthe“Mozarteffect”?children,listentomusic,clever

聽(tīng)莫扎特的音樂(lè)真的有助于智力提高嗎？

(1)你可能聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)“莫扎特效應(yīng)”。這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為孩子，甚至是嬰兒如果聽(tīng)莫扎特譜寫(xiě)的音樂(lè)會(huì)變得更加聰明。在網(wǎng)上查一下可以發(fā)現(xiàn)許多能幫你完成這一任務(wù)的東西。無(wú)論年齡大小，總有CD和書(shū)籍能夠幫助你領(lǐng)會(huì)莫扎特音樂(lè)的魔力，但是當(dāng)真的談到莫扎特音樂(lè)能夠使你變聰明的科學(xué)證據(jù)，情況就變得復(fù)雜起來(lái)?？藙诘蠇I·哈蒙德somehowad.SomehowwemustgettoGlasgow.1.insomeway;bysomemeans以某種方式；通過(guò)某種途徑Somehow,Idon’tfeelwecantrusthim.不知道為什么，我覺(jué)得我們不能信任他。我們得設(shè)法到格拉斯哥去。2.forareasonthatyoudonotknoworunderstand由于未知的原因undoubtedly

ad.Thenextfewdayswillbeundoubtedlycrucial.usedforsayingthatsomethingiscertainlytrueorisacceptedbyeveryone無(wú)疑；必定接下來(lái)的幾天無(wú)疑是至關(guān)重要的。Mozartwasundoubtedlyageniushimself,hismusiciscomplex,andthereisahopethatifwelistentoenoughofit,alittleofthatintelligencemightruboffonus.

2.WhydoestheMozarteffectseemplausible?Mozartwasageniusinmusic.It'sbecauseheissocleverthathecouldcomposesuchwonderfulmusic.plausible,似合理的

(2)“莫扎特效應(yīng)”這一術(shù)語(yǔ)創(chuàng)造于1991年，但真正激起媒體和公眾對(duì)這一話題興趣的是兩年后《自然》雜志中的一個(gè)相關(guān)研究。該研究認(rèn)為，聽(tīng)古典音樂(lè)會(huì)從某種程度上提高智商。這一觀點(diǎn)聽(tīng)起來(lái)似乎有些道理。莫扎特本人無(wú)疑是一個(gè)天才，他的音樂(lè)變化多端，因此如果聽(tīng)他的音樂(lè)聽(tīng)得足夠多的話，在智力方面受到一點(diǎn)小的影響倒是不無(wú)可能。budgetn.Anewcarwillnotbepartofourbudgetthisyear.themoneythatisavailabletoapersonoranorganizationandaplanofhowitwillbespentoveraperiodoftime預(yù)算買(mǎi)一輛新車不在我們今年的預(yù)算之內(nèi)。Yes,somepeoplebelieveinit.ThousandsofparentsplayMozarttotheirchildren.In1998ZellMiller,theGovernorofthestateofGeorgiaintheU.S.,evenaskedformoneytobesetasideinthestatebudgetsothateverynewbornbabycouldbesentaCDofclassicalmusic.Besides,anItalianmozzarellafarmerbelievedthatbuffaloswouldproducebettermilkthroughlisteningtoMozart.

3.DopeoplebelieveintheMozarteffect?Why?ThinkabouttheCDsyourparentsboughtforyou,andalsoanyexamplesofitsmagiceffect.

(3)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)很快傳播開(kāi)來(lái)，成千上萬(wàn)的父母給他們的孩子放莫扎特的音樂(lè)聽(tīng)。1998年，美國(guó)佐治亞州州長(zhǎng)澤爾·米勒甚至請(qǐng)求設(shè)置專門(mén)的財(cái)政預(yù)算來(lái)為每一位新生兒發(fā)放一份古典音樂(lè)CD?？桃馊ヂ?tīng)莫扎特音樂(lè)的不止是嬰兒和孩子?！缎闹堑拿运肌芬粫?shū)的作者，心理學(xué)家瑟吉?dú)W·戴拉·薩拉曾經(jīng)參觀過(guò)一個(gè)意大利農(nóng)場(chǎng)，農(nóng)場(chǎng)主驕傲地解釋說(shuō)他們每天三次給水牛們播放莫扎特的音樂(lè)，以便幫助它們產(chǎn)出更好的牛奶。impactn.Tougherenvironmentallawscouldhavenegativeimpactsoneconomicgrowth.1.aneffect(usuallypowerful)orinfluence影響；效果We’lltestthetremendousimpactoftheshot.我們將對(duì)子彈的巨大沖擊力進(jìn)行測(cè)試。更苛刻的環(huán)境法律會(huì)給經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)造成負(fù)面印象。2.theactofoneobjecthittinganother;theforcewithwhichthishappens撞擊（力）；沖擊（力）initiala.Thetwocountrieshavetakentheinitialsteptowardreconciliation.oforatthebeginning開(kāi)始的；最初的兩國(guó)已經(jīng)邁出了走向和解的第一步。imaginationn.Hisstoryisbeyondthereachofmyimagination.theabilitytocreatepicturesinone’smind想象力他的故事超出了我的想象。

(4)暫且不論農(nóng)場(chǎng)主所說(shuō)的音樂(lè)和牛奶產(chǎn)量的理論，但是到底有什么證據(jù)能夠證明聽(tīng)莫扎特的音樂(lè)可以使人變得更加聰明呢？最初做這個(gè)研究的作者究竟發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么，引得了公眾后來(lái)如此的想象？occasion

n.Herdresswastooshowyforsuchaformaloccasion.aparticulartimewhensth.happens（事情發(fā)生的）時(shí)刻，時(shí)候，場(chǎng)合在如此正式的場(chǎng)合，她的服裝過(guò)分華麗了。relaxationn.waysofrestingandenjoyingyourself;timespentrestingandenjoyingyourself消遣；松弛；放松Somepeopletakeupyogatoaidrelaxation.有些人通過(guò)練瑜伽來(lái)幫助放松。ThefirstsurpriseisthattheauthorsoftheoriginalstudyfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Irvinearemodestintheirclaimsanddon’tevenusethe“Mozarteffect”phraseinthepaper.Thesecondsurpriseisthattheexperimentwasn’tconductedonchildrenatall:itwasinfactconductedonyoungadultstudents.(Thirdly,theauthorsmadeclearatthetime,thiseffectlastedforashortperiodoftime.)4.Whatarethedifferencesbetweentheoriginalstudyandthepublicunderstandingoftheso-calledMozarteffect?ThedefinitonofMozarteffect:1.onchildren;2.moreclever.Wastheoriginalstudywellconducted?

(5)當(dāng)你回頭審視原來(lái)的那篇論文時(shí)，第一個(gè)讓你吃驚的事實(shí)就是美國(guó)加州大學(xué)埃爾文分校的這幾位作者在陳述自己的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)持謹(jǐn)慎的態(tài)度，甚至在論文中他們并沒(méi)有使用”莫扎特效應(yīng)”這一提法。第二個(gè)令你吃驚的事實(shí)是，這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)根本不是在兒童身上做的，而是在一些成年學(xué)生身上做的——這些人是心理研究最常使用的被試者。只有36個(gè)學(xué)生參加了這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。在3種情況下，他們被要求完成一系列的智力任務(wù)。在每項(xiàng)任務(wù)之前，他們或者是聽(tīng)一段10分鐘的留白，或者是聽(tīng)一段10分鐘的放松引導(dǎo)錄音，或者是聽(tīng)10分鐘的莫扎特D大調(diào)雙鋼琴奏鳴曲（K.448號(hào)作品）。enhancevt.increase(thegoodqualitiesofsb./sth.);make(sb./sth.)lookbetter增強(qiáng)（某人/某事物的優(yōu)點(diǎn)）；使（某人/某事物）看起來(lái)更好；提高；美化Humorcanenhancephysicalaswellasmentalwell-being.幽默感能夠增強(qiáng)身心健康。

(6)聽(tīng)了莫扎特音樂(lè)的學(xué)生更好地完成了那些需要空間想象力的任務(wù)。在短時(shí)間內(nèi)，這些學(xué)生們更好地完成了對(duì)一個(gè)被剪過(guò)且折疊起來(lái)的紙張展開(kāi)之后的形狀進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)的任務(wù)。但不幸的是，正如作者當(dāng)時(shí)就指明的，這種效果僅僅持續(xù)了15分鐘左右。因此，想藉此獲得終身的智力提高幾乎是不可能的。neverthelessad.inspiteofsth.thatyouhavejustmentioned雖然如此；然而Theoldsystemhaditsflaws,butneverthelessitwaspreferabletothenewone.舊系統(tǒng)雖然有缺點(diǎn)，但是它仍然比新系統(tǒng)要好一些。confirmvt.provideevidenceforthetruthorcorrectnessof(areport,anopinion,etc.);establishthetruthof證實(shí)；證明；確認(rèn)Iwroteamemorandumtoconfirmourverbalagreement.我寫(xiě)了份備忘錄以確認(rèn)我們的口頭協(xié)議。temporarya.lastingorintendedtolastonlyforashorttime;notpermanent暫時(shí)的；臨時(shí)的HefoundtemporarylodginginParis.他在巴黎找到了一個(gè)臨時(shí)住所。

(7)然而，人們開(kāi)始就為什么是莫扎特的音樂(lè)尤其具有這種效果進(jìn)行理論研究。復(fù)雜的旋律是否能夠使大腦皮質(zhì)產(chǎn)生與解決空間難題相關(guān)的類似的效應(yīng)呢？

(8)越來(lái)越多的研究接踵而至，一項(xiàng)關(guān)于此話題的16個(gè)不同研究的薈萃分析證實(shí)，聽(tīng)音樂(lè)確實(shí)能夠使空間想象力獲得暫時(shí)性的提高，但是這種效果持續(xù)時(shí)間不長(zhǎng)，也不能使我們變得更加聰明。emergevi.1.(offacts,ideas,etc.)becomeknown（指事實(shí)、意見(jiàn)等）暴露，被知悉Lateritemergedthatthecompanyhademployedillegalimmigrants.后來(lái)，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)該公司雇傭了非法移民。Therabbitwillnotemergefromitsholewhileyouarethere.你在那兒，兔子是不會(huì)出洞的。2.appearorcomeoutfromsomewhere出現(xiàn)；露出engagementn.beinginvolvedwithsb./sth.inanattempttounderstandthem/it專注Tohisdelight,hisengagementinonlinelearninghasbroughthimgreatbenefits.使他感到高興的是，他專注于在線學(xué)習(xí)一事令他收獲頗豐。noten.1.asinglesoundofaparticularlengthandpitch(howhighorlowasoundis),madebythevoiceoramusicalinstrument;thewrittenorprintedsignforamusicalnote（樂(lè)器、嗓子等發(fā)出的）單音，鳴聲，音調(diào)，調(diào)；音符Mybrothercan’tsinganote.我的兄弟一點(diǎn)也不會(huì)唱。Imadeanoteofhernewaddressandphonenumber.我記下了她的新地址和電話號(hào)碼。2.ashortpieceofwritingtohelpyouremembersth.筆記OnestudyfoundthatlisteningtoSchubertwasjustasgood,andsowashearingapassagereadoutaloudfromaStephenKingnovel.AnotherstudyalsoshowedthatchildrenwholistenedtopopmusicdidevenbetterinpredictingpapershapesthanthosewholistenedtoMozart.5.WhichstudyprovesthatMozartisn’tsospecialininspiringhumanbeings’intelligence?1.Canwelistentoanyothermusician?2.Canwelistentoothertypeofmusicorsimplysomerecordingsifwewanttoperformwell?

(9)接著，又有觀點(diǎn)猜測(cè)可能莫扎特的音樂(lè)并無(wú)特殊之處。2010年，一項(xiàng)針對(duì)多項(xiàng)相關(guān)研究的更大型的薈萃分析再次肯定了某種正面效應(yīng)的存在，但是該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，其它類型的音樂(lè)同樣能夠起作用。一項(xiàng)研究表明，聽(tīng)舒伯特的音樂(lè)效果也不錯(cuò)，甚至聽(tīng)一段大聲朗誦的斯蒂芬·金的小說(shuō)也一樣有效果。但是，只有你樂(lè)在其中才行。因此，最關(guān)鍵的不是你所聽(tīng)到的確切的音符，而是你在聽(tīng)音樂(lè)的過(guò)程中的享受與投入。conductvt.organizeand/ordoaparticularactivity指揮（某事物）；控制；操縱Inordertoverifythetheorem,wedecidedtoconductanexperiment.為了驗(yàn)證這條定理，我們決定做一個(gè)試驗(yàn)。Thelawyerwasdismissedfromhispostforunprofessionalconduct.這名律師因其行為違反職業(yè)道德而被解職。n.thewaysomeonebehaves,especiallyinpublic,intheirjob,etc.（人的）行為；品行

(10)盡管我們總是傾向于把“莫扎特效應(yīng)”與嬰幼兒聯(lián)系在一起，但大多數(shù)此類研究的實(shí)驗(yàn)都是在成年人身上進(jìn)行的，而后者與前者處于截然不同的智力發(fā)展階段。但是，2006年有一項(xiàng)大型研究是以8000名學(xué)生作為被試者的。這些學(xué)生或者是傾聽(tīng)10分鐘的莫扎特D大調(diào)弦樂(lè)四重奏，或者是傾聽(tīng)一段10分鐘的關(guān)于這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)的討論，或者是連續(xù)傾聽(tīng)3首流行歌曲：污跡樂(lè)隊(duì)的《望族之星》、馬克?莫里森的《麥克回來(lái)了》和PJ&鄧肯的《踏腳石》。音樂(lè)再次增強(qiáng)了被試者對(duì)紙張形狀的預(yù)測(cè)能力，但是這次并不是“莫扎特效應(yīng)”，而是“污跡效應(yīng)”。聽(tīng)莫扎特音樂(lè)的那組兒童任務(wù)完成得不錯(cuò)，但是聽(tīng)流行音樂(lè)的那組做得更好，因此后者更應(yīng)該獲得優(yōu)先命名權(quán)。predictivea.relatingtotheabilitytoshowwhatisgoingtohappeninthefuture預(yù)言性的；預(yù)測(cè)性的Moreresearchisneededtoimprovethepredictivevalueofthetests.為了改進(jìn)這些試驗(yàn)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值，還需要做更多的研究。arousaln.astateinwhichyoufeelexcitedorveryalert,forexampleasaresultoffear,stress,oranger激勵(lì)；鼓勵(lì)；喚醒；激發(fā)Thatisanareaofthebrainconnectedwithemotionalarousal.大腦的該區(qū)域與情緒激發(fā)有關(guān)。alerta.givingallyourattentiontowhatishappening,beingsaid,etc.警惕的；警覺(jué)的；機(jī)警的Agoodhuntingdogisalerttoeverysoundandmovementaround.一只好獵犬對(duì)四周任何響動(dòng)均有警覺(jué)。Cognitivearousal(orenjoymentandengagement)isthekeytopeople’simprovementinpredictiveorigami.6.Accordingtotheauthor,whatisthekeytopeople’simprovementinpredictiveorigami?predictiveorigami:折紙預(yù)測(cè)任務(wù):對(duì)一個(gè)被剪過(guò)且折疊起來(lái)的紙張展開(kāi)之后的形狀進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)Imaginationisneeded,andshouldbestimulated.

(11)無(wú)論你選擇的是何種音樂(lè)，為了更好地完成折紙預(yù)測(cè)任務(wù)，你需要的似乎就是某種認(rèn)知激發(fā)。你的頭腦需要變得更加活躍，它需要一些東西使它運(yùn)作起來(lái)，而你所喜愛(ài)的任何一種音樂(lè)都能夠達(dá)到這種效果。事實(shí)上，并不一定是音樂(lè)。任何能使你變得靈敏的東西都可以——比如做幾個(gè)星跳或者是喝點(diǎn)咖啡。instrumentn.1.apparatusforproducingmusicalsounds,e.g.apiano,violin,flute,ordrum樂(lè)器（如鋼琴、小提琴、笛或鼓）Hisneighbouraccusedhimofplayingthemusicalinstrumenttooloudly.他的鄰居指責(zé)他的樂(lè)器彈奏得太響了。Thecompassisaninstrumentofnavigation.羅盤(pán)是導(dǎo)航儀器。2.implementorapparatususedinperforminganaction,esp.fordelicateorscientificwork器具；器械；儀器beneficiala.causingagoodresult;advantageous有益的；有用的；有好處的Sunshineisbeneficialtoplants.陽(yáng)光對(duì)植物有益。7.Inwhatwaycanmusichelpdevelophumanbeings’intelligence?Learningtoplayamusicalinstrumentcanhaveabeneficialeffectonhumanbrains.haveaeffecton:對(duì)什么起作用InordertoimproveourIQ,Canwejustsitthereandlisten?Shouldwedosomethingelse?

(12)不過(guò)，音樂(lè)可以以某種方式影響你的智商。遺憾的是，那需要付出比播放CD更多的努力。學(xué)習(xí)演奏一種樂(lè)器能夠給你的智力帶來(lái)有利的影響。杰西卡?格萊恩，西安大略大學(xué)的認(rèn)知科學(xué)家說(shuō)，一年的鋼琴課程加上常規(guī)練習(xí)能夠使智商提高三個(gè)百分點(diǎn)之多。urgenta.veryimportantandneedingtobedealtwithimmediately緊急的；迫切的Apartofthisurgenttaskwasallottedtous.這項(xiàng)緊急任務(wù)的一部分分給了我們。8.WhatisMozart’srealeffectonthedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren?ListeningtoMozartcouldbethestartofalife-longloveofclassicalmusic,whichmaycultivatechildren’sinterestinplayingmusicalinstruments,whichinturnhelpswithdevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren.Therootcause?(根源，最本質(zhì)的因素)Theseeminglyfactor(表面因素)

(13)因此，聽(tīng)莫扎特的音樂(lè)不會(huì)給你本人或者你的孩子帶來(lái)任何壞處，它能夠成為對(duì)音樂(lè)一生鐘愛(ài)的起點(diǎn)。但是，除非你和你的家人有一些緊急的想象性折紙任務(wù)要做，僅僅聽(tīng)一曲奏鳴曲可能不會(huì)使你在任何方面有所進(jìn)步。plentyof Webelieveintakinginplentyoffreshairandgettingplentyofexercise.alotof很多；大量我們主張呼吸新鮮空氣和參加足夠的鍛煉。ruboff(on) Hewasatremendouslyenthusiasticteacherandthatrubbedoffonallthechildren.passaqualityorcharacteristictopeopleafterspendingtimewiththem因接觸（相處）而對(duì)……產(chǎn)生影響他是一名非常熱心的教師，這感染著所有的孩子們。setaside Nomatterhowbusyheis,hesetsaweekendasideforasmalltripwithhisfamilyeverymonth.keeporchoose(moneyortime)forsomepurpose特意留出（錢(qián)或時(shí)間）無(wú)論有多忙，他每個(gè)月都會(huì)騰出一個(gè)周末和家人一起作一次短途旅行。takepart(in) InearlydaysonlymaleathleteswereallowedtotakepartintheOlympicGames.tobeinvolvedinanactivitywithotherpeople參與在奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)早期，只有男性運(yùn)動(dòng)員才能參加比賽。aseriesof OxfordUniversityPresshaspublishedanewseriesofreadersforstudentsofEnglish.anumberof(thingsorevents)thatcomeoneaftertheother一系列的；一連串的牛津出版社出版了一套新的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)讀物。inparticular Iaminterestedinstoriesingeneral,andindetectivestoriesinparticular.especially,particularly,orexactly特別；尤其總的來(lái)說(shuō)，我對(duì)小說(shuō)感興趣，尤其是對(duì)偵探小說(shuō)感興趣。asequenceof OnhisbusinesstriptoNewYork,hehadtoattendasequenceofmeetings.anumberof(eventsorthings)thatcomeoneafteranotherinaparticularorder一系列的在紐約出差期間，他得參加一系列會(huì)議。justaswell Inprincipleanyphysicscollegegraduatecandojustaswell.alsopreferableoradvisable也；無(wú)妨原則上任何一個(gè)物理學(xué)本科畢業(yè)的學(xué)生都可以做這件事情。makeadifference Doeshisabsencemakeadifferencetoyourwork?beofimportance;haveaneffect關(guān)系重大；有影響；起（重要）作用假如沒(méi)有他，你的工作會(huì)受影響嗎?donoharm Withthesepreconditions,pocketmoneywilldonoharmtotheirchildren.beagoodideaandwillnotcauseanyproblems（做某事）并無(wú)害處（反而可能帶來(lái)某些好處）有了這些前提條件，零用錢(qián)就不會(huì)對(duì)他們的孩子產(chǎn)生不利影響了。Exactlywhatwasitwasthattheauthorsoftheinitialstudydiscoveredthattookpublicimaginationbystorm?此句意為：最初做這個(gè)研究的作者究竟發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么，引得了公眾后來(lái)如此的想象？Thesecondsurpriseisthatitwasn’tconductedonchildrenatall:itwasinfactconductedwiththosestalwartsofpsychologicalstudies—youngadultstudents.本句意為：第二個(gè)讓你吃驚的事實(shí)是，這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)根本不是在孩子身上做的，而是在一些成年學(xué)生身上做的——這些人是心理研究最常使用的被試者。meta-analysis元分析或薈萃分析，其概念為對(duì)以往的研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的定量分析。Readthefollowingparagraphandlearnitbyheart.Payparticularattentiontothepronunciationandintonation.AlthoughwetendtoassociatetheMozarteffectwithbabiesandsmallchildren,mostofthesestudieswereconductedonadults,whosebrainsareofcourseataverydifferentstageofdevelopment.Butin2006alargestudywasconductedinBritaininvolvingeightthousandchildren.TheylistenedeithertotenminutesofMozart’sStringQuintetinDMajor,adiscussionabouttheexperiment,orasequenceofthreepopsongs:Blur’s“CountryHouse”,“ReturnoftheMack”byMarkMorrisonandPJ&Duncan’s“SteppingStone”.Onceagainmusicimprovedtheabilitytopredictpapershapes,butthistimeitwasn’taMozarteffect,butaBlureffect.ThechildrenwholistenedtoMozartdidwell,butwithpopmusictheydidevenbetter,sopriorpreferencecouldcomeintoit.Chooseanappropriatewordorphrasefromtheboxbelowtofillinthefollowingblanks.Changetheformifnecessary.1.Thetransportationindustryisonehumanfactorthathashadasignificant________onourenvironment.2.Theswanseatnativeseaweedsgrowingonthesurfaceropesratherthanthevaluablecropofkelp,sothey_________tothecommercialoperation.3.Betweentheseexplorations,Irestedandtriedto________musicinmycabin.Myplanwastowriteasonataforpianoandviolin.impact

donoharmcompose4.Heisoneofthetop22playersincollegefootballwho_______________intheircommunity.5.Inthefollowingtwohours,youneedtobe________,withyoursensessharp.6.Themayoralcandidateisproposingtwoballotmeasures:anamendmenttotheCityCharterto__________fundsforthehousingprogramandaseparatemeasuretoraisethetransfertax.Chooseanappropriatewordorphrasefromtheboxbelowtofillinthefollowingblanks.Changetheformifnecessary.makeadifferencealertsetaside7.Theeconomistsaidthatiftheeconomy________toosharply,inflationmightsimultaneouslyaccelerate.8.Theanswersintheinterviewcan_______whetheracandidateisanalytical,decisive,andinnovativeorhasgoodjudgment.9.Therecentpensionchangeswerepartlydesignedto________youngeremployeeswantingmoreportableretirementbenefits.Chooseanappropriatewordorphrasefromtheboxbelowtofillinthefollowingblanks.Changetheformifnecessary.tookoffrevealappealto10.Withtheirpreferredfoodsourcesunavailable,theysearchedforfoodsuppliesfartheraway,which________themtogreaterdanger.Chooseanappropriatewordorphrasefromtheboxbelowtofillinthefollowingblanks.Changetheformifnecessary.exposedThesuffix-alcanbeaddedtosomeverbs,usuallyverbsofFrenchorLatinorigin,toformnounstorefertoabstractverbalactions,meaning“theprocess”or“theact”.Changetheformofthewordsbelowandputthemintothefollowingsentencesproperly.

1.Emotional_________caninfluencepaindirectlybyincreasingmuscletension.

Extensions:moreexamplesofthiskindofsuffixare:-ance(appearance,acceptance,ignorance),-ence(occurrence,existence,interference),-ion(division,distortion,creation),-ment(measurement,replacement,development).arousal2.Unfortunately,thegovernmenthasbeenin_______aboutthetruestateofitsbanksprettymuchsincethecrisisbegan.3.Wehaveinvadedthenaturalenvironmentwithoutregardtotherealcoststohuman_______,untilnow.4.Thepolitician’s________frompowerresultedinaseriesofconflictsthatledtohundredsofthousandsofdeaths.denialsurvivalremoval5.Peoplewouldpreferyougivethemagraciousliethananoutright_______.6.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencywillannouncea________Fridaytotightenthenation’sgasolinestandards.7.The_______ofgoodweatherissupposedtomeanthe_____oftourists.refusalproposalarrivalarrival8.Thenewmedicinehasbeenon_______forthepastyear,andnowithasalreadycomeontothemarket.trialSomenounswhichretaintheiroriginalGreekorLatinformsmaketheirpluralsaccordingtotherulesofGreekorLatin.

Thephrasethe“Mozarteffect”wascoinedin1991,butitwasastudydescribedtwoyearslaterinthejournalNaturethatsparkedrealmediaandpublicinterestabouttheideathatlisteningtoclassicalmusicsomehowimprovesthebrain.

“莫扎特效應(yīng)”這一術(shù)語(yǔ)創(chuàng)造于1991年，但真正激起媒體和公眾對(duì)這一話題興趣的是兩年后《自然》雜志中的一個(gè)相關(guān)研究。該研究認(rèn)為，聽(tīng)古典音樂(lè)會(huì)從某種程度上提高智商。medium—media bacterium—bacteriacrisis—crises analysis—analysesterminus—termini/terminuses basis—basesphenomenon—phenomenaSomenounswhichretaintheiroriginalGreekorLatinformsmaketheirpluralsaccordingtotherulesofGreekorLatin.ButsomefollowtheEnglishrules(thoughtheiroriginalformsarestillusedsometimes).dogma—dogmas/dogmata formula—formulas/formulaegymnasium—gymnasiums/gymnasia antenna—antennas/antennae

stadium—stadiums/stadiaSomenounswhichretaintheiroriginalGreekorLatinformsmaketheirpluralsaccordingtotherulesofGreekorLatin.Sometimestherearetwopluralformswithdifferentmeanings.appendix—appendixes/appendices(醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ))闌尾—appendices(書(shū)的)附錄index—indexes(書(shū)的)索引—indices(數(shù)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ))指數(shù)SomenounswhichretaintheiroriginalGreekorLatinformsmaketheirpluralsaccordingtotherulesofGreekorLatin.Completethefollowingsentences,usingproperpluralformsofnouns.

3.Thethesiscollectioncomprisesover3,000higherdegreeresearch__________(論文).4.Thehistoryof_________(運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng))and__________(體育館)isacompletehistoryofsportsdevelopment.2.Infact,many_____________(現(xiàn)象)arenotevensubjecttoscientificexplanations.5.Thisbookhastwo____________(附錄).1.Exactlywhich________(細(xì)菌)causetheinfectionisstillunknown.bacteriaphenomenathesesstadiumsgymnasiumsappendicesAV-ingphrasecanbeusedasthesubjectofaverb,theobjectofaverb,theobjectofapreposition,etc.,playingtheroleofanounoranounphraseandreferringtoanactivityoraprocess.

a)SolisteningtoMozartwon’tdoyouoryourchildrenanyharmandcouldbethestartofalife-longloveofclassicalmusic.

因此，聽(tīng)莫扎特的音樂(lè)不會(huì)給你本人或者你的孩子帶來(lái)任何壞處，它能夠成為對(duì)音樂(lè)一生鐘愛(ài)的起點(diǎn)。b)Didthecomplexityofmusiccausepatternsofcorticalfiringinthebrainsimilartothoseassociatedwithsolvingspatialpuzzles?

復(fù)雜的旋律是否能夠使大腦皮質(zhì)產(chǎn)生與解決空間難題相關(guān)的類似的效應(yīng)呢？c)Somepeopleenjoylisteningtomusic.

有些人喜歡聽(tīng)音樂(lè)。UseV-ingphrasestocompletethefollowingsentences.1.____________________

(做實(shí)驗(yàn))willhelptoimproveyourpracticalability.2.After______________________(確認(rèn)我的預(yù)定),thereception