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附錄15：參考書目[文本內(nèi)參考標(biāo)注]QUOTATIONS直接引語Thisisfollowedbyconstructivefeedback,anddiscussion:‘Theaimoftheobservationistohelpimprovetheskillsoftheobserved,thereforequalityfeedbackisessenyial.’(Fullerton1993:82)(Cosh1999:24)三行以上的直接引語Ithasgenerallybeenassumedinthefieldofsecondlanguage(L2)learningandteachingthattherearevariousfactors,externalandinternal,whichaffectlanguagelearning.Thesefactorsincludetheroleofthefirstlanguage,settingdifferencesandtheroleofinstruction,agedifferences,individuallearnerdifferences,andgenderdifferences.Theimportanceofexaminingthesefactorsisthattheymightenableus,forinstance,tospecifythenatureoftheinputthatbestsuitsL2learners’comprehension,andthenatureoftheoutputwhichtheyproduceataparticularstageoftheirlearning.Forexample,Larsen-Freemanwrites:Ininputstudies,themoreweknowaboutthelearnernotonlyhisorherL1,butalsohisorherage,socioeconomicstatus,targetlanguageproficiency,sex,opportunitiesforinteractionwithtargetlanguagespeakers,conditionsunderwhichthelearningtookplace,etc.themorewewillknowaboutthenatureoftheinputtheleanerislikelytoreceive.(1985:434)Knowingtheextenttowhichthesefactors,genderincluded,affectL2learningandteachingmayprovideuswithinsightswhichhelpL2teachersmakelanguagelearningmoreeffective.(Shehadeh1999:256)c.同一位作者在同年發(fā)表的論著Severalstudieshaveshownthatitisnotonlymarkedlydifferentculturesthatvaryinrhetoricalstyle,butalsolanguagesandculturethatseemverysimilar(Mauranen1993a).However,thereisstrongevidencethatthesedifferencesaremuchlesspronouncedinacademicwriting.TaylorandChen(1991),forexample,foundthattherewasno‘Chineseway’ofwritingscience.Mauranen(1993b:170)commentsthatacademicwriters‘primarilywishtobemembersofadisciplinaryculture,andnormallynotatallofanothernationalculture.(Morton.1999:179)d.多位作者合著的論著Furtherreformswereproposedin1995,afteraresearchgroupreturnedfromstudyingtheinnovationsbeingintroducedattheKeioandAsiauniversities(Oishietal.1996).(Hadley.1999:92)e.間接引語中直接引用原作者的某個(gè)專門術(shù)語或詞匯Cook(1992)usestheterm‘paralanguage’torefertothisplay.(Picken.1999:249)f.兩位作者givebothnamesandusesurnamesonly.NeedsanalysisinvolvesidentifyingthesituationswithinwhichthestudentswillberequiredtouseEnglish(Munby1978).However,afocusontargetneedsalone,withoutconsideringthelearner’swishesandexpectations,canleadto‘theultimatesterilityofalanguage-centredapproach’(HutchinsonandWaters1978:54)(TheIntecGuidetoAcademicWriting1993:8)Notes:1.Referencescomeaftertherelevantpointofinformationastheaboveexamples;2.Iftheauthor’snameisusedaspartofthesentence,itdoesnotneedtoberepeatedwithinthebracketsasExampleb;3.TheverbsusedtointroduceareferenceshouldbeinthepresentsimpletenseasExamplef,becauseevenifthebookorarticlewaswrittenmanyyearsago,itstillexistsnow,andcommunicatesitsmessagetoanyreaderatanytime.4.Latintermsusedwithreferenceslike‘ibid.’,‘op.cit’arenotusedintheHarvardsystemofreference.5.Inthissystemallreferencesaremadewithinthebodyofthetext,andinvolveonly:theauthor’ssurname(nofirstnameorinitials),thedateofpublication,andpagenumber(whennecessary).[參考文獻(xiàn)目錄][書]Arnaudel,M.L.1984.ApproachestoAcademicReadingandWriting.EnglewoodCliffs,NJ:Prentice-Hall.Bhatia,V.K.1993.AnalysingGenre.Harlow:Longman.Munby,J.1979.LanguageTestsatSchool.London:Longman.[選自期刊的文章]Charles,M.1996.Businessnegotiations:interdependencebetweendiscourseandbusinessrelationship.EnglishforSpecificPurposes15/1.Gosden,H.1996.VerbalreportsofJapanesenovices’researchwritingpracticesinEnglish.JournalofSecondLanguageWriting5/2.Johns,A.1993.Writtenargumentationforrealaudiences.TESOLQuarterly27:75-90Kaplan,R.1966.Culturalthoughtpatternsininterculturalcommunication.LanguageLearning16.Lynch,B.K.1990.Acontext-adaptivemodelofprogramevaluation.TESTQuarterly24/1.Swan,M.1991.Languageconundrums:someresponsestomycryforhelp.ELTJournal45/4.[選自‘XX所編’書中的文章]Clark,R.andR.Ivanic1991.Consciousnessraisingaboutthewritingprocess.InC.JamesandP.Garrett(eds.).James,C.andP.Garrett(eds.).1991.LanguageAwarenessintheClassroom.Harlow:Longman.OrDzau,Y.F.1990.TeachingEnglishinChinesesecondaryschools.InY.F.Dzau(ed.).EnglishinChina.HongKong:APIPress.Leki,I.1990.Coachingfromthemargins:issueinwrittenresponse.InB.Kroll(ed.).SecondLanguageWriting:ResearchInsightsfortheClassroom.Cambridge:C.U.P.Widdowson,H.G.1973.Directionsintheteachingofdiscourse.InC.J.BrumfitandK.Johson(eds.).1979.TheCommunicativeApproachtoLanguageTeaching.Oxford:O.U.P.其他問題a.[有多位編作者的參考]Loffman,L.,L.Kurki-Suonio,S.Pellinen,andJ.Lehtonen(eds.).1993.TheCompetentInternationalCommunicator.Jyvaskyla,FinlandaisedeLinguistiqueAppliquee.b.[參考同一作者在同一年發(fā)表的不同文章]Mauranen,A.1993a.ContrastiveESPrhetoric:MetatextinFinnish-Englisheconomicstexts.EnglishforSpecificPurposes12/2.Mauranen,A.1993b.Culturaldifferencesinacademicdiscourse-problemsofalinguisticandculturalminority.InL.Loffmanetal(eds.).c.[集體作者]DepartmentofTeachingAffairs,HebeiCreditSystem.Tangshang:XinhuaPublicationHouse.d.[修改版]Somebooksmayhavemorethanoneedition,whichwillusuallybeindicatedinsidethefrontcover.Inthiscase,thepublicationdateforreferenceisalwaysthelatesteditionmentioned(Note:notthereprintingdates).Inthefullreference,youshouldaddinformationabouttheeditionafterthetitle,e.g.Heaton,J.B.1988.WritingEnglishLanguageTests.Newedition.London:longman.Thomley,G.C.1972.ScientificEnglishPractice.2ndedition.London:Longman.Note:所有條目按作者姓的第一個(gè)字母在26個(gè)字母中順序排列。e.[文學(xué)作品的參考]InTheMoonandSixpence,Maughamportraysastockbrokerwhosuddenlyabandonshisconventionallifetobecomeanartist.Butforthedirectquotation:MaughamdescribesStrickland’shouseas‘a(chǎn)magicworld’(TheMoonandSixpence,p.206)[參考文獻(xiàn)目錄中]Maugham,W.S.1944.TheMoonandSixpence.Harmondsworth:Penguin.f.[報(bào)紙中的文章，沒標(biāo)作者的].Therearechoicesforthiskindofreference.Itdependsonitsimportancethatweconsider.Sowecangiveareferenceusingthetitleofthenewspaperormagazine,andaddthedate.‘…’(SundayNation,28July2006)[參考文獻(xiàn)目錄中]SundayNation.28July2006.[titleofthearticle].g.[教材][在文本中]ThemostcommonlyusedtextbooksareAdvancedListeningComprehension(He1992)andAdvancedEnglish(Zhang1995)….h.[未正式出版的論著].Itisthesamewayasordinaryjournalarticles,exceptthatinsteadofthepublishingdetails,weput‘mimeo’.Newton,A.2006.Writingforcontents.Mimeo.OrNewton,A.2006.Writingforcontents.PaperpresentedatRELCSeminar,Singapore.Inthissecondcase,thereisnoneedtousetheword‘Mimeo’.Thetitleofthebookisnotunderlinedoritalicizedbecauseinthissituationtheworkhasnotbeenpublished.Thisisthesamefordissertationsandtheses.Chen,Shoumei.2004.Aproposedteachingwritingskills’componentonateacher’strainingcourseinPRChina.UnpublishedMEdThesis.Universityofi.[沒有日期的參考文獻(xiàn)]Thisisunusual,butifthissituationreallyhappens,simplywrite‘undated’inthesameplacethatwenormallywritethedate.Politzer,M.Undated.Student-CentredTeachingActivities.Philadelphia:CenterforCurriculumDevelopment.j.[未注明作者的參考文獻(xiàn)].Thisisalsounusual;however,inthiscase,refertotheworkbytitleinsteadofbyauthor.Ifthetitleistoolongtobesuitablyfittedwithinbrackets,itisoftenpossibletoshortenthem.Insidethebodyofthetext:...,whichiscarefullyillustratedinProceedingsofConference(1975).Thefullreferenceinthereferencelist(inalphabeticalorderaccordingtothetitle):ProceedingofConferenceontheMethodologyofSociolinguisticSurveys.1975.Arlinton:CentreforAppliedLinguistics.k.[第2手參考獻(xiàn)].Veryoftenwereadideasorviewsofonewriterinanotherwriter’sbookorarticle.Ifwewanttorefertothisinformation,wemustmakeitclearwheretheinformationisfrom.Insidethebodyofthetext:Atopic-basedsyllabusmaybeusedtoincreasestudentmotivation.FeinandBaldwin,forexample,describeapre-universityEnglishcoursewherethefocusoncontentwasseenasawayofproviding“freevalidity”(FeinandBaldwin1986,quotedinWhite1988).(TheIntecGuidetoAc