Unit 3 詞語(yǔ)選擇、引申及褒貶

Unit

3

詞語(yǔ)選擇、引申及褒貶

TheExtendedandAffactiveMeaningofWords“Good”與“好的”Yet,asitsometimeshappensthatapersondepartshislife,whoisreallydeservingofthepraisesthestonecuttercarvesoverhisbones;whoisagoodChristian,agoodparent,agoodchild,agoodwifeoragoodhusband;whoactuallydoeshaveadisconsolatefamilytomournhisloss.--------------(W.M.Thackeray,VanityFair)不過(guò)偶爾也有幾個(gè)死人當(dāng)?shù)闷鹗晨淘谒麄冃喙巧系暮迷?huà)，真的是虔誠(chéng)的教徒，慈愛(ài)的父母，孝順的兒女，賢良的妻子，盡職的丈夫，他們家里的人也的確哀思綿綿地追悼他們-----（W.M.薩克雷《名利場(chǎng)》，楊必譯Dictionmeanstheproperchoiceofwordsandphrasesintranslationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.Anotedlinguistsaid,“themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguageandeachword,whenusedinanewcontext,isanewword.Story1)Theplayisreallyalovestory.2)Thiswarisbecomingthemostimportantstoryofthisgeneration.3)Somereporterswhowerenotincludedinthemeetingbrokethestory.4)ThestoryabouthimbecamesmallerandbyandbyfadedoutfromtheAmericanTV.5)Don’ttellstoriesagain,Tom.Idon’tbelieveyourstories.6)Itisquiteanotherstorynow.(故事，事件，內(nèi)情，報(bào)道，謊言，情況）Awordindifferentcollocationsorcontext.Example:Likechargesrepel;unlikechargesattract.相同的電荷相斥，不同的電荷相吸。HelikesmathematicsmorethanEnglish.他喜歡數(shù)學(xué)勝于喜歡英語(yǔ)。Likeknowslike.英雄識(shí)英雄。Thetwopicturesareverylike.Likeattractslike.物以類(lèi)聚。Likecureslike.以毒攻毒。Likeforlike.以牙還牙。1.Correspondenceatwordlevel

(1)

word-for-wordcorrespondenceeg.Marxism馬克思主義激光laseraspirin阿斯匹林(2)

one---multipleequivalentsofthesamemeaningwife:妻子，愛(ài)人，夫人，老婆，老伴，媳婦，堂客，內(nèi)人，賤內(nèi)potato:馬鈴薯，洋芋，土豆、山藥蛋人：humanbeing,man,people,person,---犬：dog,hound,pointer(獵犬),puppy3）oneword----severalequivalentsofdifferentmeaningscousin:堂兄，堂弟，表姐，表妹，堂姐，堂妹---president：總統(tǒng)，總裁，主席，董事長(zhǎng)，會(huì)長(zhǎng)，校長(zhǎng)，院長(zhǎng)，---carry,搬，運(yùn)，提，拎，挑，擔(dān)，摟，抱，舉，端，夾---笑：smile,giggle(傻笑),laugh,ridicule,deride,guffaw(laughveryloudly)走：walk,saunter,stride,trudge,amble（4）wordswithoutequivalents陰:thesoftinactivefemaleprincipleorforceintheworldteenagersclock-watcher:老是看鐘等下班的人alibi:不在犯罪現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的證據(jù)Yellowpublications:品位較低的出版物pornography2.Choiceofthemeanings1)Judgingfromthepartofspeech:A.“round”Thereareseveralroundtablesinthedinning-room.(adj.圓的)Comeroundandseemetomorrow.(adv.到某處)Hehadatourroundtheworld.(prep.在---周?chē)?Sheroundeduptheboys.(v.集合)Onemoreexample:B.“but”Heknowssomemethodsbuthedoesn’tknowhowtoapplythem.（連詞，但是）Therearenobutsaboutit.（名詞）Thewordoccursinthelastlinebutone.（介詞，除去）Therewasnotasinglepersontherebutwasmovedtotears（關(guān)系代詞，whonot）

judgingfromthecontextA.Verbalcontext:Eg.WehopeMr.Whitewillnotforgethimself,gonearethedayswhenarepresentativeofalargecountryinUNmaydowhateverhelikes.WehopethatourmostrespectedSecretaryGeneralwillnotforgethimself,hispoorhealthisknowntoeverybody.(忘乎所以；過(guò)于操勞，忘我工作)B.PlaceTheboyisdrawingacart.It’stimetogoaboard.C.timeHissonwenttoLondonlastautumn.D.topic：Shuttle;carrierE.code(語(yǔ)碼：話(huà)語(yǔ)所使用的語(yǔ)言變體）Firstfloor(En,二樓；Am，一樓）Areyouthrough?(En接通了嗎；Am，打完了嗎）F.medium(交際方式）Hewrotealettertohisfriend.PremierWenwrotealettertoAmericanPresident.3)JudgingfromcollocationDelicateskinDelicatechildDelicatevaseDelicatedifferenceDelicatesenseofsmellDelicatefood嬌嫩的皮膚容易生病的小孩容易碰碎的花瓶微妙的差別靈敏的嗅覺(jué)美味的食物Continued)Heavyweather; heavycropsHeavyfog heavytrafficHeavyartillery heavysoilHeavysky heavybombardment Heavystorm heavynewsHeavyroad heavyfire Heavyheart heavyfoodheavyhand heavysmokersHeavyapplause heavylookHeavytongue heavyfightingHeavyrain/snow heavydrinkingHeavymarket heavymoneycontinuedHeisthelastmantocome.Heisthelastmantodoit.Heisthelastpersonforsuchajob.Heshouldbethelasttoblame.Heisthelastmantoconsult.ThisisthelastplacewhereIexpectedtomeetyou.Thisisaquestionofthelastimportance.最不配絕對(duì)不會(huì)最后一個(gè)怎么也不該根本不宜非常重要怎么也沒(méi)想到Ambivalentwords對(duì)立詞Pleasepayattentiontosomeambivalentwords:FiremanCleaveOverhearOverlookAmbition王寅，《語(yǔ)義理論與語(yǔ)言教學(xué)》，（2001：251），上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社。消防員；火夫劈開(kāi)；粘住偷聽(tīng)；偶然聽(tīng)到細(xì)看；不看抱負(fù)；野心exerciseTherestandsahouseonthehill.Thecupsstandonthetopshelf.Theroomstandsidle.

Thehousealwayshaswaterstandinginthebackyard.

Thatlibrarywillstandintothenextcentury.Hestandsfirstinhisclass.Theystandopposedtothisact.Shestoodastheparty’scandidateintheelection.Youshouldcheckyouranswersagainandagainbeforeyouhandinyourpaper.

Ihavenotcheckedmyluggageyet.Mr.Porterdidnotcheckinuntilyesterday.

Theguestmustcheckoutoftheroombeforenoon.

3.引申A．詞義的引申Itisregrettablethatourappealremainsadeadletter.遺憾的是，我們的呼吁沒(méi)有得到響應(yīng)。(1)

具體含義的引申(generalization)Theyhavetheirsmilesandtears.Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.

Duringthewar,hewasanembryosurgeon,andjoinedthemobilemedicalteam.Iwasnotonetoletmyheartrulemyhead.Thereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacteroftheimperialists.

歡樂(lè)與悲哀有苦又有甜胚胎---初出茅廬的情感—理智殘暴—狡猾動(dòng)物的隱喻性意義：由于人們對(duì)日常生活中常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)物比較熟悉和了解，語(yǔ)言中用動(dòng)物來(lái)作隱喻的例子很多。猴子：豬：貓：狗：狐貍：虎：母老虎：孔雀：精明；靈活；瘦小笨；懶惰；貪吃；臟；輕手輕腳；嘴饞奴性；兇惡；走狗，狗頭軍師；狼心狗肺；狗東西狡猾兇狠；有生氣；虎視眈眈；龍騰虎躍；霸道；兇；無(wú)理美麗、驕傲(2)抽象概念的引申(specification)Aniceenoughyoungfellow,youunderstand,butnothingupstairs.（腦子里是一張白紙）TheIraqiWarmakesalltheinternationalmoralityorinternationallawsbecomeimpossible.（失去作用）Therearethreestepswhichmustbetakenbeforewegraduatefromtheintegratedcircuittechnology.（完全掌握）TheGreatWallisamustformostforeignvisitorstoBeijing.必不可少的參觀游覽項(xiàng)目B.比喻的引申:如果英語(yǔ)的比喻在內(nèi)容、形式、形象上與漢語(yǔ)相近似，可以相互借用，不用引申。如：Themanisasstubbornasamule.

犟得像頭牛。Iamonlyasmallpotatointhisoffice.小人物Don’tputyourfingerintoanother’spie.別管他人閑事。漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有相似的比喻，需要引申：Lastnight,Iheardhimdrivinghispigstomarket.Sheisasbusyasabeerecently.（特別忙）OldMr.Joneskickedthebucketlastweek.（嗚呼哀哉）Don’tcrossthebridgebeforeyougettoit.（不必?fù)?dān)心太早）C.典故的引申：希臘神話(huà)SheisasfairasHelen.她是個(gè)絕世美人。InspiteoftheHerculian

effortsmadebythe

enemy,theplotendedinafiasco.盡管敵人費(fèi)了九牛二虎之力，其陰謀卻以失敗告終。(靳梅琳，P96,《英漢翻譯概要》)希臘神話(huà)中眾神之父：--宙斯在希臘人看來(lái)，最初的宇宙是一片混沌，然后有了天地之分。地母蓋婭是眾神和萬(wàn)物之源，她生了天神烏拉諾斯，天神和地母結(jié)合再生眾神及萬(wàn)物。第一代主宰烏拉諾斯被自己的兒子克洛諾斯閹割了，克洛諾斯與自己的妹妹瑞亞結(jié)合（這可能是最早的族內(nèi)通婚時(shí)期的印記）生下了6兒6女，宙斯是他們最小的兒子?？寺逯Z斯害怕自己也像父親一樣被兒子閹割推翻，決定吞食自己所有的子女，瑞亞生一個(gè)他就吃一個(gè)。當(dāng)宙斯出生時(shí)，瑞亞瞞過(guò)丈夫，只身逃到克里特島上，生下了宙斯。（續(xù)）宙斯長(zhǎng)大以后，把那些受到父親壓制的天神組織起來(lái)，推翻了克洛諾斯的統(tǒng)治，救出那些已被吞食的兄弟姐妹，建立新的神界秩序，自立為神界無(wú)上主宰。希臘人所信奉的新神就是從宙斯開(kāi)始的。宙斯建立以他為首的奧林帕斯山諸神的統(tǒng)治，奧林帕斯山成為希臘城邦宗教信仰和活動(dòng)的核心。葉孟理，《歐洲文明的源頭——古希臘、羅馬文明》，北京：華夏出版社，2000。Helen—(GreekMyth)—daughterofZeus.HermatchlessbeautyandcharmsdrewtowardstohermanyheroesfromallpartsofGreece.ShewasthewifeofMenelaus,KingofSparta.SheelopedwithParisandthusthemostbeautifulwomanoftheworldatthetimekindledtheflameoftheTrojanWarandbroughtutterdestructiononthecityofTroy.Shehasbeenconsideredthetypeoffemalebeauty.Hercule----thestrongestandthemostfamousGreekhero.HewasthesonofZeusandAlcmene.Hewasaheroofsuperhumanphysicalstrength.Heisrepresentedasbrawny,muscular,short-necked,andofhugeproportions.Inafitofmadness,heslewhiswifeandchildren,andaspenance,hewasorderedbyApollotoservefor12yearsoftheArgivekingwhoimposeduponhim12tasksofgreatdifficultyanddanger.Hewasfamousforhisgreatstrengthandforthehardtasksheperformed.Hedoesalotofgoodjobsandisconsideredtobethesaltoftheworld.鹽是飲食中不可缺少的調(diào)味品，人體若缺鹽，健康就會(huì)受到影響，出現(xiàn)種種疾病。鹽還有殺菌、解毒、消炎、除污等多種功用，它既是“百藥之王”，又是工業(yè)之母，確是值得珍視的東西。在許多民族的習(xí)俗匯總，鹽被當(dāng)作敬客的高貴禮品。TheSaltoftheEarth一詞出自《圣經(jīng)》，據(jù)《新約。馬太福音》（Matthew）第5篇記載：耶穌對(duì)他的門(mén)徒說(shuō):“Yearethesaltoftheearth:butifthesalthavelosthissavor,wherewithshallitbesalted?”在這里，salt用于轉(zhuǎn)義，表示flavor；oftheearth即oftheworld。這是耶穌登山垂訓(xùn)論“?！?，所講福音結(jié)尾的話(huà)，他把門(mén)徒比做“世上的鹽”，這是極高的稱(chēng)贊。這句話(huà)在后世不斷引用變成了一個(gè)典故性成語(yǔ)，轉(zhuǎn)義為themostvaluablemembersofsociety;thefinesttypeofhumanity;apersonoragroupofpeoplehavingthebestcharacter之意。4.詞義的褒貶(theaffectivemeaning)語(yǔ)言本身雖沒(méi)有階級(jí)性，但在具體使用時(shí)不可能不為一定的階級(jí)服務(wù)。為了忠實(shí)于原文的思想內(nèi)容，翻譯時(shí)必須正確理解原作者的基本政治立場(chǎng)和觀點(diǎn)，然后選用適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)言手段來(lái)加以表達(dá)。encourage:鼓勵(lì)、慫恿，beenchanted:極為喜歡、被盅惑makeeveryeffort盡一切努力、挖空心思(1).

英語(yǔ)中有些詞本身就有褒貶意義，漢譯時(shí)就應(yīng)相應(yīng)地表達(dá)出來(lái)，如：1)Hewasamanofhighrenown

.

他是位有名望的人。（褒）2)Asademandingboss,heexceptedtotalloyaltyanddedicationfromhisemployees.

他是個(gè)苛刻的老板，要求手下的人對(duì)他忠心耿耿，鞠躬盡瘁。（貶）3)Thosewhodonotrememberthepastarecondemnedtoreliveit.凡是忘掉過(guò)去的人注定要重蹈覆轍。（貶）4）"Hewaspoliteandalwaysgaveadvicewillingly,"sherecalled.

她回憶說(shuō)，“他彬彬有禮，總是誨人不倦?！保ò?2).根據(jù)上下文來(lái)確定其褒貶意義5）Theadoptionofnewpolicieswillsurelyleadtosomestrikingresults.采取各項(xiàng)新政策必將帶來(lái)顯著成果。6)Therewouldhavebeenmorepainfulresultbutforthedrasticmeasures.若不是采取了嚴(yán)厲措施，那將會(huì)出現(xiàn)的更痛苦的后果請(qǐng)翻譯如下六個(gè)句子：Theenemy’sschemewentbankrupt.Wehavemappedoutanicescheme.

Theyincitedhimtogointofurtherinvestigation.Thesoldierwasshotforincitinghiscomradestoriseagainsttheirofficers.Itisthechampionofthecolonialregimeandofapartheid.Mr.Smithhassteppedintothevintageyear.ＨＯＭＥＷＯＲＫ1.Hisachievementinhisstudywastheenvyofallhisclassmates.

2.Theysaysuchscandalousthingsaboutyououtofenvy.

3.Londonisacityinvadedbytourists.

4.Guangzhouboastsanenormousairport.

5.Hehadliedtomeandmademethetoolofhiswickeddeeds.

6.John’sfathersenthimtotheuniversityandwaseagertohavehimdistinguishhimself.

7.Hisplanedevelopedenginetroubleonlysevenmilesaftertakeoff.

8.Modernaircraftaresoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinordertosustaint