專題 18 閱讀理解之說明文-2024年新高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)練小題刷大題提能力（解析版）

專題18閱讀理解（說明文）刷大題、提能力（云南師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)2023年高三試題）Lately,it’sfeltliketechnologicalchangehasenteredanincrediblespeed.CompanieslikeOpenAIandGooglehaveunveilednewArtificialIntelligencesystemswithincrediblecapabilities,makingwhatonceseemedlikesciencefictionaneverydayreality.It’sanerathatisraisingbig,existentialquestionsforusall,abouteverythingfromthefutureofhumanexistencetothefutureofhumanwork.“Thingsarechangingsofast,”saysErikBrynjolfsson,aleading,technology-focusedeconomistbasedatStanfordUniversity.Ashenotes,thisnewwaveoftechnologicalchangelookslikeitcouldbeprettydifferent.Unlikebefore,experiencedandskilledworkersbenefitedmostlyfromAItechnology.Inthisnewwave,it’sthelessexperiencedandlessskilledworkerswhobenefitthemost.“Andthatmightbehelpfulintermsofclosingsomeoftheinequalitythatprevioustechnologiesactuallypromoted,”Brynjolfssonsays.Soonebenefitofintelligencemachinesis—maybe—theywillimprovetheknow-howandsmartsoflowperformers,therebyreducinginequality.Butit’salsopossiblethatAIcouldlowertheprofitoftheexperienced,smart,orknowledgeableones.AIcouldreduceinequalitybybringingthebottomup,anditcouldalsoreduceinequalitybybringingthetopandmiddledown.Ofcourse,asErikput,it’salsopossiblethatAlcouldendupincreasinginequalityevenmore.Forone,itcouldmaketheBigAIcompanies,whichownthesepowerfulnewsystems,wildlyrich.Itcouldalsoempowerbusinessownerstoreplacemoreandmoreworkerswithintelligentmachines.Anditcouldkilljobsforallbutthebestofthebestinvariousindustries,whokeeptheirjobsbecausemaybethey’resuperstarsorbecausemaybetheyhaveseniority.TheeffectsofAI,ofcourse,arestillverymuchbeingstudied-andthesesystemsareevolvingfast—sothisisjustanassumption.Thismachineintelligencecouldupendmuchofthepreviousthinkingonwhichkindsofjobswillbeaffectedbyautomation.1．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“theknow-howandsmarts”meaninparagraph2?A．Experienceandintelligence. B．Skillsandpotential.C．Abilitiesandexperience. D．Outlookandtalents.2．WhowillgainmoreinthisnewAIera?A．Theseniorwithhighrank. B．Thenewwithlittleexperience.C．Thelearnedwithgreatcredit. D．Thepoorwithpracticalskills.3．WhichstatementwillErikprobablyagreewith?A．ThefastdevelopmentofAIwillpromotethedivisionofinequality.B．ThebestofallwalksoflifewillsurvivethecompetitionagainstAIsystems.C．GiantAIcompanieswillbethewinnerinthefutureworldofnewAIsystems.D．Lowerrankworkerswithlittleknowledgeareboundtobeabandonedbyemployers.4．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．TheFastGrowthoftheWorld B．TheInfluenceoftheInequalityC．TheImpactoftheAISystem D．TheFutureoftheAIGeneration【答案】1．A2．B3．C4．C【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家Erik就OpenAI等新興人工智能公司所觸發(fā)的新人工智能對人類未來可能產(chǎn)生的影響的研究。詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第二段“Inthisnewwave,it’sthelessexperiencedandlessskilledworkerswhobenefitthemost.”（在這股新浪潮中，經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足、技術(shù)含量較低的工人受益最大。）可知，智能機(jī)器的一個益處就是提升較低的工作表現(xiàn)者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和智力，從而推斷出劃線短語theknow-howandsmarts在句中意為“經(jīng)驗(yàn)和智力”，和A項(xiàng)“經(jīng)驗(yàn)和智力”意思相同。故選A項(xiàng)。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Inthisnewwave,it’sthelessexperiencedandlessskilledworkerswhobenefitthemost.”（在這股新浪潮中，經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足、技術(shù)含量較低的工人受益最大。）可知，在新的人工智能時代受益最多的是經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足的新人。故選B項(xiàng)。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Ofcourse,asErikput,it’salsopossiblethatAlcouldendupincreasinginequalityevenmore.Forone,itcouldmaketheBigAIcompanies,whichownthesepowerfulnewsystems,wildlyrich.”(當(dāng)然，正如Erik所說，人工智能最終也有可能進(jìn)一步加劇不平等。首先，它可以讓擁有這些強(qiáng)大新系統(tǒng)的大型人工智能公司變得非常富有。）可知，Erik贊同的觀點(diǎn)是巨型人工智能公司將成為未來新人工智能系統(tǒng)世界的贏家。故選C項(xiàng)。4．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Soonebenefitofintelligencemachinesis—maybe—theywillimprovetheknow-howandsmartsoflowperformers,therebyreducinginequality.”（因此，智能機(jī)器的一個好處是——也許——它們將提高低績效者的專業(yè)知識和智慧，從而減少不平等。）及第三段“Ofcourse,asErikput,it’salsopossiblethatAlcouldendupincreasinginequalityevenmore.”（當(dāng)然，正如Erik所說，人工智能最終也有可能進(jìn)一步加劇不平等。）及最后一段“TheeffectsofAI,ofcourse,arestillverymuchbeingstudied-andthesesystemsareevolvingfast—sothisisjustanassumption.”（當(dāng)然，人工智能的影響仍在研究中，這些系統(tǒng)正在快速發(fā)展——所以這只是一個假設(shè)。）可知，本文主要通過人工智能對工作者和加劇了社會不平等兩個方面講述了人工智能的影響，C項(xiàng)“人工智能的影響”符合題意。故選C項(xiàng)。2.（2023-2024學(xué)年湖南省名校大聯(lián)考英語試題）PFASarefoundinnonstickpans,water-prooffabricsandfoodpackaging.They'recalledforeverchemicalsbecauseoftheirabilitytostickaroundandnotbreakdown.Now,usingabitofheatandtworelativelycommoncompounds,researchershavedegraded(降解)thechemicalinthelab.WhilesomescientistshavefoundrelativelysimplewaysofbreakingdownselectPFAS,mostdegradationmethodsrequireharshprocessesusingintensepressure—insomecasesover22mega-pascals—orextremelyhightemperatures—sometimesupwardsof1,000℃—tobreakthechemicalbonds.WilliamDichtel,fromNorthwesternUniversityinEvanston,andhisteamexperimentedwithtwosubstancesfoundinnearlyeverychemistrylab;sodiumhydroxide(氫氧化鈉),alsoknownaslye,andasolvent(溶劑)calledDMSO.TheteamworkedspecificallyonagroupofforeverchemicalswhichcontainalargepercentageofPFAS.WhentheteamcombinedchemicalswiththelyeandDMSOat120℃andwithnoextrapressureneeded,thecarbolicacid(羧酸)felloffthechemicalsandbecamecarbondioxide."Whathappenednextwasunexpected,"Dichtelsaid.Thelossoftheacidhelpeddegradethechemicalsintofluorideions(氟離子)andsmallercarbon-containingproducts,leavingbehindnoharmfulby-products."It'saneatmethod;it'sdifferentfromothersthathavebeentried,"saysChrisSales,anenvironmentalengineeratDrexelUniversityinPhiladelphiawhowasnotinvolvedinthestudy."Thebiggestquestionishowthiscouldbeadaptedandscaledup.Understandingthismechanismisjustonestepinundoingforeverchemicals,"Salessaid.Thisprocesswouldn'tworktodealwithPFASintheenvironment,becauseitrequiresaconcentratedamountofthechemicals,butitcouldonedaybeusedinwastewatertreatmentplants,wherethepollutantscouldbefilteredoutofthewater,concentratedandthenbrokendown.5.WhatcanwelearnaboutthepreviouswaystobreakdownPFAS?A.They'reeco-friendly.B.They'vebeenwidelyused.C.They'redifficulttooperate.D.They'reregardedasuseless.6.Whatdidtheteamdointheirexperiment?A.Theyexperimentedwithdifferentsolvents.B.Theytriedtwoverycommonsubstances.C.Theytestedeverygroupofforeverchemicals,D.Theyexposedchemicalstoextremetemperatures.7.Whatmadetheresearchersmostsurprisedintheirexperiment?A.Environmentally-friendlyreactionsoccurred.B.Thecarboxylicacidbecamecarbondioxide.C.Noextrapressurewasneededforthetrial.D.ThelyeandDMSOcouldworkat120℃,8.WhatcanweinferfromChrisSales'words?A.ItisdifficulttodealwithPFASintheenvironment.B.Thismechanismwillsoonbeusedintheenvironment.C.Themethodwillbeappliedtodifferentkindsofchemicals.DMoreresearchisneededbeforethemethodiswidelyused.【答案】5.C6.B7.A8.D【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。美國埃文斯頓西北大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種新的方法來分解那些難以分解的PFAS。5.C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“…mostdegradationmethodsrequireharshprocessesusingintensepressure—insomecasesover22megapascals—orextremelyhightemperatures—sometimesupwardsof1,000℃—tobreakthechemicalbonds”可知，以前的那些分解方法需要高壓高溫，因此很難操作。6.B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“…andhisteamexperimentedwithtwosubstancesfoundinnearlyeverychemistrylab:sodiumhydroxide(氫氧化鈉),alsoknownaslye,andasolvent(溶劑)calledDMSO”可知，WilliamDichtel團(tuán)隊(duì)使用了兩種很常見的物質(zhì)。7.A。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“‘Whathappenednextwasunexpected,'Dichtelsaid.Thelossoftheacidhelpeddegradethechemicalsintofluorideions(氟離子)andsmallercarbon-containingproducts,leavingbehindnoharmfulby-products.”可知，他們沒預(yù)料到會有非常環(huán)保的化學(xué)反應(yīng)發(fā)生。8.D。推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的"'Thebiggestquestionishowthiscouldbeadaptedandscaledup.Understandingthismechanismisjustonestepinundoingforeverchemicals,'Salessaid.”可知，ChrisSales認(rèn)為想要廣泛地應(yīng)用這個方法還需要很多研究。3.（江西省宜豐中學(xué)2023年高三試題）Somepeoplesaythattheplanetisgettingsmaller,thattherearefewplaceslefttoexplore,andthattheageofexplorationwillbeoversoon.Iwouldargueinsteadthattherehasneverbeenagreaterneedtoexplore.That’sbecausethestageforallexplorationisthenaturalworld,andnatureisexperiencingarapiddecline.Itisbyexploringthatweunderstandandwhenweunderstandwedevelopanappreciationforwhatisfound.Ultimately,onlythethingsweappreciateareworthprotecting.Asthegoldenageofexplorationweakens,sodoestherichnessoflifeonEarth.Itisn’tjustthattherearefewerblankareasonthemap;itisthatwildplacesandspaceshavebeenprogressivelycarvedup(瓜分).VisitingtheOkavangoDeltaorKalahariDesert,forexample,nolongerimpliesaself-supportedexpedition.Fieldstationspopupinimportantnationalparksandremotesensingbysatellitebecomescommonplace.Inthenextcentury,Ibelievewewillneedlargerandwilderareas.Wewillneedthewilderness,notjustfortheprotectionofit,butbecauseitisanimportantpartoftheecosystemsfromwhichwegainournecessitieslikecleanwater,foodandmaterials.Ifwesucceed,thenexpeditions—brieftravelsintothewildthatseektoanswerquestions,monitorpopulations,andinspireaction—willhavearenewedsenseofpurpose.Moreimportantly,theygreatlyhelpthepublicexperience,understandandappreciatenature.Basedonmyownresearchexpeditionwhichaimstounderstand“edgeeffects”—howthechangesintemperatureatforestedgesimpactanimals,Ifinditimportantthattoday’sscientistscontinuetospendtimeinthefield.Itisherethattheybegintounderstandhowseeminglyunrelatedenvironmentalinteractionsinfluencetheirstudysystem.Sometimes,it’sdifficulttoknowwhichisimportanttomeasureuntilyoustandoutthereontheforestedge.Itistheyounggenerationthatisthemainforcetoleadthenextwaveofexpeditions.Themeasureoftheirsuccesswillbewhethertherearestillwell-preservedwildplacesforexpeditionsinthefuture.Theirleadershipisneedednow,morethanever.9．What’sthepurposeofthistext?A．Tosuggestunderstandingnaturebykeepingexploring.B．Toadvisepeoplenottotraveltounknownplaces.C．Toinformusaboutthereducedbiodiversity.D．Tocallonthepublictosupportthestudy.10．WhatcanweknowabouttheexpeditioninwildspacesfromParagraph3?A．Itisdifficultforexplorerstomakeprogress.B．Itismoreaccessiblewiththehelpoftechnology.C．Itpromotesthedevelopmentofsatellitetechnology.D．Itrequiresexplorerstotakesufficientheavyequipment.11．Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“popup”inParagraph3probablymean?A．Appearunexpectedly. B．Closetemporarily.C．Developquickly. D．Differgreatly.12．Whatdoestheauthorrealizeafterhisresearchexpedition?A．Thesignificanceofscientists’fieldtrip.B．Thedifficultyofcarryingoutfieldwork.C．Theneedtoexpandtheedgesofforests.D．Theinfluenceofhisstudyontheenvironment.【答案】9．A10．B11．A12．A【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文，文章主要介紹了科學(xué)家實(shí)地探索來了解自然的重要性。通過探索，人們才能理解并欣賞值得保護(hù)的東西。推理判斷題。通讀全文，尤其是第二段“Iwouldargueinsteadthattherehasneverbeenagreaterneedtoexplore.That’sbecausethestageforallexplorationisthenaturalworld,andnatureisexperiencingarapiddecline.Itisbyexploringthatweunderstandandwhenweunderstandwedevelopanappreciationforwhatisfound.Ultimately,onlythethingsweappreciateareworthprotecting.(相反，我想說的是，從未有過更大的探索需求。這是因?yàn)樗刑剿鞯奈枧_都是自然界，而自然界正在經(jīng)歷迅速的衰退。正是通過探索，我們理解了，當(dāng)我們理解了，我們就會對所發(fā)現(xiàn)的東西產(chǎn)生欣賞。最終，只有我們欣賞的東西才值得保護(hù)。)”和第四段“Ifwesucceed,thenexpeditions—brieftravelsintothewildthatseektoanswerquestions,monitorpopulations,andinspireaction—willhavearenewedsenseofpurpose.Moreimportantly,theygreatlyhelpthepublicexperience,understandandappreciatenature.(如果我們成功了，那么探險隊(duì)——短暫的野外旅行，尋求回答問題、監(jiān)測種群并激勵行動——將有新的目標(biāo)感。更重要的是，它們極大地幫助公眾體驗(yàn)、理解和欣賞自然。)”可推知，文章的寫作目的是建議通過不斷探索來了解自然。故選A。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“VisitingtheOkavangoDeltaorKalahariDesert,forexample,nolongerimpliesaself-supportedexpedition.Fieldstationspopupinimportantnationalparksandremotesensingbysatellitebecomescommonplace.(例如，訪問奧卡萬戈三角洲或卡拉哈里沙漠，就不再意味著自力更生的探險。在重要的國家公園里都會出現(xiàn)野外觀測站，利用衛(wèi)星進(jìn)行遙感也會變得很普遍。)”可推知，在技術(shù)的幫助下，野外探險更加容易到達(dá)，故選B。詞句猜測題。劃線詞組上文講到“VisitingtheOkavangoDeltaorKalahariDesert,forexample,nolongerimpliesaself-supportedexpedition.(例如，參觀奧卡萬戈三角洲或卡拉哈里沙漠，不再意味著自力更生的探險。)”可知，野外探險不再是自力更生的探險，因此推斷劃線詞組所在句子“Fieldstationspopupinimportantnationalparksandremotesensingbysatellitebecomescommonplace.”的意思是：在重要的國家公園里出現(xiàn)了野外觀測站，衛(wèi)星遙感變得司空見慣。說明在在技術(shù)的幫助下，野外探險容易了，可知第三段中帶下劃線的部分的意思是“突然出現(xiàn)”，故選A。12．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Basedonmyownresearchexpeditionwhichaimstounderstand“edgeeffects”—howthechangesintemperatureatforestedgesimpactanimals,Ifinditimportantthattoday’sscientistscontinuetospendtimeinthefield.Itisherethattheybegintounderstandhowseeminglyunrelatedenvironmentalinteractionsinfluencetheirstudysystem.Sometimes,it’sdifficulttoknowwhichisimportanttomeasureuntilyoustandouttherecmtheforestedge.(根據(jù)我自己的研究考察，目的是了解“邊緣效應(yīng)”——森林邊緣溫度的變化如何影響動物，我發(fā)現(xiàn)今天的科學(xué)家繼續(xù)花時間在這個領(lǐng)域是很重要的。正是在這里，他們開始理解看似無關(guān)的環(huán)境相互作用如何影響他們的學(xué)習(xí)系統(tǒng)。有時候，在你站在森林邊緣之前，很難知道哪個是重要的測量值。)”可推知，作者在研究探險之后意識到了科學(xué)家實(shí)地考察的意義。故選A。4.（2023年湖南省婁底市名校聯(lián)考信息卷）InJanuary,2021,theice-makingworkonthe”IceRibbon“,alandmarkvenuefortheBeijingWinterOlympics,wascompleted.IntheWinterOlympics,whereracescanbewonorlostbyasmalltimegap,tinyimperfectionsintheicecanmakeallthedifferences.”It’snotjustahunkoficelikeyou’dnormallythinkof,likeicecubessittinginyourfreezer,“toldKennethGolden,aU.S.mathematicianwhostudiesthestructuresofice.”It’samuchmorefascinatingandcomplexsubstancethanpeoplewouldnormallythink.“Thefirststepforbuildinganyicerinkistopurifythewatertoremovedissolvedsolidslikesaltsandminerals.Suchimpuritiesdon’tfitintheregularhexagonal(六邊形的)structureoficethatformsaswaterfreezes.Thepurerthewater,themoreconsistenttheicesurface.Inadditiontotheneedforexcellenceintherawmaterialsofice-making,technologyisalsoveryimportant,Asoneofthemostadvancedtechnologiesforwintersportsvenues,acarbondioxidecoolingtechnologyhasbeenappliedonalargescalefortheBeijingWinterOlympicGames.CO2,isnotnewwhenitcomestoice-making.However,ithasbeengraduallyreplacedbytheman-maderefrigerant,likeFreon.Withincreasingattentiontowardclimatechange,theoldrefrigeranthascomeintouseagain.Asanelementoftheatmosphere,CO2,doesn’tdamagetheozonelayer.AlthoughCO2isagreenhousegas,itsgreenhouseeffectismuchlowerthanthatofothersyntheticrefrigerants.TheWinterOlympicsvenuesadoptedCO2insteadofFreonasarefrigerantinice-making,whichwillreducecarbondioxideemissionsgreatly.”WebelievethesetechnologicalinnovationswillbringBeijing2022tospectatorsallovertheworldinamoreimpressiveway.“toldGaoBofromtheMediaOperationsDepartmentoftheBeijingOrganizingCommitteeforthe2022OlympicandParalympicWinterGames.13．Whatistheresultofimpuritiesinwaterforice-making?A．Thewaterisn’tabletofreezecompletely.B．Thequalityoftheicewillbeaffected.C．Theicesurfacewillbemoreconsistent.D．It’slikelyforathletestofallontheice.14．WhyhasCO2coolingtechnologybeenappliedfortheWinterOlympicGames?A．It’sthemostadvancedtechnologyforice-making.B．CO2ismoreefficientthanotherrefrigerants.C．CO2ismoreenvironmentallyfriendlythanFreon.D．CO2hasalreadyexistedintheatmosphere.15．WhatisGaoBo’sattitudetoCO2beingappliedtoice-making?A．Unclear. B．Opposed. C．Doubtful. D．Favorable.16．Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．TheBeijingWinterOlympicGamesAreComingB．BeneathOlympicIceC．TheUseofRefrigerantsinOlympicGamesD．TheStructureofIce【答案】13．B14．C15．D16．B【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。主要介紹了北京冬奧會在制冰的原料和技術(shù)上的精益求精，既要保證冰的純凈又要保證其環(huán)保?！驹斀狻?.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段中的“Suchimpuritiesdon’tfitintheregularhexagonalstructureoficethatformsaswaterfreezes.Thepurerthewater,themoreconsistenttheicesurface.(這種雜質(zhì)不適合于水結(jié)冰時形成的常規(guī)六邊形結(jié)構(gòu)。水越純凈，冰面越穩(wěn)定。)”可知，這些雜質(zhì)不適合水結(jié)冰時形成的規(guī)則的六邊形結(jié)構(gòu)。水越純凈，冰面就越堅(jiān)固，即水中的雜質(zhì)會使冰的質(zhì)量受到影響。故選B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第五段中的“Asanelementoftheatmosphere,CO2doesn’tdamagetheozonelayer.TheWinterOlympicsvenuesadoptedCO2insteadofFreonasarefrigerantinice-making,whichwillreducecarbondioxideemissionsgreatly(作為大氣中的一種元素，二氧化碳不會破壞臭氧層。盡管二氧化碳是一種溫室氣體，但其溫室效應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)低于其他合成制冷劑，冬奧會場館在制冰過程中采用二氧化碳代替氟利昂作為制冷劑，將大大減少二氧化碳的排放。)”可知，二氧化碳冷卻技術(shù)被應(yīng)用于冬奧會是因?yàn)槎趸急确焊h(huán)保。故選C。3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的“WebelievethesetechnologicalinnovationswillbringBeijing2022tospectatorsallovertheworldinamoreimpressiveway(我們認(rèn)為這些技術(shù)創(chuàng)新將以一種更令人印象深刻的方式將北京2022年冬奧會帶給全世界的觀眾。)”可知，高博認(rèn)為這些技術(shù)創(chuàng)新將以一種更令人印象深刻的方式將北京2022年冬奧會帶給全世界的觀眾。由此可推斷，高博對二氧化碳用于制冰持支持態(tài)度。故選D。4.主旨大意題。通讀全文并結(jié)合文章第一段“InJanuary,2021,theice-makingworkonthe”IceRibbon”，alandmarkvenuefortheBeijingWinterOlympics,wascompleted.(2021年1月，北京冬奧會標(biāo)志性場館“冰絲帶”的制冰工程竣工。)”可知，本文主要介紹的是北京冬奧會的冰及在制冰的原料和技術(shù)上的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，故BeneathOlympicIce(奧運(yùn)會冰的秘密)適合作本文的標(biāo)題。故選B。（廣東省深圳市羅湖區(qū)部分學(xué)校2023-2024學(xué)年高三試題）Anyonecanbelateahandfuloftimes,buttobethepersonwhoisalwayslate-that’sanart,afrustratingart.Or,asideeffectofyourpersonalitytraits,scientistshavefound.Sowhatisitthatcausessomepeopletoconstantlymisstrains,makeittotheweddingjustafterthebride’sshownupandregularlyannoytheirfriends?Andwhyisitsohardforustofixit?“Thereareallsortsofpunishmentsforbeinglate,andtheparadoxisthatwearelateevenwhenthosepunishmentsandconsequencesexist.”saidJustinKruger,asocialpsychologistatNewYorkUniversity.Oneofthecommonestreasonswhypeoplearefrequentlylateisthattheyfailtoaccuratelyjudgehowlongataskwilltake-somethingknownastheplanningfallacy(謬誤).Researchhasshownthatpeopleonaverageunderestimatethetimetocompleteataskbyasignificant40percent.Anothertraitisthatforever-late-comersaremorelikelytobemultitaskers.Ina2003studyrunbyJeffContefromSanDiegoStateUniversityfoundthatoutof181subwayoperatorsinNewYorkCity,thosewhopreferredmultitaskingweremoreoftenlatefortheirjob.Thisisbecausemultitaskingmakesithardertohavetheawarenessofwhatyou’redoing.Contealsodiscoveredthereisapersonalitytypethat’smorelikelytobelate.Whilehighlystrung(緊張不安),achievement-orientedTypeAindividualsaremorepossibletobepunctual.TypeBindividuals,however,whoaremorelaid-back(漫不經(jīng)心),haveahigherchancetobelate.Admittedly,knowingallofthisdoesn’tnecessarilyhelpfixtheproblem.Butscientistsarestartingtoworkonstrategiesthatcanslowlyimproveourpunctuality.Forpeoplewhoconstantlyunderestimatetasks,breakingdownanactivityintodetailedstepscanhelppeopleestimatehowlongsomethingwilltakemoreaccurately.Asforyourpersonalitytype,unfortunately,thereisn’tmuchyoucandotochangethat.Butacceptingthatyouneedtostruggleforitmayjusthelp.Acceptance,afterall,isthefirststeptochange.17．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“paradox”meaninparagraph2?A．Strategy. B．Argument. C．Solution. D．Puzzle.18．Whatisapossiblefeatureofforever-late-comers?A．Theyplantospendmoretimeonatask.B．Theytacklemorethanonetaskatatime.C．Theysufferfromconcentrationdifficulties.D．Theyhavehighexpectationsforachievements.19．Whichadvicecanbegiventopeoplewhoarealwayslate?A．Learntoacceptwhoyouare. B．Changeyourpersonalitytype.C．Divideataskintosmallerones. D．Keeptothetimetableaccurately.20．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．Timemanagementcontributestosuccess.B．Latecomersshouldbeseverelypunished.C．One’salwaysbeinglateislinkedtopersonality.D．Changingpersonalityhelpsimprovepunctuality.【答案】17．D18．B19．C20．C【導(dǎo)語】本文為一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了遲到的原因可能能與性格特征相關(guān)，并提出了一些相應(yīng)的策略。詞句猜測題。根據(jù)文章第二段劃線詞paradox前文的內(nèi)容“Thereareallsortsofpunishmentsforbeinglate(對于遲到，有各種各樣的懲罰)”和后文的內(nèi)容“wearelateevenwhenthosepunishmentsandconsequencesexist.(即使存在懲罰和后果，我們?nèi)匀粫t到)”可知，前文提出遲到了會有相應(yīng)的懲罰，后文提出即使受到懲罰，但我們還是會遲到，故此處的劃線詞與D項(xiàng)“令人費(fèi)解的事、難題”意思相近，遲到了會受到懲罰，令人費(fèi)解的就是即使有懲罰，我們?nèi)匀粫t到，故選D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Anothertraitisthatforever-late-comersaremorelikelytobemultitaskers.(永遠(yuǎn)遲到的人的另一個特點(diǎn)可能是多重任務(wù)的)”可知，永遠(yuǎn)遲到的人的特點(diǎn)可能是一次要處理很多任務(wù)，是多重任務(wù)的，故選B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Butscientistsarestartingtoworkonstrategiesthatcanslowlyimproveourpunctuality.Forpeoplewhoconstantlyunderestimatetasks,breakingdownanactivityintodetailedstepscanhelppeopleestimatehowlongsomethingwilltakemoreaccurately.(對于那些經(jīng)常低估任務(wù)的人來說，將一項(xiàng)任務(wù)分解成詳細(xì)的步驟可以幫助人們準(zhǔn)確地估計(jì)這項(xiàng)任務(wù)花的時間。)”可知，對于那些經(jīng)常遲到的人，他們可以將任務(wù)分解成一些小任務(wù)，從而更好的估計(jì)任務(wù)所花費(fèi)的時間，故選C。20．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Anyonecanbelateahandfuloftimes,buttobethepersonwhoisalwayslate-that’sanart,afrustratingart.Or,asideeffectofyourpersonalitytraits,scientistshavefound.(任何人都可能遲到幾次，但要成為一個總是遲到的人，這是一門藝術(shù)，一門令人沮喪的藝術(shù)?；蛘?，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，這是你性格特征點(diǎn)副作用。)”以及后文對遲到人的特征的分析可知，本文主要介紹遲到可能是與性格相關(guān)的，故選C。6.（廣東省深圳市羅湖區(qū)部分學(xué)校2023-2024學(xué)年高三試題）Nexttimeyou’rehavingtroublesolvingatrickypuzzle,consideraskinganearbybumblebee.AnewstudyinthejournalPLOSBiologyfindsthatbumblebeescanlearncertainbehaviorsfromeachother,suggestingthesesocialinsectshaveacapacityforwhatwehumanscall“culture.”Inthepastcoupleofdecades,agrowingbodyofevidencehasshownthatanimalslikechimpsandbirdsshowbehaviorsoflearning.Ifwhattheylearnlastsforalongtime,itturnsintoatradition.Andcultureismadeupofmultipletraditions.“Bumblebees,though,havesomeofthemostcomplexbehavioralabilities,nobody’sreallythoughttolookatcultureinsuchinsectsandgenerallyassumethey’remostlydrivenbyinbornfactorsinstead,”saysAliceBridges,abehavioralecologistatAngliaRuskinUniversityinEngland.Toprovethemwrong,Bridgesbuiltapuzzlebox,whosebaseheldthereward:adropofsupersweetsugarwater.Theboxwasdesignedwitharotating(旋轉(zhuǎn))topthatcanberotatedbypushingeitheronaredtabclockwiseorabluetabanti-clockwise.Somebeesweretrainedtopushtheredtabtogetthesugarwaterwhileotherspushedtheblueone.Then,thesetutorbeeswereplacedinsidedifferentcolonies(蜂群),alongwiththepuzzleboxes.Theexperimentultimatelyplayeditselfout.Incolonieswherethetutorbeehadoriginallylearnedtopushtheredtab,theotherbeesinthecolonyusuallypushedtheredtab.Incolonieswherethetutorbeewastrainedtopushthebluetab,theirfellowbeesalsotendedtodothesame.Incontrast,inthecontrolgroupswithouttutors,thebeessometimeslearnedhowtoopentheboxes,butmostofthemwoulddoitonceortwiceandthenneveragain.“Theyperhapshadn’tquitemadethelinkbetweentheirbehaviorandthereward,”Bridgessupposes.“Manyofusconsiderourselvestoberatherspecial…becausewehaveculture,wecanlearnandwe’resocial,”Bridgessays.“Butnowitturnsoutthateventhebeealsohasculture,whichisanuncomfortabletruth:humanculture,oncethoughtunique,doesnotemerge‘outoftheblue’buthasobviouslybuiltondeepevolutionaryfoundations.21．Whatispeople’scommonattitudetobumblebeeshavingculture?A．Positive. B．Indifferent. C．Interested. D．Doubtful.22．WhydoesBridgesplacetrainedbeesinsidedifferentcolonies?A．Totesttheirlearningcapabilityinnewsettings.B．Toseeiftheywillspreadthesecretoftheboxes.C．Toevaluatetheirrulingpowerinvariousgroups.D．Toobserveiftheywillsharetheirfoodwithpeers.23．Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningthestudy?A．Itsappealtothepublic. B．Implicationsonculturalorigins.C．Itspracticalapplication. D．Suggestionsforfuturedirections.24．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．HumanCultureIsLosingItsUniquenessB．Bee’sBehaviorBuildsonBiologicalFactorsC．CultureMayBePresentAmongBumblebeesD．Animals’EvolutionMayStartFromColonies【答案】21．D22．B23．B24．C【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)大黃蜂具有人類所說的文化的能力。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段““Bumblebees,though,havesomeofthemostcomplexbehavioralabilities,nobody’sreallythoughttolookatcultureinsuchinsectsandgenerallyassumethey’remostlydrivenbyinbornfactorsinstead,”saysAliceBridges,abehavioralecologistatAngliaRuskinUniversityinEngland.(英國AngliaRuskin大學(xué)的行為生態(tài)學(xué)家AliceBridges說：“盡管大黃蜂有一些最復(fù)雜的行為能力，但沒有人真正考慮過這種昆蟲的文化，通常認(rèn)為它們主要是由先天因素驅(qū)動的?！?”可知，人們通常認(rèn)為大黃蜂的文化是由先天因素驅(qū)動的，對大黃蜂具有文化持有懷疑的態(tài)度。故選D。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段“Theexperimentultimatelyplayeditselfout.Incolonieswherethetutorbeehadoriginallylearnedtopushtheredtab,theotherbeesinthecolonyusuallypushedtheredtab.Incolonieswherethetutorbeewastrainedtopushthebluetab,theirfellowbeesalsotendedtodothesame.(實(shí)驗(yàn)最終成功了。在輔導(dǎo)蜂最初學(xué)會按下紅色標(biāo)簽的蜂群中，蜂群中的其他蜜蜂通常會按下紅色標(biāo)簽。在輔導(dǎo)蜂被訓(xùn)練按下藍(lán)色標(biāo)簽的蜂群，它們的同伴也傾向于這樣做)”可推知，布里奇斯把經(jīng)過訓(xùn)練的蜜蜂放在不同的蜂群里，是為了觀察蜜蜂是否會傳播盒子里的秘密，將自己的行為傳播給同伴。故選B。主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段“Butnowitturnsoutthateventhebeealsohasculture,whichisanuncomfortabletruth:humanculture,oncethoughtunique,doesnotemerge‘outoftheblue’buthasobviouslybuiltondeepevolutionaryfoundations.(但現(xiàn)在事實(shí)證明，即使是蜜蜂也有文化，這是一個令人不安的事實(shí)：人類文化，曾經(jīng)被認(rèn)為是獨(dú)一無二的，并不是‘突然’出現(xiàn)的，而是顯然建立在深厚的進(jìn)化基礎(chǔ)上的)”可知，本段主要介紹了曾經(jīng)被認(rèn)為是獨(dú)一無二的文化并不是突然出現(xiàn)，而是逐漸進(jìn)化而來的，本段主要談?wù)摿诉@項(xiàng)研究對于文化起源的影響。故選B。24．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“AnewstudyinthejournalPLOSBiologyfindsthatbumblebeescanlearncertainbehaviorsfromeachother,suggestingthesesocialinsectshaveacapacityforwhatwehumanscall“culture.”(PLOSBiology雜志上的一項(xiàng)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，大黃蜂可以相互學(xué)習(xí)某些行為，這表明這些群居昆蟲具有我們?nèi)祟愃f的“文化”的能力)”以及文章內(nèi)容可知，本文主要介紹了一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)大黃蜂具有人類所說的文化的能力，所以“文化可能存在于大黃蜂中”可以作為文章標(biāo)題。故選C。7.（2023屆四川省高考英語模擬卷）It’sbecomingincreasinglyvitalforindividualstocultivatestrongcriticalthinkingskills.Criticalthinkinginvolvesanalyzinginformationandevidenceinaclear,logical,andunbiasedway.It’stheabilitytoaskrelevantquestions,evaluateinformation,andcometowell-reasonedconclusions.Oneofthekeybenefitsofcriticalthinkingisthatitcanhelpusmakebetterdecisions.Byanalyzinginformationcarefully,wecanavoidmakinghastyorimpulsivedecisionsthatwemaylaterregret.Instead,wecanmakewell-informedchoicesthatarebackedbyevidenceandlogicalreasoning.Criticalthinkingisalsoessentialforacademicsuccess.Collegeanduniversitycoursesrequirestudentstoreadandanalyzetexts,synthesizeinformationfromdifferentsources,andpresentevidence-basedarguments.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritic