北京大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院專業(yè)能力歷年考研真題及詳解

目錄

2004年北京大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院661專業(yè)能

力考研真題及詳解

2007年北京大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院661專業(yè)能

力考研真題及詳解

2012年北京大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院664專業(yè)能

力考研真題及詳解

2004年北京大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院661專業(yè)能力考研真題及詳解

一、TranslatethepassageintoChinese.（50分）

HETHAThathwifeandchildrenhathgivenhostagestofortune;fortheyare

impedimentstogreatenterprises,eitherofvirtueormischief.Certainlythe

bestworks,andofgreatestmeritforthepublic,haveproceededfromthe

unmarriedorchildlessmen;whichbothinaffectionandmeans,havemarried

andendowedthepublic.Yetitweregreatreasonthatthosethathave

children,shouldhavegreatestcareoffuturetimes;untowhichtheyknow

theymusttransmittheirdearestpledges.

Somethereare,whothoughtheyleadasinglelife,yettheirthoughtsdoend

withthemselves,andaccountfuturetimesimpertinences.Nay,therearesome

other,thataccountwifeandchildren,butasbillsofcharges.Naymore,there

aresomefoolishrichcovetousmen,thattakeapride,inhavingnochildren,

becausetheymaybethoughtsomuchthericher.Forperhapstheyhave

heardsometalk,Suchanoneisagreatrichman,andanotherexcepttoit,

Yea,buthehathagreatchargeofchildren;asifitwereanabatementtohis

riches.Butthemostordinarycauseofasinglelife,isliberty,especiallyin

certainself-pleasingandhumorousminds,whicharesosensibleofevery

restraint,astheywillgoneartothinktheirgirdlesandgarters,tobebonds

andshackles.Unmarriedmenarebestfriends,bestmasters,bestservants;but

notalwaysbestsubjects;fortheyarelighttorunaway;andalmostall

fugitives,areofthatcondition.

Asinglelifedothwellwithchurchmen;forcharitywillhardlywaterthe

ground,whereitmustfirstfillapool.Itisindifferentforjudgesand

magistrates;foriftheybefacileandcorrupt,youshallhaveaservant,five

timesworsethanawife.Forsoldiers,Ifindthegeneralscommonlyintheir

hortatives,putmeninmindoftheirwivesandchildren;andIthinkthe

despisingofmarriageamongsttheTurks,makingthevulgarsoldiermore

base.

Certainlywifeandchildrenareakindofdisciplineofhumanity;andsingle

men,thoughtheymaybemanytimesmorecharitable,becausetheirmeans

arelessexhaust,yet,ontheotherside,theyaremorecruelandhardhearted

(goodtomakesevereinquisitors),becausetheirtendernessisnotsooftcalled

upon.Gravenatures,ledbycustom,andthereforeconstant,arecommonly

lovinghusbands,aswassaidofUlysses,vetulamsuampraetulit

immortalitati.

Chastewomenareoftenproudandfroward,aspresuminguponthemeritof

theirchastity.Itisoneofthebestbonds,bothofchastityandobedience,in

thewife,ifshethinkherhusbandwise;whichshewillneverdo,ifshefind

himjealous.Wivesareyoungmen'smistresses;companionsformiddleage;

andoldmen'snurses.Soasamanmayhaveaquarreltomarry,whenhewill.

Butyethewasreputedoneofthewisemen,thatmadeanswertothe

question,whenamanshouldmarry.—Ayoungmannotyet,anelderman

notatall.Itisoftenseenthatbadhusbands,haveverygoodwives;whetherit

be,thatitraiseththepriceoftheirhusband'skindness,whenitcomes;orthat

thewivestakeaprideintheirpatience.Butthisneverfails,ifthebad

husbandswereoftheirownchoosing,againsttheirfriendsconsent;forthen

theywillbesuretomakegoodtheirownfolly.

【參考譯文】

成了家的人，可以說對于命運(yùn)之神付出了抵押品。因為家庭難免拖累于

事業(yè)，使人的許多抱負(fù)難以實現(xiàn)。所以最能為公從獻(xiàn)身的人，往往是那

種不被家室所累的人。因為只有這種人，才能夠把他的全部愛情與財

產(chǎn)，都奉獻(xiàn)給唯一的情人——公眾。而那種有家室的人，恐怕只愿把美

好的祝愿保留給自己的后代。

有的人在結(jié)婚后仍然愿意繼續(xù)過獨身生活。因為他們不喜歡家庭，把妻

子兒女看作經(jīng)濟(jì)上的累贅。還有一些富人甚至以無子嗣為自豪。也許他

們是擔(dān)心，一旦有了子女就會瓜分現(xiàn)有的財產(chǎn)吧。有一種人過獨身生活

是為了保持自由，以避免受約束于家庭承擔(dān)的義務(wù)和責(zé)任。但這種人，

可能會認(rèn)為腰帶和鞋帶，也難免是一種束縛束吧！實際上，獨身者也許

可以成為最好的朋友，最好的主人，最好的仆人，但很難成為最好的公

民。因為他們隨時可以遷逃，所以差不多一切流竄犯都是無家者。

作為獻(xiàn)身宗教的僧侶，是有理由保持獨身的。否則他們的悲慈就將先布

施于家人而不時供奉于上帝了。作為法官與律師，是否獨身關(guān)系并不

大。因為只要他們身邊有一個壞的幕僚，其進(jìn)讒言的能力就足以抵上五

個妻子。作為軍人，有家室則是好事，家庭的榮譽(yù)可以激發(fā)他們的責(zé)任

感和勇氣。這一點可以從土耳其的事例中得到反證——那里的風(fēng)俗不重

視婚姻和家庭，結(jié)果他們士兵的斗志很差。對家庭的責(zé)任心不僅是對人

類的一種約束，也是一種訓(xùn)練。那種獨身的人，雖然在用起錢來很揮

霍，但實際上往往是心腸很硬的，因為他們不懂得怎樣去愛他人。一種

好的風(fēng)俗，能教化出情感堅貞嚴(yán)肅的男子漢，例如像尤利西斯

（Ulysses）那樣，他曾抵制美麗女神的誘惑，而保持了對妻子的忠貞。

一個獨身的女人常常是驕橫的，因為她需要顯示，她的貞節(jié)似乎是自愿

保持的。如果一個女人為丈夫的聰明優(yōu)秀而自豪，那么這是使她忠貞不

渝的最好保證。但如果一個女人發(fā)現(xiàn)她的丈夫是忌妒多疑的，那么她將

絕不會認(rèn)為他是聰明的。在人生中，妻子是青年時代的情人，中年時代

的伴侶，暮年時代的守護(hù)。所以在人的一生中，只要有合適的對象選

擇，任何時候結(jié)婚都是有理由的。

但也有一位古代哲人，對于人應(yīng)當(dāng)在何時結(jié)婚這個問題是這樣說

的：“年紀(jì)少時還不應(yīng)當(dāng)，年紀(jì)大時已不必要?！泵罎M的婚姻是難得一遇

的。?？梢姷皆S多不出色的丈夫卻有一位美麗的妻子。這莫非是因為這

種丈夫由于具有不太多的優(yōu)點，反而使他的優(yōu)點更值得被珍視嗎？也許

因為伴隨這種丈夫，可以考驗一個婦人的忍耐精神吧？如果這種婚姻出

自一個女人的自愿選擇，甚至是不顧親友的勸告而選擇的，那么就讓她

自己去品嘗這枚果實的滋味吧。

二、TranslatethepassageintoEnglish.（50分）

臣亮言：先帝創(chuàng)業(yè)未半，而中道崩殂；今天下三分，益州疲敝，此誠危

急存亡之秋也。然侍衛(wèi)之臣，不懈于內(nèi)；忠志之士，忘身于外者：蓋追

先帝之殊遇，欲報之于陛下也。誠宜開張圣聽，以光先帝遺德，恢弘志

士之氣；不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失義，以塞忠諫之路也。宮中府中，俱為

一體；陟罰臧否，不宜異同：若有作奸犯科，及為忠善者，宜付有司，

論其刑賞，以昭陛下平明之治；不宜偏私，使內(nèi)外異法也。侍中、侍郎

郭攸之、費依、董允等，此皆良實，志慮忠純，是以先帝簡拔以遺陛

下：愚以為宮中之事，事無大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必得裨補(bǔ)闕

漏，有所廣益。將軍向?qū)櫍孕惺缇?，曉暢軍事，試用之于昔日，先?/p>

稱之曰"能"，是以眾議舉寵為督：愚以為營中之事，事無大小，悉以咨

之，必能使行陣和穆，優(yōu)劣得所也。親賢臣，遠(yuǎn)小人，此先漢所以興隆

也；親小人，遠(yuǎn)賢臣，此后漢所以傾頹也。先帝在時，每與臣論此事，

未嘗不嘆息痛恨于桓、靈也！侍中、尚書、長史、參軍，此悉貞亮死節(jié)

之臣也，愿陛下親之、信之，則漢室之隆，可計日而待也。

臣本布衣，躬耕南陽，茍全性命于亂世，不求聞達(dá)于諸侯。先帝不以臣

卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顧臣于草廬之中，諮臣以當(dāng)世之事，由是感激，遂

許先帝以驅(qū)馳。后值傾覆，受任于敗軍之際，奉命于危難之間：爾來二

十有一年矣。先帝知臣謹(jǐn)慎，故臨崩寄臣以大事也。受命以來，夙夜憂

慮，恐付托不效，以傷先帝之明；故五月渡瀘，深入不毛。今南方已

定，甲兵已足，當(dāng)獎帥三軍，北定中原，庶竭駑鈍，攘除奸兇，興復(fù)漢

室，還于舊都：此臣所以報先帝而忠陛下之職分也。至于斟酌損益，進(jìn)

盡忠言，則攸之、依、允等之任也。愿陛下托臣以討賊興復(fù)之效，不效

則治臣之罪，以告先帝之靈；若無興復(fù)之言，則責(zé)攸之、依、允等之

咎，以彰其慢。陛下亦宜自謀，以諮諏善道，察納雅言，深追先帝遺

詔。臣不勝受恩感激！今當(dāng)遠(yuǎn)離，臨表涕泣，不知所云。

【參考譯文一】

TheFirstRulerhadaccomplishedbuthalfhisgreattaskathisdeath.Atthis

momenttheempireisinthreeparts,andourcountryisweak;itisamost

criticalmomentforus.Still,ministersarenotremissinthecapital,andloyal

anddevotedsoldierssacrificetheirlivesabroad,fortheystillrememberthe

specialkindnessoftheFirstRulerandwishtoshowtheirgratitudetohimby

servicetoYourMajesty.Thereforeitwouldbeindeedfittingthatyoushould

extendyourholyvirtuetoglorifyhisvirtuousmemoryinthestimulationof

thewillofyourpurposefulofficers.YourMajestyshouldnotloseyourselfin

thepursuitofmeanthings,quotingphrasestoconfoundtheeternalprinciples

ofrectitude,andsopreventingremonstrancefromhonestpeople.

OneruleappliestothepalaceoftheEmperorandtheresidenceofacourtier;

theremustbeonelawrewardingthegoodandpunishingtheevil.Evil-doers

andlaw-breakers,asalsotrueandgoodpeople,shouldbedealtwith

accordingtotheirdesertsbytheofficersconcernedinordertomanifestYour

Majesty'simpartialandenlightenedadministration.Partialityiswrong,asis

onelawforthecourtandanotherfortheregions.TheHighMinistersFeiYi,

GuoYouzhi,andDongYunarehonestmen,devotedlyanxioustobeloyalto

thelastdegree;whereforeHisLateMajestychosetheminhistestament.My

adviceistoconsulttheminallPalacematters,greatorsmall,beforetaking

action.YourMajestywillreaptheenormousadvantageofhavingany

failingscorrected.GeneralXiangChongisamanofwell-balanced

temperament,versedinmilitarymatters,towhom,aftertestinghim,thelate

Emperorappliedtheepithet'capable'.TheconsensusofopinionisthatXiang

ChongshouldbeGrandCommander.Myadviceistoconsulthiminall

militarymatters,greatorsmall,wherebyyourmilitaryforceswillyieldtheir

maximum,eachonebeingemployedtothebestadvantage.Attractworthy

people;repelmeanones.ThispolicyachievedthegloryoftheFormerHans,

whileitsreversalruinedtheLatterHans.WhenthelateEmperorwaswithus,

heoftendiscussedthiswithyourservant,andhetookmuchtoheartthestory

ofEmperorsHuanandLing.TheChairoftheSecretariatChenZhen,

CommanderZhangSi,andMinisterJiangWanarebothincorruptibleand

enlightenedpeople,honesttothedeath.IwishthatYourMajestyshouldhave

themnearandholdtheminconfidence.Ifthisbedone,thenthegloryofthe

HouseofHanwillbequicklyconsummated.

Iwasoriginallyaprivateperson,afarmerinNanyang,concernedonlyto

securepersonalsafetyinatroubledageandnotseekingconversationwiththe

contendingnobles.HisLateMajesty,theFirstRuler,overlookingthe

commonnessofmyorigin,condescendedtoseekmethriceinmyhumblecot

andconsultmeonthetrendofevents.Hismagnanimityaffectedmedeeply,

andIconsentedtodomyutmostforhim.Thencamedefeat,andItookoffice

atamomentofdarkestoutlookandatamostdifficultcrisis.Thisistwenty-

oneyearsago.TheFirstRulerrecognizedmydiligentcare,andwhendying

heconfidedthegreattasktome.FromthatdayIhavelivedalifeofanxiety

lestIshouldfailinmytrustandsodimhisglory.ThatiswhyIundertookthe

expeditiontothelandsbeyondtheRiverLu.NowtheSouthernMangshas

beenquelled,andourarmyisingoodcondition.Ioughttoleaditagainstthe

north,whereImaymeetwithameasureofsuccessintheremovalofthe

wickedones,therestorationofHan,andareturntotheoldcapital.Thisismy

dutyoutofgratitudetothelateEmperorandloyaltytoYourMajesty.Astoa

discussionoftheprosandconsandgivingatrueversionofthewholematter,

thatbelongstoGuoYouzhiandFeiYiandDongYun.

IdesireYourMajestytoconfidetomethetaskofslayingtherebelsand

restoringtheHans.IfIfail,thenpunishmebytellingthespiritofthelate

Emperor.Ifyouknownotwhatrestorationimplies,thatisthefaultofyour

advisers.YourMajestyshouldtakepainstobeguidedintotherightpathand

examinecarefullywhatislaidbeforeyou,carefullyrememberingthelate

Emperor'stestament.Icannotexpresswhatwouldbemydelightifyouhad

thegoodnesstoacceptandactonmyadvice.NowIamabouttodepartona

distantexpedition,IwritethiswithtearsandclearlyknowwhatIhavesaid.

【參考譯文二】

Permityourservant,Liang,toobserve:thelatesovereignwastakenfromus

whilehislife'swork,therestorationoftheHan,remainedunfinished.Today,

inadividedempire,ourthird,theprovinceofYizhou,war-wornandunder

duress,facesaseasonofcrisisthatthreatensourverysurvival.Despitethis,

theofficialsatcourtpersevereintheirtasks,andloyal-mindedofficers

throughouttherealmdedicatethemselvestoyoubecauseoneandallthey

cherishthememoryoftheexceptionaltreatmenttheyenjoyedfromthelate

sovereignandwishtorepayitinservicetoYourMajesty.Trulythisisatime

towidenyoursagelyaudienceinordertoenhancethelateEmperor'sglorious

virtueandfosterthemoraleofyourdedicatedofficers.itwouldbeunworthy

ofYourMajestytodemeanyourselfbyresortingtoill-chosenjustifications

thatwouldblocktheavenuesofloyalremonstrance.

Theroyalcourtandtheministerialadministrationconstituteasingle

government.Bothmustbejudgedbyonestandard.Thosewhodoeviland

violatethecodes,aswellasthosewhoareloyalandgood,mustreceivetheir

duefromtheproperauthorities.ThiswillmakemanifestYourMajesty'sfair

andenlightenedgovernance.Letnounseemlybiasleadtodifferentrulesfor

thecourtandtheadministration.Privycounselorsandimperialattendants

likeGuoYouzhi,FeiYi,andDongYunareallsolid,reliablemen,loyalof

purpose,pureinmotive.ThelateEmperorselectedthemforofficesothat

theywouldserveYourMajestyafterhisdemise.Inmyownhumbleopinion,

consultingthesemenonpalaceaffairsgreatorsmallbeforeactionistaken

willpreventerrorsandshortcomingsandmaximizeadvantages.Xiang

Chong,ageneraloffinecharacterandfair-mindedconduct,profoundly

versedinmilitarymatters,provedhimselfinbattleduringthepreviousreign,

andthelateEmperorpronouncedhimcapable.Thatiswhytheassemblyhas

recommendedhimforoverallcommand.Inmyhumbleopinion,General

XiangChongshouldbeconsultedonallmilitarymatterslargeorsmallto

ensureharmonyintheranksandthejudicioususeofpersonnel.TheFormer

Hanthrivedbecauseitsemperorsstayedclosetoworthyvassalsandfarfrom

connivingcourtiers.TheoppositepolicyledtheLaterHantoruin.Whenever

thelateEmperordiscussedthisproblemwithme,hedecriedthefailingsof

EmperorsHuanandLing.PrivycounselorsGuoYouzhiandFeiYi,

SecretaryChenZhen,SeniorAdviserZhangYi,andMilitaryCounselor

JiangWanareallmenofshiningintegrityandunshakabledevotion.Ibeg

YourMajestytokeepclosetothemandtotrustthem,forthatwillstrengthen

ourhopesfortheresurgenceofthehouseofHan.

Ibeganasacommonman,toilinginmyfieldsinNanyang,doingwhatI

couldtokeepbodyandsoultogetherinanageofdisorderandtakingno

interestinmakinganameformyselfamongthelordsoftherealm.Thoughit

wasbeneaththedignityofthelateEmperortodoso,hehonoredmythatched

cottagetosolicitmycounselontheeventsoftheday.Gratefulforhisregard,

Irespondtohisappealandthrewmyselfheartandsoulintohisservice.Hard

timesfollowedforthecauseofthelateEmperor.Iassumedmydutiesata

criticalmomentforourdefeatedarmy,acceptingassignmentinaperiodof

direstdanger.Nowtwenty-oneyearshavepassed.ThelateEmperoralways

appreciatedmymeticulouscautionand,astheendneared,placedhisgreat

causeinmyhands.Sincethatmoment,Ihavetormentedmyselfrightandday

lestIproveunworthyofhistrustandthusdiscredithisjudgment.Thatiswhy

IcrossedtheRiverLuinthesummerheatandpenetratedthebarrenlandsof

theMan.Now,thesouthsubdued,ourarmssufficing,itbehoovesmeto

marshaloursoldierstoconquerthenorthernheartlandanddomyhumble

besttoremovethehatefultraitors,restorethehouseofHan,andreturnitto

theformercapital.ThisisthewayImeantohonormydebttothelate

EmperorandfulfillmydutytoYourMajesty.Asforweighingthe

advantagesofinternalpolicyandmakingloyalrecommendationstoYour

Majesty,thatistheresponsibilityofGuoYouzhi,FeiYi,andDongYun.

Myonlydesireistoobtainandexecuteyourcommissiontochastenthe

traitorsandrestoretheHan.ShouldIproveunfit,punishmyoffenseand

reportittothespiritofthelateEmperor.Ifthosethreevassalsfailtosustain

YourMajesty’svirtue,thentheirnegligenceshouldbepublicizedand

censured.YourMajesty,takecounselwithyourselfandconsultwidelyonthe

rightcourse.Examineandadoptsoundopinions,andneverforgetthelast

edictofthelateEmperor.OverwhelmedwithgratitudeforthefavorIhave

receivedfromyou,Inowdepartonadistantcampaign.Blindedbymytears

fallingonthispetition,IwriteIknownotwhat.

【中文譯文】

先帝創(chuàng)立帝業(yè)還沒有完成一半，就中途去世了?，F(xiàn)在，天下已分成魏、

蜀、吳三國，我們蜀國人力疲憊，物力又很缺乏，這確實是國家危急存

亡的關(guān)鍵時刻。然而，侍衛(wèi)大臣們在宮廷內(nèi)毫不懈怠，忠誠有志的將士

在疆場上舍身作戰(zhàn)，這都是因為追念先帝在世時對他們的特殊待遇，想

報效給陛下啊。陛下確實應(yīng)該廣泛地聽取群臣的意見，發(fā)揚(yáng)光大先帝留

下的美德，弘揚(yáng)志士們的氣概；不應(yīng)該隨隨便便地看輕自己，言談中稱

引譬喻不合大義（說話不恰當(dāng)），以致堵塞忠臣進(jìn)諫勸告的道路。

皇宮的侍臣和丞相府的宮吏都是一個整體，對他們的提升、處分、表

揚(yáng)、批評，不應(yīng)該因人而有什么差別。如果有營私舞弊、違犯法律和盡

忠行害的人，陛下應(yīng)交給主管的官吏，由他們評定應(yīng)得的處罰或獎賞，

用來表明陛下公正嚴(yán)明的治理方針。不應(yīng)偏袒徇私，使得宮內(nèi)和宮外有

不同的法則。侍中郭攸之、費祎、侍郎董允等人，他們都是忠良誠實的

人，他們的志向和心思忠誠無二，因此先帝把他們選拔出來留給陛下。

我認(rèn)為宮中的事情，無論大小，陛下都應(yīng)征詢他們，然后再去實施，這

樣一定能補(bǔ)求欠缺疏漏的地方，獲得更好的效果。將軍向?qū)櫍愿窈?/p>

善，品德公正，精通軍事，從前經(jīng)過試用，先帝稱贊他有才能，因此大

家商議推舉他做中部督。我認(rèn)為軍營中的事務(wù)，都應(yīng)與他商量，這樣一

定能使軍隊團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作，將士才干高的差的、隊伍強(qiáng)的，都能夠得到合理

的安排。親近賢臣，疏遠(yuǎn)小人，這是前漢興隆昌盛的原因；親近小人，

疏遠(yuǎn)賢臣，這是后漢所以傾覆衰敗的原因。先帝在世時，每次與我談?wù)?/p>

這些事，沒有一次不對桓、靈二帝感到嘆息、惋惜痛心的。侍中郭攸

之、費祎，尚書陳震，長史張裔，參軍蔣琬，這些都是忠貞賢良能夠以

死報國的忠臣，希望陛下親近他們、信任他們，那么漢室的興隆就指日

可待了。

我本來是一介平民，在南陽親自種田，只求能在亂世中暫且保全性命，

不奢求在諸侯面前有什么名氣。先帝不因我身世卑微、見識短淺，反而

降低自己的身份，三次到草廬里來訪問我，向我征詢對當(dāng)今天下大事的

意見，我因此十分感激，于是答應(yīng)先帝愿為他奔走效勞。后來遇到失

敗，我在戰(zhàn)敗的時候接到委任，在危難的時候奉命出使東吳，從那時到

現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)二十一年了。先帝（劉備）知道我謹(jǐn)慎，因此在臨終前把國家

大事托付給我（諸葛亮）。自從接受任命以來，我日夜憂慮嘆息，擔(dān)心

不能將先帝的托付的事情辦好，有損先帝的圣明。所以我在五月渡過瀘

水，深入到荒涼的地方。現(xiàn)在南方已經(jīng)平定，兵器已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備充足，應(yīng)當(dāng)

鼓舞并率領(lǐng)三軍，向北方平定中原。希望全部貢獻(xiàn)出自己平庸的才能，

鏟除奸邪兇惡的曹魏，復(fù)興漢室，回到原來的都城洛陽。這是我用來報

答先帝并忠于陛下的職責(zé)的本分。至于對政事的斟酌興廢，進(jìn)獻(xiàn)忠誠的

建議，那是郭攸之、費祎、董允等人的責(zé)任。

希望陛下把討伐奸賊、復(fù)興漢室的任務(wù)交給我，如果沒有完成，就請治

我重罪，來告慰先帝在天之靈。如果沒有勸勉陛下宣揚(yáng)圣德的忠言，就

責(zé)備郭攸之、費祎、董允等人的怠慢，來揭露他們的過失；陛下自己也

應(yīng)該認(rèn)真考慮國家大事，征詢治理國家的好辦法，聽取正確的意見，深

切追念先帝的遺訓(xùn)。如果能夠這樣，我就受恩感激不盡了。現(xiàn)在我就要

辭別陛下遠(yuǎn)行了，面對奏表熱淚縱橫，不知說了些什么。

三、Writing.50分（300-500字）

題目：Myacademicresearchwithfingertips

【參考范文】

Myacademicresearchwithfingertips

Asisoftenthecase,academicresearchismorelikelytobedescribedasa

difficultmissionthatonlypeoplewithhigh-leveleducationcangiveitatry.

However,inmyopinions,academicresearchcanbeavailableinourdaily

life,onlyifyoucanpaymoreattentiontothingspassingby.Aslongaswe

makegooduseofourlifeexperienceandthinkoverit,wecanachievewhat

wecalledas“academicsuccess”.

Takemyselfasanexample.WhenIwasinhighschool,Ihavealreadyshown

greatinterestsinlanguagelearningandlinguisticphenomena.Ihaveoncegot

thechancetoworkasanassistantfortheChineseteacherandwasaskedto

helpherevaluatetheessaysandtranslationhomeworkofmyclassmates.

Aftersomedaysofworking,Ifoundthatsomestudentswouldmakethe

samegrammaticalmistakesintheirwritingeverytime,whileitnever

occurredtosomestudents.Whatsurprisedmemostwasthateventhoughour

teacherhadtoldthemtocorrecttheirmistakes,theywouldbetrappedbythe

samemistakesnexttimes.Thoughthesestudentswereconsideredtobetoo

“stupid”toavoidthemistake,Itriedtofigureouttherootcauseindepth.I

firstaskedtheteacherforhelp.ShesuggestedthatIgototheInternetto

searchformoreinformationabout“l(fā)inguistics”.Later,Ispentasummerto

collectinformationonthisphenomenon.Ialsoborrowedsomewriting

homeworkofmyclassmatestocollectdatathatcanaffirmmythoughts.

However,Ifailedtomakeaconclusiononmyfirstacademicresearch

becauseofmyinabilitytounderstandthoseknowledgetoldinthereal

academicresearchpapers.EvenImyselfdidnotrealizeatthattimethatIwas

doingsomething“academic”.ItwasnotuntilIwenttocollegethatIfinally

learnedaboutthelinguisticsandcametoknowthatitwastheeffectof

mothertongueanddialectsthatcausedthedifferenceinlanguageuse,which

showedas‘mistakes’ingrammar.

Fromthenon,Ihavelearnedthateveryone,whetherwithhighereducationor

not,candefinitelystarthisorheracademicresearchinthedailymatters,

especiallywhenwecanhaveaccesstoagreatamountofinformation

nowadays.

2007年北京大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院661專業(yè)能力考研真題及詳解

一、TranslatethepassageintoChinese.（50分）

Astrongcommonsense,whichitisnoteasytounseatordisturb,marksthe

Englishmindforathousandyears:arudestrengthnewlyappliedtothought,

asofsailorsandsoldierswhohadlatelylearnedtoread.Theyhavenofancy,

andneveraresurprisedintoacovertorwittyword,suchaspleasedthe

AtheniansandItalians,andwasconvertibleintoafablenotlongafter;but

theydelightinstrongearthyexpression,notmistakable,coarselytruetothe

humanbody,and,thoughspokenamongprinces,equallyfitandwelcometo

themob.Thishomeliness,veracity,andplainstyle,appearintheearliest

extantworks,andinthelatest.Itimportsintosongsandballadsthesmellof

theearth,thebreathofcattle,and,likeaDutchpainter,seeksahousehold

charm,thoughbypailsandpans.Theyasktheirconstitutionalutilityinverse.

Thekailandherringsareneveroutofsight.Thepoetnimblyrecovers

himselffromeverysallyoftheimagination.TheEnglishmuselovesthe

farmyard,thelane,andmarket.Shesays,withDeStael,“Itrampinthemire

withwoodenshoes,whenevertheywouldforcemeintotheclouds.”For,the

Englishmanhasaccurateperceptions;takesholdofthingsbytherightend,

andthereisnoslipperinessinhisgrasp.Helovestheaxe,thespade,theoar,

thegun,thesteampipe:hehasbuilttheengineheuses.Heismaterialist,

economical,mercantile.Hemustbetreatedwithsincerityandreality,with

muffins,andnotthepromiseofmuffins;andprefershishotchop,with

perfectsecurityandconvenienceintheeatingofit,tothechancesofthe

amplestandFrenchiestbilloffare,engravedonembossedpaper.Whenheis

intellectual,andapoetoraphilosopher,hecarriesthesamehardtruthand

thesamekeenmachineryintothementalsphere.Hismindmuststandona

fact.Hewillnotbebaffled,orcatchatclouds,butthemindmusthavea

symbolpalpableandresisting.WhatherelishesinDante,isthevice-like

tenacitywithwhichheholdsamentalimagebeforetheeyes,asifitwerea

scutcheonpaintedonashield.Byron“l(fā)ikedsomethingcraggytobreakhis

mindupon.”Atasteforplainstrongspeech,whatiscalledabiblicalstyle,

markstheEnglish.ItisinAlfred,andtheSaxonChronicle,andintheSagas

oftheNorthmen.Latimerwashomely.Hobbeswasperfectinthe“noble

vulgarspeech.”Donne,Bunyan,Milton,Taylor,Evelyn,Pepys,Hooker,

Cotton,andthetranslators,wroteit.Howrealisticormaterialisticin

treatmentofhissubject,isSwift.Hedescribeshisfictitiouspersons,asiffor

thepolice.Defoehasnoinsecurityorchoice.Hudibrashasthesamehard

mentality,—keepingthetruthatoncetothesenses,andtotheintellect.

Itisnotlessseeninpoetry.Chaucer'shardpaintingofhisCanterbury

pilgrimssatisfiesthesenses.Shakespeare,Spenser,andMilton,intheir

loftiestascents,havethisnationalgripandexactitudeofmind.Thismental

materialismmakesthevalueofEnglishtranscendentalgenius;inthese

writers,andinHerbert,HenryMore,Donne,andSirThomasBrowne.The

Saxonmaterialismandnarrowness,exaltedintothesphereofintellect,makes

theverygeniusofShakespeareandMilton.Whenitreachesthepure

element,ittreadsthecloudsassecurelyastheadamant.Eveninits

elevations,materialistic,itspoetryiscommonsenseinspired;orironraisedto

whiteheat.

ContributedbyRalphWaldoEmerson

RWE.Org—TheCompleteWorksofRalphWaldoEmerson-VolumeV-

EnglishTraits(1856)

【參考譯文】

一千多年以來，在英國人的思維中一直共存著一種極其強(qiáng)烈的感覺，這

種感覺已經(jīng)成為了英國人思維的標(biāo)志，難以磨滅也難以擾亂，即新近才

涌現(xiàn)在其思維中的一種粗獷與豪邁，就好像才學(xué)會讀書認(rèn)字的水手和士

兵那樣。他們沒有過多的幻想，也從來不會因為聽到一場動聽的皈依演

說或俏皮話而大驚小怪，而雅典人意大利人就喜歡聽這些，即使是無稽

之談，不假時日他們照信不誤。英國人不同，他們愛聽的是樸實無華的

表達(dá)，不會引起誤解或歧義，平民老百姓的大眾真理，適用于王公貴

族，也同樣適用于下層民眾。這種舒適簡約的風(fēng)格以及誠實中肯的品質(zhì)

不僅存在于現(xiàn)存的早期作品中，也出現(xiàn)在了近期的作品當(dāng)中。它將泥土

的氣息、生靈的味道帶入了歌曲與民謠之中，仿佛一位荷蘭畫家追尋家

居場景所帶來的創(chuàng)作靈感，盡管這種靈感僅僅來自于再平常不過的鍋碗

瓢盆。即使是問起憲法的功能，他們也會出口成詩，而甘藍(lán)菜和鯡魚卻

始終在他們的視線里。在每一次想象力迸發(fā)之后，英國詩人都能很快應(yīng)

變到現(xiàn)實中去。英國人的繆斯女神喜愛農(nóng)場，喜愛鄉(xiāng)間小道，也喜愛人

們的市場，她同DeStael（法國畫家斯塔爾）一同說道：“每當(dāng)他們要我

進(jìn)入云彩中時，我都會穿著木鞋踩入泥潭里?！边@是因為英國人有很精

確的洞察力，無論是掌握什么，他都會極其準(zhǔn)確的握緊握牢，從不失

手。他熱愛他的斧子，他的鐵鍬，他的漿，他的槍，他的排氣管—他的

發(fā)動機(jī)可是自己造的。他有商人的氣質(zhì)，精打細(xì)算且崇尚物質(zhì)。別人對

他也必須真誠、實在，要給他松餅就實實在在地擺在他面前，而不能只

是說說。與其給他機(jī)會觀瞻法國人的那本印在浮凸紙張上的五花八門的

菜單，英國人更加喜歡舒適安逸地坐在那盡情享受一盤熱騰騰的排骨。

若他是位充滿智慧的詩人或哲人，他也同樣會把這種大眾真理和精明的

商人頭腦帶入他的思想境界中去。他的思維必須是基于事實基礎(chǔ)上的，

因此他從不會迷惑，也不會云里霧里地茫然不知所措，他的心里必然會

有一個清晰且難以改變的象征。當(dāng)他徜徉于但丁著作中時，令他陶醉的

是一種近乎邪惡的堅決，正是這種堅決，讓他在腦海中繪制了一副長存

的形象，就好像雕刻在盾面上的花紋一樣。拜倫“就喜歡有棱有角的東

西來激發(fā)他的思想”。英國人喜愛平實、強(qiáng)烈的言辭，即所謂的圣經(jīng)風(fēng)

格，這種風(fēng)格便成了英國人的標(biāo)記，在阿弗萊德，撒克遜編年史以及北

方人的薩迦中處處可見。拉蒂莫的風(fēng)格平易近人，霍布則拿手于“高貴

的低俗語言”。唐恩、班揚(yáng)、米爾頓、泰勒、伊夫林、佩皮斯、胡克、

科頓以及翻譯們的語言風(fēng)格均是如此，當(dāng)斯威夫特處理他的寫作對象時

又是多么的真實與物質(zhì)，他對虛構(gòu)的小說人物的描寫仿佛是寫給警察看

的一樣，真實可信。笛福的語言可靠而不加修飾，胡迪布拉斯的寫作思

想也同樣基于現(xiàn)實，即始終將真理與感官與智慧聯(lián)系在一起。

在詩歌中也不少見。喬叟對坎特伯雷朝圣者的現(xiàn)實描寫極大地滿足了感

官的享受。莎士比亞、斯賓塞、米爾頓在他們偉大的詩作中，也同樣表

達(dá)了精確的思想，抓住了這個民族所特有的性質(zhì)。這種精神上的物質(zhì)主

義構(gòu)成了英國超驗主義天才們的價值，造就了這些作家，造就了赫伯

特、亨利·摩爾、唐恩、湯瑪斯·布朗。撒克遜時代的物質(zhì)主義和狹隘思

想已經(jīng)上升到了文學(xué)界，成就了莎士比亞、米爾頓這樣的偉大才子。當(dāng)

僅僅只涉及到單純的因素時，他們在云中漫步也平穩(wěn)得如履平地，即使

是在其物質(zhì)主義的上升過程中，他們的詩歌也是從常識中獲得靈感，從

而趨向于白熱化。

二、TranslatethepassageintoEnglish.（50分）

1．笑是最流動、最迅速的表情，從眼睛里泛到口角邊。笑的確可以說

是人面上的電光，眼睛忽然增添了明亮，唇吻間閃爍著牙齒的光芒。我

們不能扣留住閃電來代替高懸普照的太陽和月亮，所以我們也不能把笑

變?yōu)橐粋€固定的、集體的表情。經(jīng)提倡而產(chǎn)生的幽默，一定是矯揉造作

的幽默。幽默不能提倡，也是為此。一經(jīng)提倡，自然流露的弄成模仿

的，變化不拘的弄成刻板的。這種幽默本身就是幽默的資料，這種笑本

身就可笑。一個真有幽默的人別有會心，欣然獨笑，冷然微笑，替沉悶

的人生透一口氣。

選自錢鐘書《說笑》（有刪節(jié)）

【參考譯文】

Smileisthemostfluidandrapidexpression,ripplingfromeyestomouth

corner.Indeed,smilecanbesaidtobethelighteningonface,whichmakes

theeyessparklingandtheteethglisteningbetweenlips.Justaswecannot

holdlighteningtosubstitutethesunandmoonthatstandhighandlong,sowe

cannotturnsmileintoafixedandstableexpressionsharedbyeveryone.The

humorthatisproposedmustbeaffectedandunnatural,sohumorisnottobe

proposed.Onceproposed,thenaturalbecomestheartificial;theundefined

endsupwiththerigid.Thishumoritselfisthesourceofhumor,andthis

laughisthelaughingstock.Areallyhumorouspersonhashissenseofhumor;

helaughsalonewithpleasureandcalmness,takingabreathforthe

suffocatinglife.

2．找遍了化學(xué)書，在炭氣、氧氣以至于氯氣之外，你看不到俗氣的。

這是比任何氣體更稀淡、更微茫，超出于五官感覺之上的一種氣體，只

有在文藝?yán)锖蜕缃焕锊拍芘鲆?。文藝?yán)锖蜕缃焕镞€有許多旁的氣也是化

學(xué)所不談的，例如寒酸氣、泥土氣。不過，這許多氣都沒有俗氣那樣難

捉摸：因為它們本身雖然是超越感覺的，它們的名字卻是藉感覺中的事

物來比方著，象征著；每一個比喻或象征都無形中包含一個類比推理

(analogy)，所以，顧名思義，你還有線索可求。說到酸氣，你立刻聯(lián)想

著山西或鎮(zhèn)江的老醋；說起泥土氣，你就記憶到夏雨初晴，青草池塘四

周圍氤氳著的氣息。但是俗氣呢？不幸的很，“氣”已是夠空虛的

了，“俗”比“氣”更抽象！

選自錢鐘書《論俗氣》

【參考譯文】

Insearchofallthechemicalbooks,youcanfindcarbondioxide,oxygen,

chlorine,butyoucanneverseeagascalled“vulgarair.”Thisairisfar

thinnerandmoreimperceptiblethananyothergas,andcanonlybetraced

whenyouaredealingwithart,literature,andsocialactivity.Ofcourse,there

areotherairsthatarenottreatedinchemicalbookswhenyouareinvolvedin

these,suchassourair(shabbyair),earthyair(cloddishair).Butnoneofthem

canbecomparedwithvulgarairintermsofimpalpability,becausealthough

theytranscendsensesthemselves,theirnamesarecomparedandsymbolized

bysenses.Everymetaphororsymbolcontainsananalogyinaninvisible

way,so,asthenamessuggest,youhavecluestofollow,asyoucanassociate

sourairwiththeShanxiorZhenjiangmaturevinegar,earthyairwiththe

smellaroundthegrassypoolshortlyafterasummerrain.Butwhatabout

vulgarair?Unfortunately,“air”isabstractenough,and“vulgar”iseven

more.

三、Writing.（50分）（300-500字）

題目：Theunexaminedlifeisnotworthliving

【參考范文】

Theunexaminedlifeisnotworthliving

Throughoutthewholecourseofourlife,weallgothroughalotoftestsin

variousforms.Thereareteststocheckhowmuchwehavelearntinschool,

ortoexaminewhetherwehavethecouragetotakeachallenge,ortotestour

abilitytodealwiththornyproblemsinsomesituation.Allthese,though

somewhatlookingintimidatingandannoying,actuallyhelpustolearn,to

growandtobecomestrong.Withoutthem,wewillgetnowhereinourlife.

Ontheonehand,examinationsprovidethedrivingforceforustoimprove

ourselves.Theexaminationsetsupagoalforus.Towardsthisgoal,wetry

ourbesttolearnmoreknowledge,withoutwhich,wewillliveanignorant

andwastedlife,ormaynotbeabletoliveatall;towardsthisgoal,wespend

alotoftimepracticingtomasterskills,withoutwhich,wearedoomedtobe

uselesstothesociety.Thatistosay,iftherewerenoexamination,men

wouldneverbemotivatedtodoanythingtoperfecttheirlife.Itisjust

becausetheprimitivementookthetesttofightagainstbeaststhatman-made

tool,agreatsymbolofhumanprogress,cameintobeing.Otherwise,human

nowmaystillcowerinacave,livingacowardlife.

Ontheotherhand,alifewithoutanyups