北京郵電大學人文學院《817英語語言學與文學基礎》歷年考研真題及詳解

目錄

2006年北京郵電大學417英語語言學與文學基礎考研真題及詳解

2007年北京郵電大學817英語語言學與文學基礎考研真題及詳解

2010年北京郵電大學817英語語言學與文學基礎考研真題及詳解

2011年北京郵電大學817英語語言學與文學基礎考研真題及詳解

2013年北京郵電大學817英語語言學與文學基礎考研真題及詳解

2014年北京郵電大學817英語語言學與文學基礎考研真題及詳解

2015年北京郵電大學817英語語言學與文學基礎考研真題及詳解

2016年北京郵電大學817英語語言學與文學基礎考研真題及詳解

2006年北京郵電大學417英語語言

學與文學基礎考研真題及詳解

PartOne20%

Directions:Fillinginthefollowingblanks.（onepointeach）

1.Languagesarestudiedatdifferentlevels.Theoreticallinguistics

generallyincludessixmainbranches,namely_____,_____,_____,_____,

_____,_____.

【答案】phonetics;phonology;morphology;syntax;semantics;

pragmatics

【解析】本題考查理論語言學的基本分支。理論語言學的六個主要

分支有語音學，音系學，形態(tài)學，句法學，語義學和語用學。

2.Themostimportanttworelationshipsinlanguageare_____and

_____asidentifiedbydeSaussure.

【答案】diachronicandsynchronic;langueandparole

【解析】本題考查索緒爾提出的兩個關于語言的二分法。這兩個二

分法分別是共時和歷時，語言和言語。

3.Chomskyputforwardthenotionsof_____and_____,whichare

comparabletodeSaussure’slangueandparole.

【答案】competence;performance

【解析】本題考查喬姆斯基提出了語言能力和語言應用的根本區(qū)

別。一名語言使用者對于語言規(guī)則系統(tǒng)的潛在認識稱為他的語言能力，

語言運用指在具體場景中語言的實際運用。語言能力和語言運用與索緒

爾的語言和言語分別對應。

4.ThepublicationofTheWasteLand,writtenby_____,helpedto

establishamoderntraditionofliteraturerichwithlearningandallusive

thought.

【答案】T.S.Eliot

【解析】本題考查《荒原》的作者。《荒原》是現(xiàn)代英美詩歌的里

程碑，是象征主義文學中最有代表性的作品，是托馬斯?艾略特的成名

作和影響最深遠的作品，表達了西方一代人精神上的幻滅，被認為是西

方現(xiàn)代文學中具有劃時代意義的作品。

5.Fitzgeraldsummarizedtheexperiencesandattitudesofthe1920s

decadeinhismasterpiecenovel_____.

【答案】TheGreatGatsby

【解析】本題考查美國作家菲茨杰拉德的代表作。其代表作《了不

起的蓋茨比》是一部以20世紀20年代的紐約市及長島為背景的中篇小

說，是對大蕭條時期之后的“爵士時代”的一個不安的敘述：它刻錄

著“爵土時代”及其伴隨著這個時代所發(fā)生的一切，具有深到的社會普遍

代表性和認識價值。

6.AnAmericanwomanwriternamed_____whohadlivedinParis

since1903,welcomedtheyoungexpatriatestoherliterarysalon,andgave

themaname“theLostGeneration”.

【答案】GertrudeStein

【解析】本題考查美國女作家格特魯?shù)?斯泰因的相關知識。格特魯

德?斯泰因對美國現(xiàn)代主義的影響很大，被稱作美國“垮掉的一代”（斯

泰因稱他們?yōu)椤懊糟囊淮保┑膶煛⒈Ｄ?、代言人和命名者?/p>

7._____isgenerallyregardedasJohnSteinbeck’smasterpiece.

【答案】TheGrapeofWrath

【解析】本題考查約翰?斯坦貝克的代表作。《憤怒的葡萄》是美國

現(xiàn)代小說家約翰?斯坦貝克的代表作，這部作品描寫美國20世紀30年代

經濟恐慌期間大批農民破產、逃荒的故事，反映了驚心動魄的社會斗爭

的圖景。小說飽含美國農民的血淚、憤慨和斗爭。

8.QuentinisacharacterinFaulkner’snovel_____

【答案】TheSoundandtheFury

【解析】本題考查?？思{的小說《喧嘩與騷動》?！缎鷩W與騷動》

是福克納的第一部成熟的作品。書中大量運用多視角敘述方法及意識流

手法，是現(xiàn)代派小說中的經典名著。昆丁是該小說中的一個主要人物。

9.ThepoeticstyleWhitmandevisedisnowcalled_____,whichis

poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.

【答案】freeverse

【解析】本題考查惠特曼詩歌的韻律特點。惠特曼是美國文學史上

最偉大的改革者之一，他所創(chuàng)造的詩體現(xiàn)在被稱為“自由體”，即沒有固

定節(jié)拍和規(guī)則韻律的詩。

10.Melville’sworldclassicnovelMobyDickwasdedicatedto_____,a

novelistwhowroteTheScarletLettersuggestedthatAmericanRomanticism

adapteditselftoAmericanPuritanMoralism.

【答案】NathanielHawthorne

【解析】本題考查小說《紅字》的作者。《紅字》是霍桑的代表

作，小說慣用象征手法，人物、情節(jié)和語言都頗具主觀想象色彩，在描

寫中又常把人的心理活動和直覺放在首位。因此，它不僅是美國浪漫主

義小說的代表作，同時也被稱作是美國心理分析小說的開創(chuàng)篇。

11.TheBrontesistersareCharlotteBronte,_____andAnneBronte.

【答案】EmilyBronte

【解析】本題考查勃朗特三姐妹。勃朗特家庭是文學史上的一個天

才家庭，姐妹三人都具有非凡的文學才能。夏洛蒂、艾米莉、安妮，她

們雖然都命運坎坷，英年早逝，但其著作卻成為19世紀文學的經典之

作，她們是后世轟轟烈烈的“女性寫作運動”的鼻祖。

12.AmongHardy’snovels,thebestknownis_____andJudethe

Obscure.

【答案】TessoftheD’Urbervilles

【解析】本題考查哈代的主要作品。《德伯家的苔絲》是哈代的代

表作是“威塞克斯系列”中的一部。它描寫了一位農村姑娘的悲慘命運。

哈代在小說的副標題中稱女主人公為“一個純潔的女人”，公開地向維多

利亞時代虛偽的社會道德挑戰(zhàn)。《無名的裘德》是哈代最優(yōu)秀的作品之

一，它以悲愴的筆調敘述了鄉(xiāng)村青年裘德一生的悲劇。

13._____istherepresentativeamongthewritersofaestheticismand

decadence.ThePictureofDorianGrayisatypicaldecadentnovelwrittenby

him.

【答案】OscarWilde

【解析】本題考查奧斯卡?王爾德的相關知識。他是愛爾蘭作家、詩

人、劇作家，英國唯美主義藝術運動的倡導者?！兜懒?格雷的畫像》

是其主要作品之一。

PartTwo（Linguistics）

SectionA

Directions:Pleaseanswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.

1.Whatarethefeaturesthatdistinguishahumanlanguagefromother

communicationsystems?Andinwhatwaytheyareimportanttoman’s

development?（8%）

【答案】

（1）Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman

communication.Thisdefinitionhasrevealedfiveessentialfactorsof

language:systematic,arbitrary,vocal,symbolicandmostimportantly

human-specific.Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhuman

languagesthatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

（2）Arbitrarinessisthecorefeatureoflanguage,whichreferstothe

factthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsound

andthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Itisnotentirelyarbitraryatalllevels.

Somewords,suchastheonescreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysounds

aremotivatedinacertaindegree.

（3）Dualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,

suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthe

secondarylevelandeachoftwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.

Thepropertyofdualityonlyexistsinsuchasystem,namely,withboth

elements（e.g.sounds,letters）andunits（e.g.words）.

（4）Creativitymeanslanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityand

itsrecursiveness,whichenableshumanbeingstoproduceandunderstandan

infinitelylargenumberofsentencesinournativelanguage,includingthe

sentenceswhichwereneverheardbefore.

（5）Displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheirusersto

symbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeand

space）atthemomentofcommunication.Displacementbenefitshuman

beingsbygivingthemthepowertohandlegeneralizationsandabstractions.

（6）Languageisculturallytransmitted.Itcannotbetransmitted

throughheredity.

（7）Interchangeabilityreferstothefactthatmancanbothproduceand

receivemessages,andhisrolesasaspeakerandahearercanbeexchangedat

ease.Thusthesedesignfeaturesdistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyother

communicationsystemintheirspecialway.

【答題思路】本題考查語言的定義特征。分別闡述語言的定義特征

的含義以及其功能即可。

2.WhatarethethreemetafunctionsoflanguageproposedbyM.K.

Halliday?Pleaseexplaineachofthembriefly（8%）

【答案】

（1）Inhissystemic-functionalgrammar,Hallidayproposedthree

metafunctionsoflanguage,namely,ideationalfunction,interpersonal

functionandtextualfunction.

（2）Theideationalfunctionisappliedforconveyingnewinformation,

tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer.Theideational

functionmainlyconsistsof“transitivity”and“voice”.Transitivitysimply

referstothegrammaroftheclauseinitsideationalaspect.Itconsistsofsix

differentprocesses:Material,Behavioral,Mental,Verbal,Relationaland

ExistentialProcess.

（3）Theinterpersonalfunctionembodiesallusesoflanguageto

expresssocialandpersonalrelationships.Thisincludesthevariouswaysthe

speakerentersaspeechsituationandperformsaspeechact.Becausethe

clauseisnotconfinedtotheexpressionoftransitivity,therearenon-

ideationalelementsintheadultlanguagesystem.Interpersonalfunctionis

realizedbymoodandmodality.Moodindicateswhatrolethespeakerselects

inthespeechsituationandwhatroleheassignstotheaddressee.Moodis

madeupoftwoparts:the“Subject”andthe“Finite”element.Thesubjectcan

beanoun,anounphrase,oraclause.Modalityspecifiesifthespeakeris

expressinghisjudgmentormakingaprediction.

（4）Thetextualfunctionmeansthatlanguagehasmechanismstomake

anystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextand

atthesametime,makealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistof

sentences.Althoughtwosentencesmayhaveexactlythesameideationaland

interpersonalfunctions,theymaybedifferentintextualcoherence.

【答題思路】本題考查韓禮德提出的語言的三個元功能。語言的三

個元功能是元功能：概念功能、人際功能和語篇功能。分別解釋這三個

功能的具體含義即可。

3.Inwhatwayisspeechsoundsegmentedintoconsonantsandvowels?

Istheirdifferenceclear-cut?Canyougiveanexampleofaspeechsoundthat

bearsthefeatureofbothconsonantandvowel?（8%）

【答案】

（1）Consonantsaresoundsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthe

vocaltractatsomeplacestodivert,impedeorcompletelyshutofftheflowof

airintheoralcavity.Vowelsaresoundsproducedwithoutobstruction,sono

turbulenceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.Soconsonantsand

vowelsaresegmentedintermsoftheobstructionoftheair.

（2）Theoretically,asfarasphoneticiansareconcerned,anysound

segmentmustbeeitheravoweloraconsonant;ifasegmentisnotavowel,it

isaconsonant.However,thedifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowelsare

notsoclear-cut,sotherearesomeoddexamplesthatbearthefeaturesofboth

consonantandvowels.

（3）Theproblematicareaisthattheinitialsoundinhotgiveslittle

turbulence,dependingonhowforcefullyitissaid,andinyetandwetthe

initialsoundsegmentsareobviouslyvowels.Togetoutofthisproblem,the

usualsolutionistosaythatthesesegmentsareneithervowelsnorconsonants

butmidwaybetweenthetwocategories,thatis,semi-vowels.

【答題思路】本題考查語音學中輔音和元音的相關知識。首先區(qū)分

輔音和元音的含義，然后分析區(qū)分二者的主要因素。最后結合具體的例

子闡述同時具有輔音和元音雙重性質的語音。

4.Pleasewritedown12singlevowelsin3groupsinEnglish,namely

front,middleandbackvowelsandexplainthebasisforsuchaclassification.

（8%）

【答案】

（1）Frontvowels:[i];[e];[?];middlevowels:[?];[?:];[?:];back

vowels:[u:];[u];[a:].

（2）InEnglish,vowelsaredescribedandclassifiedaccordingtofour

criteria:theheightoftongueraising（high,mid,low）;thepositionofthe

highestpartofthetongue（front,central,back）;thelengthortensenessof

thevowel（tensevs.laxorlongvs.short）;andlip-rounding（roundedvs.

unrounded）.

【答題思路】本題考查英語中元音的分類。英語元音的分類有四個

標準：舌頭抬起的高度——高、中、低；舌頭最高部分的高度——前、

中、后；元音的長度或緊度；唇的圓展度——圓唇、非圓唇。

5.Whatarethedifferencesbetweeninflectionalandderivational

affixes?Pleasegiveatleast5examplestosupportyourstatement.（8%）

【答案】

（1）Inflectionalaffixesaregenerallylessproductivethanderivational

affixes:theyveryoftenactasaminuteordelicategrammaticalfunctiononly

tothestem,suchasthoseinflectionalaffixesinwordstoys,walks,John’s.

Therefore,theyservetoproducedifferentformsofasinglelexicalitem.

However,derivationalaffixesareveryproductiveinmakingnewwords.For

example,recite,recitation,recital,thusderivationalaffixesoftenchangethe

lexicalmeaning.

（2）Inflectionalaffixesdonotchangethewordclassofthewordthey

attachto,suchasflower,flowers,whereasderivationalaffixesmight,asthe

relationshipbetweensmallandsmallnessandthatbetweenbrotherand

brotherhoodshow.

（3）Thatwhetheroneshouldaddinflectionalaffixesornotdepends

veryoftenonotherfactorswithinthephraseorsentenceatstake.For

instance,thechoiceoflikesintheboylikestonavigateontheInternetis

determinedbythesubjecttheboyinthesentence.However,derivational

affixesaremoreoftenbasedonsimplemeaningdistinction.Forexample,the

choiceofcleverandclevernessdependsonwhetherwewanttotalkaboutthe

property“clever”orthestateofbeingclever.

（4）InEnglish,mostinflectionalaffixesaresuffixes,whicharealways

wordfinal（e.g.drums,walks,Mary’s）.However,derivationalaffixescan

beeitherprefixes（e.g.suburban;depart,online）,suffixes（e.g.slaver,

teacher,workable）,orboth（e.g.international,supernational）atthesame

time.

（5）Onewordusuallyhasonlyoneinflectionalmorphemewhereasit

mayhavetwoormorederivationalmorphemes.

【答題思路】本題考查屈折詞綴和派生詞綴的差異。結合具體的例

子分別從構詞能力，功能，決定因素，位置和數(shù)量等角度進行比較。

6.InEnglish,lexiconsarecreatedinmanyways,e.g.invention,

blending,abbreviation,acronym,back-formation,analogicalcreation,

borrowing,etc.Pleasegroupthefollowingwordsaccordingtotheirmeansof

creation.（8%）

【答案】

（1）Invention:Coke;Lenovo;

（2）Blending:transistor;positron;modem;

（3）Abbreviation:bike;gym;flu;

（4）Acronym:PLA;AIDS;SARS;

（5）Back-formation:edit;beg;

（6）Analogicalcreation:worked;slayed;

（7）Borrowing:atom;alibi;Jodo.

【答題思路】本題考查構詞法的相關知識。根據(jù)各個構詞法的含

義，通過觀察和分析對所給單詞進行分類。

7.Pleasegiveabriefaccountondifferencesinnumber,gender,case,

tense,andaspectbetweenEnglishandChineselanguage.（8%）

【答案】

（1）Numberisagrammaticalcategoryusedfortheanalysisofword

classesdisplayingsuchcontrastsassingular,dual,plural,etc.InEnglish,

numberismainlyobservedinnouns,andithasonlytwoforms:singularand

plural.Numberisalsoreflectedintheinflectionofpronounsandverbs.

However,inChinese,themanifestationofnumbercanbefoundinpronouns

like“我們”,“你們”andsoon.

（2）Genderisagrammaticalcategorydividingnounsintoclasses

basicallycharacterizedbysex.Genderisalsoacategoryofnounsand

pronouns.InEnglish,thegenderdistinctionsareonthewholenatural,

determinedbythebiologicalgenderofthecreature.However,exactly

speaking,thegenderheremeansthegrammaticalgender,whichincludes

feminine,masculineandneuter.BothEnglishandChineseareonly

concernedwiththenaturalgender.

（3）Caseisaninflectionalcategory,basicallyofnouns,which

typicallymarkstheirrolesinrelationtootherpartsofthesentence.In

English,pronounshavethreecasesofnominative（e.g.we,he,she）,

accusative（e.g.us,him,her）andgenitive（e.g.our,your,his）.But

nounshaveonlytwocases:general（e.g.Tom,girl）andgenitive（e.g.

Tom’s,girl’s）.InChinese,thenounsandpronounshavenodifferentcases.

（4）Tenseandaspectaretwoimportantcategoriesoftheverb,and

theywerenotseparatedintraditionalgrammar.Thedistinctionbetweentense

andaspectliesinthattheformerisdeictic,i.e.indicatingtimerelativetothe

timeofutterance;whilethelatterisnotdeictic,thetimeindicatedisnot

relativetothetimeofutterance,butrelativetothetimeofanotherevent

described,orimplied,inthenarrative.SoitisclearthatEnglishisalanguage

withtenseandaspectwhileChinesehasnotense.InChinese,theconceptof

timeisnotmanifestedinverbsbutinthetimeadverbials.

【答題思路】本題考查英漢兩種語言在數(shù)，格，性，時態(tài)和體等方

面的差異。分別解釋這幾個范疇的含義，然后比較英漢兩種語言在這些

方面存在的差異。

8.G.Leechclassifiedseventypesofmeaning.Whatarethey?（8%）

【答案】

（1）AccordingtoLeech,thereareseventypesofmeanings.Thefirstis

conceptualmeaningwhichislogical,cognitive,ordenotativecontent.Itis

denotativeinthatitisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordand

thethingitdenotes,orrefersto.

（2）Thesecondisconnotativemeaning,thatis,whatiscommunicated

byvirtueofwhatlanguagerefersto.Thethirdoneissocialmeaningwhich

referstowhatiscommunicatedofthesocialcircumstancesoflanguageuse.

Thefourthisaffectivemeaningthatiswhatiscommunicatedofthefeelings

andattitudesofthespeaker/writer.Thefifthisreflectedmeaningwhichis

whatiscommunicatedthroughassociationwithanothersenseofthesame

expression.Thesixthoneiscollocativemeaningthatreferstowhatis

communicatedthroughassociationwithwordswhichtendtooccurinthe

environmentofanotherword.Thesefivetypesofmeaningarealsocalled

associativemeaninginthesensethatanelementaryassociationisttheoryof

mentalconnectionsisenoughtoexplaintheiruse.

（3）Thelasttypeisthethematicmeaningwhichismoreperipheral

sinceitisonlydeterminedbytheorderofthewordsinasentenceandthe

differentprominencetheyeachreceive.

【答題思路】本題考查意義的類型。根據(jù)利奇的觀點，意義可以分

為七種類型，分別是概念意義，內涵意義，社會意義，感情意義，反射

意義，搭配意義和主位意義。依次闡述這七種意義即可。

9.Whatisspeechacttheory?（8%）

【答案】

（1）ThespeechacttheorywasproposedbytheOxfordphilosopher

JohnAustininhisHowtoDoThingswithWords.Itisaphilosophical

explanationofthenatureoflinguisticcommunication.Itaimstoanswerthe

question“Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage?”

（2）Austin’sfirstcontributiontothetheoryistheclaimthatthereare

twotypesofsentences:performativesandconstatives,whichcouldnotbe

valuedfromthetraditionalviewoftruth-value.Thus,hemadeadistinction

betweenperformativesandconstatives.Performativesarestatementswhich

areusedtodosomething,whichdonotstateordescribeafactandarenot

verifiable.Constativesarestatementsthatstateordescribeafactandarethus

verifiable.

（3）Thoughperformativescannotbetrueorfalse,therearestill

conditionsforthemtomeettobeappropriateorfelicitous,whichareknown

asfelicityconditionssuggestedbyAustinasfollows:①Theremustbea

relevantconventionalprocedure,andtherelevantparticipantsand

circumstancesmustbeappropriate;②Theproceduremustbeexecuted

correctlyandcompletely;③Therelevantpeoplemusthavetherequisite

thoughts,feelingsandintentions,andmustfollowitupwithactionsas

specified.

【答題思路】本題考查言語行為理論。首先解釋該理論的含義及目

標，然后詳細闡釋其具體內容。

10.Pleasegiveabriefaccountonthedifferentkindsofrelationship

betweenantonyms.（8%）

【答案】

（1）Antonymyisthenameforoppositenessrelation.Therearethree

mainsub-types:gradableantonymy,complementaryantonymy,andconverse

antonymy.

（2）Gradableantonymy.Itisthecommonesttypeofantonymy.They

aregradable,namely,themembersofapairdifferintermsofdegree.The

denialofoneisnotnecessarilytheassertionoftheother.

（3）Complementaryantonymy.Themembersofapairinthistypeare

complementarytoeachother.Theydivideupthewholeofasemanticfield

completely.Notonlytheassertionofonemeansthedenialoftheother，but

thedenialofonealsomeanstheassertionoftheother.

（4）Converseantonymy.Thisisaspecialtypeofantonymyinthatthe

membersofapairdonotconstituteapositive-negativeopposition.They

showthereversalofarelationshipbetweentwoentities.Thistypeof

antonymyistypicallyseeninreciprocalsocialroles,kinshiprelations,

temporalandspatialrelations.Itisinthissensethattheyarealsoknownas

relationalopposites.Therearealwaystwoentitiesinvolved.Onepresupposes

theother.Thisisthemajordifferencebetweenthistypeandtheprevioustwo.

【答題思路】本題考查反義關系的含義及類型。首先解釋反義關系

的含義，然后分別闡述三種不同類型的反義關系，可以結合具體的例子

進行解釋。

SectionTwoEssayQuestions

1.PleasegiveadetailedaccountonSapir-Whorfhypothesis.（15%）

【答案】

（1）TheSapir-WhorfhypothesisisnamedaftertheAmerican

anthropologicallinguistEdwardSapirandhisstudentBenjaminWhorf.Itis

alsoknownasthetheoryoflinguisticrelativity,linguisticrelativism,

linguisticdeterminism,Whorfianhypothesis,andWhorfianism.TheSapir-

Whorfhypothesisisthelinguistictheorythatthesemanticstructureofa

languageshapesorlimitsthewaysinwhichaspeakerformsconceptionsof

theworld.Therehasbeenmuchdebateandcontroversyonthetheoryover

thepastdecades,consequently,twoversionsofthishypothesishavebeen

developed,astrongversionandsweakversion.

（2）Thestrongversionreferstotheclaimtheoriginalhypothesis

makes,emphasizingthedecisiveroleoflanguageastheshaperofour

thinkingpatterns.Theweakversionofthishypothesisisamodifiedtypeof

itsoriginaltheory,suggestingthatthereisacorrelationbetweenlanguage,

cultureandthought.Thecross-culturaldifferencesthusproducedinourways

ofthinkingarerelative,ratherthancategorical.

（3）Sapir-Whorfhypothesissuggeststhatourlanguagehelpsmould

ourwayofthinkingandconsequently,differentlanguagesmayprobably

expresstheiruniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Followinghis

argument,twoimportantpointscouldbecapturedinthistheory.Ontheone

hand,languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns.Ontheother,similarity

betweenlanguagesisrelative.Fortwodifferentspeechcommunities,the

greatertheirstructuraldifferentiationsare,themorediversetheir

conceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.

（4）Recentdevelopmentinlinguisticsnotonlybringsmorevitalityto

linguisticsciencebutalsocallsformoreeclecticisminitstheorizing.

Followingthislineofargument,itseemsstillprematuretocompletelyreject

theSapir-Whorfhypothesis.

【答題思路】本題考查薩丕爾-沃爾夫假說。首先解釋該假說的含

義，然后分別從該假說的兩個版本：強勢版本和弱勢版本兩個角度進行

闡釋。

2.Whatiscooperativeprinciple?Pleaseclarifywithproperexamples.

（15%）

【答案】

（1）Quiteoftenaspeakercanmeanmuchmorethanwhatissaidand

thehearercanunderstandthespeaker’smeaning.OxfordphilosopherH.P.

Gricebelievesthattheremustbesomemechanismsgoverningtheproduction

andcomprehensionoftheseutterances.Hearguesthatthereisasetof

assumptionsguidingtheconductofconversation.Thisiswhathecallsthe

CooperativePrinciple.Heformulatestheprincipleanditsmaximsasfollows:

“Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageat

whichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangein

whichyouareengaged.”

（2）Therearefourmaximsunderthisgeneralprinciple:themaximof

quantity,quality,relationandmanner.Buttheuseofterms“principle”and

“maxim”doesnotmeanthateverybodywillfollowtheCPanditsmaximsall

thetime.Peopledoviolatethemaximsandtelllies.Andtheviolationsof

suchmaximshavegivenrisetotheConversationalImplicature.The

followingprovidesdifferentcircumstancesoftheviolationofcooperative

principleanditsmaxims.①ViolationoftheMaximofQuantity:—Whenis

Susan’sbirthdayparty?—Sometimenextweek.—We’llallmissBilland

Jane,won’twe?—Well,we’llallmissBill.[Wedidn’tmissJane.];

②ViolationoftheMaximofQuality:（telllies;rhetoricdevice）e.g.Heis

madeofiron.（Metaphor）[Hehassomepropertiessimilartothoseof

iron.];③ViolationoftheMaximofRelation:—Howdoyoulikemy

painting?—I’mafraidIdon’thaveaneyeforbeauty.[Idon’tlikeitatall.]

—Whatdoyouthinkoftheparty?—Ithoughtthepartywehadwastoobig.

[Thepartywasdullorboring.];④ViolationoftheMaximofManner:—

Whereisyourmother?—She’seitherinherroomoratthemarket.[Idon’t

knowexactlywheresheis.].

【答題思路】本題考查合作原則。首先解釋合作原則的含義及內

容，然后引出會話含義，并結合具體的例子分析合作原則及會話含義。

3.WhatareMTandTMincomputationallinguistics?DoyouthinkMT

toolswilleventuallyreplacehumantranslators?Why?（20%）

【答案】

（1）Machinetranslationreferstotheuseofmachine（usually

computers）totranslatetextsfromonenaturallanguagetoanother.MTcan

bedividedintotwotypes:UnassistedMTandAssistedMT.UnassistedMT

takespiecesoftextandtranslatesthemintooutputforimmediateusewithno

humaninvolvement.AssistedMTusesahumantranslatortocleanupafter,

andsometimesbefore,translationinordertogetbetterqualityoutcomes.

Usuallytheprocessisimprovedbylimitingthevocabularythroughtheuseof

adictionaryandthetypesofsentencesgrammarallowed.

（2）Translationmemories（TMs）aredatabasesthatstoresource

sentencesandtheirtranslationsassegmentpairs.TheTM“remembers”each

segmentthatistranslated,andstoresthesource/targetsegmentpairsinthe

TMdatabaseastranslationunits（TUs）.Ifanidenticalorasimilar

segmentcomesuplater,itdoesnotneedtobetranslatedfromscratch.

Instead,thetranslationcanbeeasilyretrievedfromtheTMdatabase.

（3）Inmyopinion,MTtoolswon’teventuallyreplacehuman

translators.Itisundeniablethattherearestillfaultsinallpresentactual

translationsproduced.Onecanstillfindthoseerrorsthatnohuman

translatorswouldevercommit,suchaswrongpronouns,wrongprepositions,

garbledsyntax,incorrectchoiceofterms,pluralsinsteadofsingulars,etc.

Translationisnotanoperationthatpreservesmeaning.Soitisapparentthat

MTandhumantranslationcanandwillco-existinharmony.When

translationhastobeof“publishable”quality,bothhumantranslationandMT

havetheirroles.Forthetranslationoftextswherethequalityofoutputis

muchlessimportant,machinetranslationisoftenanidealsolution.Forthe

one-to-oneinterchangeofinformation,probablyalwaysneedahuman

translator.Asforspokenlanguagetranslation,theremustsurelyalwaysbea

marketforthehumantranslator.

【答題思路】本題考查計算機語言學中的機器翻譯和翻譯記憶的相

關知識。分別解釋兩個概念的含義，然后從機器翻譯存在的問題以及人

工翻譯二者的利弊來分析機器翻譯的發(fā)展前景。

PartTwo（Literature）

SectionA:ShortAnswerQuestions

1.WhatisSymbolism?（10%）

【答案】Whenusedasaliterarydevice,symbolismmeanstoimbue

objectswithacertainmeaningthatisdifferentfromtheiroriginalmeaningor

function.Otherliterarydevices,suchasmetaphor,allegory,andallusion,aid

inthedevelopmentofsymbolism.Authorsusesymbolismtotiecertain

thingsthatmayinitiallyseemunimportanttomoreuniversalthemes.The

symbolsthenrepresentthesegranderideasorqualities.Forinstance,an

authormayuseaparticularcolorthatonitsownisnothingmorethanacolor,

buthintsatadeepermeaning.Symbolismhasplayedalargeroleinthe

historyofliterature.Symbolshavebeenusedinculturesallaroundtheworld,

evidentinancientlegends,fables,andreligioustexts.

2.WhatisSonnet?（10%）

【答案】Asonnetisapoeticformthathasfourteenlines.Itoriginatedin

Italyinthethirteenthcentury,andthoughithasgenerallykeptsomeofthe

originalrules,suchasthenumberoflinesandhavingaspecificrhyme

schemeandmeter,theconventionsofsonnetshavechangedoverthe

centuriestosomedegree.Therearetwoprimarybranchesofthesonnetform

—theItalianorPetrarchansonnetandtheEnglishorShakespeareansonnet.

Thoughthedefinitionofsonnetstatesthatthepoemmusthavefourteenlines,

thereareafewvariationswiththisform.Allsonnets,whetherItalianor

English,generallyarewritteniniambicpentameter.

3.WhatisLocalColorism?（10%）

【答案】LocalcolorismisauniquevariationofAmericanliterary

realism.Generally,theworksbylocalcolorismareconcernedwiththelifeof

asmallregionorprovince.Thiskindoffictiondepictsthecharactersfroma

specificsettingorofanera,whicharemarkedbyitscustoms,dialects,

landscape,orotherpeculiaritiesthathaveescapedstandardizingcultural

influence.Tasksoflocalcolorismistowriteorpresentlocalcharactersof

theirregionsintruthfuldepictiondistinguishedfromothers,usuallyavery

smallpartoftheworld.Localcoloristsconcernedthemselveswithpresenting

andinterpretingthelocalcharacteroftheirregions.Theytendedtoidealize

andglorify,buttheyneverforgettokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocal

life.Theirtruthfuldepictionofth