地道英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作教程(上冊(cè))-unit-9-argumentative-writing(張文娟)

IntroductionBasicstructureChinesevs.EnglishessaysUnit9ArgumentativeWritingTypesofArgumentativeKeytoExercise制作單位：中國(guó)政法大學(xué)

IntroductionArgumentation:“makingclear”inLatinbacktothe14thcentury.“Argument”:seenbyGreco-Romansasawaytosettledisputesanddiscovertruth.Whatisanargumentation?

IntroductionArgumentativewritingreferstosuchtypeofwritingthataimsatmakingcertainideasclear,presentingevidenceandpersuadingreadertoacceptitortoTakeanaction.TotakingastandpointTorefutingtheoppositioninargumentToreasoning

IntroductionEditorialinnewspapersFilmreviewPolicyaddressGraduationthesisDissertationOthercommentariesArgumentationcanbe:

IntroductionBasicelementsofanargumentationBasicstructureTitleDrawattentionArousetheinterestPresentthepositionPart1IntroductionIdentificationofthecontroversyStatementofthethesisPart2BodyconfirmationrefutationPart3ConclusionrestatementofthethesisclosingstatementBasicstructureofanargumentativeessayTypesofargumentative

Fact-clarifyingessayPosition-takingessayCause-analyzingessaySolution-proposingessayFilmorbookreviewInEnglishtests,themostfrequentandfamiliartypesare:Typesofargumentative

Exercises:Chooseoneofthefollowingtopics(1-4)todiscusswithyourpartner.Clarifyyourpropositionandlistyoursupports.Thenreadthecorrespondingpassages(frompp.209-213)tocompareyourideaswiththeauthors.Typesofargumentative

Educationauthoritieshavelongtakenexaminationasaneffectivewaytoevaluatestudents’academicperformancewhilesomepeopleholdthatgradingactuallyhavebadeffectsonbothlearningandteaching,whatdoyouthink?Topic1:

examsandgradingTypesofargumentative

Topic2:onInternetThepastdecadehaswitnessedgreatachievementbroughtbyinternet,whereassomenegativeeffectsofinternethavealsoarisen.Soisinternetablessingoracurse?Typesofargumentativeessays

Schoolviolenceisamany-facetedproblemconfrontingAmericanschools.Intworecentacademicyears,atotalof85youngpeoplediedviolentlyintheU.S.schools.Researchersandpractitionersarelookingintothecausestosuchviolencesoastofindsolution.Topic3:school

violenceWhatdoyouthinkwouldbethecausesofschoolviolenceintheUS?Typesofargumentativeessays

Thisyeartherehavebeen101reportsofshipsbeingattackedbypirates,including40hijackings,34casesofshipsbeingfiredupon.Accordingtoexperts,violentpiratesare“totallyoutofcontrol”.Whatwouldbetheconstructivewaystosolvetheproblem?Topic4:fightingagainstpiracyTypesofargumentativeessays

filmorbookreviewAreviewessayisapieceofacademicwritingthatcriticalanalysesandevaluatesnewlypublishedbook,oranewlyproducedfilm.

personalopinionspecificquotesinterpretationorevaluationmassacceptanceorpubliccriticismItcontains:Typesofargumentativeessays

Exercise:Readthepassage“OnFilm‘TheOrphanofAnyang’”inthetextbook(214)andanswerthefollowingquestions:Whatdoesthewritersayaboutthedirector?Whatstoryistoldinthefilm?Whatmakesthefilmsuccessfulaccordingtothewriter?Howdoesthewritercommentonthetechniquesandcraftsmanshipofthefilm?TypesofargumentativeStep1:Talkwithyourpartneraboutagoodfilmyouhaveseenrecentlyandtellhim/herwhyyoulikeit.Step2:Recommendthefilmtoyourclasswithreasons.Step3:developyourreportintoanfilmreviewessay.Writingpractice:writeafilmreviewChinesevs.Englishessays

Casestudiesshowthatstudentsfromdifferentculturalbackgrounddemonstratedifferenttextualfeatures,stylisticpreferenceandrhetoricalstrategies.

ThemajorrhetoricalfeaturesofChineseandEnglishstudents’argumentativeessaysare:Indirectnessvs.directnessSubjectivityvs.objectivityParataxisvs.hypotaxisChinesevs.EnglishessaysIndirectnessvs.directnessAnimplicitthesisstatementWeakreasoningandabruptgeneralizationTheindirectnessinChinesestudents’argumentativewritingisreflectedintwoaspects:waysofthinkingChinesevs.EnglishessaysSubjectivityvs.objectivityRationalthinkingandobjectiveexpressionareadvocatedinEnglishargumentativeessays.OveruseofaffectiveappealingOveruseofmodelauxiliariesLackofevidentialsupportPrecedenceofactivevoiceInadequateuseormisuseofplace-holders

ThesubjectivityofChinesestudents’essayarereflectedin:Chinesevs.Englishessays3.Parataxisvs.hypotaxisInEnglish,tomakethewritingcoherent,overtconnectives(conjunction)like“however”,“while”,“therefore”areusedtodenotetransition,parallelismandcause-and-effect.Incontrast,coherenceinChinesewritingaregenerallyachievedwithinthelanguage.LoosestructurewithfewconnectivesPseudo-coherencewithtoomanyconnectivesThenegativetransferofChinesereflectedinChinesestudents’writingare:Chinesevs.EnglishwritingExercises:Readthefollowing5passageswrittenbysomeChinesestudents,identifyitsproblemsandtrytoimprovethem.Humanbeingknowstheworldthroughspeakingandwriting.Thus,weknow,communicationiscrucialinunderstandingourselvesandtheworld.Everyone,nomatterheisateacher,astudent,anengineeroraclerk,shouldbroadenhisviewbycommunication.Computerplaysasignificantroleineffectivecommunicationtoday.Therefore,tohaveagoodcommandofcomputerknowledgeisamust.Chinesevs.Englishwriting2.Allgraduatesinmygradewithaninternshipgetemployedthisyear.Theirsuccessshowsthathaveapart-timejoborinternshipwillguaranteeachanceinthejobmarket.

3.Takingplasticsurgerieswilldoharmtoyourbody.Ifyouwanttobecomemorebeautiful,youshouldhaveoperationsonyourfaceorbody.Itisobviousthatitisbadtoyourhealth.Yourhealthismuchmoreimportantthanappearance.What’smore,itisawasteofmoney.Havingplasticsurgerywillcostalot.Youcanusethismoneytodothingsmuchmoremeaningful.

Chinesevs.Englishwriting4.AstheThreeCharacterPrimerremarks,”fatheristoblameifthesonisuntaught.”Educationathomeismoreimportantthanthatatschool.

5.Lastnight,Ididn’tstayatmydormitoryasusualbecauseIgotanurgenttasktodoandIneedthehelpoftheInternet.Luckily,Ifinallyfinisheditperfectlybecauseofthehighspeedandfluencyofthenetwhichofferedmeanabundantinformationreserveandefficientcommunicationenvironment.AccordingtowhatIhavejustexperienced,I’dliketosaythattheinternetisablessingwhichisessential.Thisistheend.Thankyou!MatchingGames:matcheachtypewithanexamplearhetoricalquestion

animperativesentence

anassertivesentence

announphrase

apropositionalphrase

agerundialphrase

SayNotoPiratedProducts

OntheLegalizationofEuthanasia

LimitingtheUseofDisposablePlasticBags

CanMoneyBuyHappiness?

MyViewonFakeCommodities

TVKillsYou

BasicstructureAtitlecanbe:

basicstructureBeginning:howtostart?TostatethetopicdirectlyTodefineaconceptToposeaquestionToquoteafamoussayingTopresentdataTotellananecdoteoranincidentToprovidenecessarybackgroundinformationbasicstructureAsweallknow…(指出現(xiàn)象)Whenitcomesto…Itiswidelyaccepted(believed)that…Nowadays,greatattentionhasbeenpaidon…Thereisageneralcontroversy(debate)nowadaysovertheissueof…

Oneofthepressingproblemsconfrontingoursocietytodayis……Thisissuehascausedwidepublicconcern.Usefulexpressions:

BasicstructureThereisaheateddiscussionthesedaysoverorgandonation.Oneofthequestionsunderdebateiswhetheritistherightofthefamilyofthedeadtodecidethepracticeofdonation.Statingthetopicdirectlye.g.BasicstructureShouldmercykillingbepracticedonadesperatedyingman?Thisismoreanethicalissuethanamedicalone.Whenaskedabout…,thevastmajorityofpeopleholdthat…Butisitreallythecase?Posingaquestione.g.BasicstructureAccordingtoarecentsurvey,about78.9%ofthecollegestudentswantedtofurthertheirstudyaftertheirgraduation.

Arecentstatisticsshowsthat…Presentingdatae.g.

BasicstructureQuotingafamoussayingAsasayinggoes,“Moneyisaterriblemasterbutanexcellentservant.”Itgoeswithoutsayingthatmoneyisman’sgreatestsourceofjoyaswellashisgreatestsourceofanxiety.

e.g.

BasicstructureConfirmation(toconfirm)Toconfirmistopresenthis/herpropositionanddefendeachofthepremiseswithevidences.Refutation(torefute)Torefuteisto“provewrong”,thatis,torejecttheopposingviewswithevidences.

Body:Howtoargue?BasicstructureExercise:readthetwopassagesandtellwhichoneisconfirmationandwhichoneisrefutation.Passage1:

Manypeoplewanttoimposedeathpenaltyonsomeonewhohaskilled.Theywantbloodforblood,which,theythink,istheonlywaytoexercisejustice.Butthiskindofreactionseemstobeentirelybasedonrevenge.Thecruelcapitalpunishmentdoesnotaccordwithmoderncivilization.Anenlightenedsocietyshouldnottakealife,shouldnothavebloodonitshands,eventhoughthebloodisnotinnocentblood.

BasicstructureCapitalpunishmentcansometimesbedangerous,becauseitisirreversible.Nocriminaljusticesystemanywhereintheworldisfreeofthepossibilityofmakingmistakes.Peoplehavebeensentencedforcrimesthatothershavelaterconfessedto.Wecanreleasethewronglyimprisoned.Butwhatcanwedoforthewronglyexecuted?Aslighterrormayleadtolastingregret.Andtheirreversiblenatureofthispenaltydeniestheconvictofanychancetochange,ortoregainhishumanitythroughthehelpofsociety.Itisprobablymoremeaningfultoreformacriminalthantoexecutehim.Passage2:

basicstructureEnding:Howtoconclude?SummarizationSolutionorsuggestionprediction

basicstructureFromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaysafelydrawtheconclusionthatadvantagesofbicyclefaroutweighitsdisadvantagesanditwillstillplayessentialrolesinmodernsociety.

Summarizatione.g.

basicstructureTherearemanydifferentpositivestepsthatyoungpeoplecantakefortheirmentalhealth.Theimportantthingistofindwaysthatworkforthem.Firstly,beingactiveinexerciseordoingsomethingcreativeisagoodwayofconvertingnegativefeelingsintosomethingmorepositive.Secondly,findsomeoneyoucantalktoaboutyourworriesorconcerns.It’sfinetocryorletpeopleknowyouareangryordepressed.Bottlingupfeelingsonlycreatesmoreproblems.Lastly,findyourown“safeplace”andtaketimeforyourself.Listentomusic,readabook,seeafilm,havearelaxingbath,giveyourselftimeandplacetothinkaboutthings–whateverworksforyou.

Solutionorsuggestione.g.

basicstructureSurely,withthedrasticdevelopmentofcomputerscience,therewillbebetterinventionsinthefieldoftransport,whichinturnwillturnmanyofourdreamsintoareality.Predictione.g.

KeytoExercises

1. dfacbe2.(1)Tobeginwith (2)for (3)Besides (4)Moreover(5)Onthewhole (6)Since (7)Sofar (8)butKeytoExercises

1. dfacbe2.(1)Tobeginwith (2)for (3)Besides (4)Moreover(5)Onthewhole (6)Since (7)Sofar (8)butKeytoExercises

3.1)Thepropositionisthatmentalhealthproblemsarecommonamongyoungpeople.Toconsolidatehisproposition,thewriterappliesevidentialsupport,thatis,statistics(upto25%ofchildrenandyoungpeopleundertheageof16haveadiagnosablementalhealthproblem)andquotationfromauthorities(DepartmentofHealthestimatesthatbetween10%and20%ofchildrenwillhaveaproblemthatissevereenoughtorequirehelp).Obviously,itisandeductivedemonstration.KeytoExercises

2)Itisaninductivedemonstration.Thepropositionisattheendofthetext:nucleartechnologyshouldn’tbedeniedorrefused.Tosupporthisidea,thewriteusethestrategyanalogy:tocomparethedangerofnuclearpowerwiththatofaplane.Inthisway,thewriterproposehisargumentbyrefutingtheviewofhisopponent.KeytoExercises

4.referenceAsfarasI’mconcerned,it’sagoodideaforschoolstoaskstudentstoevaluatetheirteachers.Foronething,students’evaluationinformsteachersofhowstudentsreactbothtotheirteachingmethodsandtothemasindividuals.Teacherscannotonlyimprovethequalityofteachingandinstructionbyweighingthecriticismsbutalsogetencouragedbyfavorablecommentandpraisesfromthestudents.

(Tobecontinued)KeytoExercises

Foranother,it’shelpfulforschooladministratorstogetwellinformed.Withstudents’opinionsontheirteachersandtheirlectures,itiseasierforthepolicymakerstomakeanobjectiveevaluationontheoperationoftheschoolandtomakewisedecisionsinadministration.However,goodadministratorsknowthatstudentevaluationsneedtobereviewedwithakeeneyeforprejudiceandadolescentattitudes.

(Tobecontinued)KeytoExercises

What’smore,evaluatingteachersisbeneficialtostudentsthemselves.Makingstudents’voicesheardandvaluedisnotonlyawaytoimproveteachingandlearning,butalsoademonstrationofdemocracy.Itencouragesstudentstobeindependentthinkersanddec