1560-1648年歐洲宗教戰(zhàn)爭

Ms.SusanM.Pojer

HoraceGreeleyH.S.Chappaqua,NYThe

Warsof

Religion

(1560s-1648)CivilWarInFrance(1562-1598)TheValoisFamily:

TheBeginningoftheEndHenriIIwasthelastpowerfulValois

Threeweaksonsfollowed:FrancisIICharlesIXHenriIII

CatherinedeMedicicontrolledthesons:WasmothertotheboysPlayedbothsidesinthecivilwarDevelopedareputationforcrueltyCatherinedeMediciFrancisII&HisWife,MaryStuartTheFrenchCivilWarThereweretwosides:GuisefamilyledCatholicsinNorthBourbonfamilyledHuguenotsinSouthFightingfortheroyalinheritance

CatherinesupportedtheGuisesinthefirstphase.

St.Bartholomew’sDayMassacreAugust24,157220,000HuguenotswerekilledHenriofNavarre,aBourbon,survivedSt.Bartholomew’sDayMassacreTheFrenchCivilWarCatherinestartedsupportingtheBourbons.

HenriofNavarredefeatedCatholicLeague&becomesHenryIVofFrance.

EffectsofCivilWar:FrancewasleftdividedbyreligionRoyalpowerhadweakenedValoisfamilynowreplacedbyBourbonsCatholic

LeagueProtestant

UnionCIVIL

WARTriumphalEntryofHenryIVIntoParis–PeterPaulReubensEndedSpanishinterferenceinFranceConvertedtoCatholicism

:DidthistocompromiseandmakepeaceParisisworthamass.Thiswasanexampleofpolitique[theinterestofthestatecomesfirstbeforeanyreligiousconsiderations]FightingfortheroyalinheritancePassedEdictofNantesin1598:GrantedreligiousrightstoHuguenotsDidnotgrantreligiousfreedomforallHenryIVofFranceThe

ThirtyYearsWar

(1618-1648)1618-1648TheHolyRomanEmpirewasthebattleground.

AtthebeginningitwastheCatholicsvs.theProtestants.

AttheenditwasHabsburgpowerthatwasthreatened.

ResolvedbytheTreatyofWestphaliain1648.CharacteristicsoftheThirtyYearsWarFerdinandIIinheritedBohemia.TheBohemianshatedhim.FerdinandrefusedtotolerateProtestants.DefenestrationofPrague

May,1618

Bohemianamedanewking,FrederickII.

TheBohemianPhase:1618-1622FerdinandIIbecomesHolyRomanEmperor.FrederickIIborrowedanarmyfromBavaria.Fredericklosthislandsinthefighting.

TherebellioninBohemiainspiredothers.TheBohemianPhase:1618-1622BohemianPhaseFerdinandIItriedtoendallresistance.TriedtocrushProtestantnorthernHoly

RomanEmpire.FerdinandIIusedAlbrechtvonWallensteinforthearmy.WallensteindefeatedProtestantsinnorth.

EdictofRestitution(1629):RestoredtoCatholicsalllandslostsince1552.DeprivedallProtestants,exceptLutherans,

oftheirreligiousandpoliticalrights.

GermanprincesfearedFerdinandhefiredWallensteininefforttocalmthem.TheDanishPhase:1625-1629DanishPhaseAlbrecht

von

WallensteinFrance&Swedennowgetinvolved.BothwanttostopHabsburgpower.Swedenledthecharge.Franceprovidedsupport.

Gustavus

Adolphus

invadedtheHREmpire.FerdinandIIbroughtbackWallenstein.Swedishadvancewasstopped.

GermanprincesstillfearedFerdinandII.

Wallensteinassassinatedtoappeasethem.TheSwedishPhase:1630-1635SwedishPhaseGustavus

AdolphusFrance&Swedenswitchedroles.

AllcountriesinEuropenowparticipated.Thisphasewasmostdestructive!Germantownsdecimated.Agriculturecollapsedfamineresulted.8milliondead1/3ofthepopulation[from21millionin1618to13.5millionin1648]Causedmassiveinflation.TradewascrippledthroughoutEurope.TheFrenchPhase:1635-1648LossofGermanLivesin30Years’WarPoliticalProvisions:EachGer.princebecamefreefromanykindofcontrolbytheHREmperor.TheUnitedProvinces[DutchNeths.]becameofficiallyindependentso.partremainedaSp.possession.Fr.rcvd.mostoftheGer-speakingprovinceofAlsace.SwedengotlandsinNo.Ger.ontheBaltic&BlackSeacoasts.SwitzerlandbecametotallyindependentoftheHREmperorSwissConfederation.SwedenwonavoiceintheDietoftheHREmp.Brandenburggotimportantterrs.onNo.Sea&incentralGermany.ThePeaceofWestphalia(1648)ReligiousProvisions:CalvinistswouldhavethesameprivilegesastheLutheranshadinthePeaceofAugsburg.Therulerofeachstatecoulddetermineitsofficialreligion,BUT[exceptinthehereditarylandsoftheHabsburgs],hemustpermitfreedomofprivateworship.ThePeaceofWestphalia(1648)TreatyofWestphalia(1648)1688-1700ManyProtestantsfeltbetrayed.

Thepopedenouncedit.

Only