第五講　集釋5大錯因提高閱讀理解的正答率

第五講集釋5大錯因，提高閱讀理解的正答率得閱讀者得高分：指的是閱讀理解在英語試卷中的份量。近年來隨著高考命題理念的轉變，閱讀理解題越來越重視對考生思維品質的考查。一些反規(guī)律、反套路化的命題，往往讓一些考生落入慣性思維的陷阱。為提高閱讀理解的正答率，本講從命題人常采用的設誤手段、考生常犯的答題錯誤等方面給予揭示、指正。“知錯”方能“改錯”。明白了題目從何處來，才能知道解題往何處去。易錯點1混淆事實與觀點，答非所問混淆事實與觀點是閱讀理解常見的干擾項的特征。干擾項的內容和原文的表述是一致的，或者干擾項的表述是客觀事實，因此迷惑性很強，考生很容易錯選。

破解這類題的辦法是從題干出發(fā)，忠于原文，根據題干關鍵詞鎖定原文中的信息句，然后和選項進行認真比對。[例1]

(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·閱讀C篇節(jié)選)Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.Froma21st-centurypointofview,theprintedbookiscertainlyancient,butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader.Toserveitsfunction,abookmustbeactivatedbyauser：thecoveropened,thepagesparted,thecontentsreviewed,perhapsnoteswrittendownorwordsunderlined.Andincontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked,aprintedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate,“off-line”activity.31．Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningthee-reader?A．Theprintedbookisnottotallyoutofdate.B．Technologyhaschangedthewayweread.C．Ourlivesinthe21stcenturyarenetworked.D．Peoplenowrarelyhavethepatiencetoread.錯因：

本題易誤選C項。文章中提及incontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedlives，這是事實而不是作者的觀點。分析：根據本段尾句可知，在我們日益網絡化的生活中，我們所消費的信息被監(jiān)控和跟蹤，與之相反，印刷書仍然提供了一個完全私人的、“離線”活動的機會。該句強調了印刷書的價值。據此可知，作者提及電子書旨在說明印刷書并未完全過時。故選A。易錯點2

被干擾項中的“偷換概念、曲解文意”帶節(jié)奏偷換概念一般指在閱讀理解題的選項中，干擾項的表達與原文信息句吻合程度較高，僅有部分詞匯原文中沒有體現(xiàn)或者和原文不一致，這容易給考生造成一種錯覺，從而誤選。這種干擾項常常偷換了動作的發(fā)出者、動作的承受者、動作本身或積極、消極語義等。曲解文意也是干擾項設置中的常見方法，有些選項來自文章中的某一句或某幾句話，看似表達文章的意思，其實是對原句意思的曲解。針對此類選項，考生在解題時要根據題干中的關鍵詞回原文定位，認真分析原文相關語句，字斟句酌，準確理解原文表達的意思，避免誤選。[例2]

(2022·全國甲卷·閱讀D篇節(jié)選)AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewholemorningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewentourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.“I'llmisstheseoldboats，”hesaidasweparted.“Howdoyoumean？”Iasked.“Oh,they'rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey'renotsoelegant,andthey'renotfuntopilot.Butthat'sprogress,Iguess.”33．WhatcanwelearnaboutAndrewReynolds?A．Hegoestoworkbyboat.B．Helooksforwardtoanewlife.C．Hepilotscatamaranswell.D．Heisattachedtotheoldferries.錯因：本題易誤選C。文中雖然提到AndrewReynolds通過開“渡船”來謀生，但這并不能說明他開“雙體船”開得好。選項C屬于偷換概念。分析：根據節(jié)選部分第二段中的“I'llmisstheseoldboats”以及最后一段中的“Oh,they'rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey'renotsoelegant,andthey'renotfuntopilot.”可以推斷，AndrewReynolds很喜歡這些舊渡船。故選D。易錯點3

被干擾項中的“以偏概全、擴縮范圍”蒙慧眼以偏概全、擴大或縮小概括范圍的干擾項常出現(xiàn)在需要歸納概括的主旨大意類題目中。對該類題目可以通過以下方法避免干擾：(1)要站在文章主旨意圖的高度審視每個段落，分析每個段落是從哪一角度服務主旨意圖的；(2)用“逆向推理”法，反推文章的寫作方向，看與原文是否相符，不一致的則排除。[例3]

(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷·閱讀C篇)WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(棲息地)．In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(遷徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ．N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.31．Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．TheFederalDuckStampStoryB．TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC．TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowlD．TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting錯因：本題易錯選D。部分考生根據第一段中“WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica”“Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.”等信息而誤選。雖然原文第一段中提到了hunting，但它只是文章的一個小細節(jié)，不足以概括文章的主要大意。分析：本篇說明文一共分三段：第一段介紹水禽喪失賴以生存的濕地的歷史背景；第二段介紹了解決問題的措施：發(fā)行聯(lián)邦鴨票；第三段說明這一措施的影響?？v觀全文，本文是在介紹聯(lián)邦鴨票的故事。故選A。易錯點4忽視語境邏輯，過度推斷有時作者僅簡單、客觀地敘述事實，并未作出評論，而部分選項卻擴大作者的敘述范圍，進行過度推斷。[例4]

(2021·天津3月高考·閱讀D篇節(jié)選)Thingsareconnected.Letyourexpertiseinonefieldfuelyourpassionsinallrelatedareas.Someofyourinterestsmaynotappeartobeconnectedbut,onceyouexploretheirdepths,youdiscoverthattheyare.MyeditorToni,whoisalsoawriter,haseditedseveralhistorybooks.ShehasdecidedtostudyChinesehistory.FascinatedbythestructuralbeautyoftheForbiddenCityasapainter,sheisequallyinterestedtolearnmoreaboutChinesephilosophy.“Idon'tknowwhereitwilllead,butI'mexcitedI'monthispursuit.”54．WhatdoestheauthorintendtoshowwiththeexampleofToni?A．Passionalonedoesnotensureaperson'ssuccess.B．In-depthexplorationmakesdiscoveriespossible.C．Everyonehasachancetosucceedintheirpursuit.D．Seeminglyunrelatedinterestsareinawayconnected.錯因：本題易誤選C項。選項C說每個人都有成功的機會，而原文中只提到Toni正在追求自己的興趣，并未評價是否成功，更不能推斷出所有人都有希望成功，C項屬于過度推斷。分析：根據本段中“Someofyourinterests...thattheyare”可知，作者引用Toni的例子旨在說明看似沒有關系的興趣實際上存在聯(lián)系。故選D。易錯點5主觀臆斷取代作者觀點在推斷作者觀點態(tài)度的試題中，考生由于思維定式，或受到文中某些非關鍵信息的干擾很容易憑主觀臆斷做出錯誤的選擇。做該類題目時，如果文中沒有直接表明作者觀點態(tài)度的詞句，考生要根據作者在文中的措辭，尤其是表達情感色彩的詞，以及作者所舉的事例，讀懂弦外之音，來正確推斷其觀點態(tài)度。[例5]

(2023·全國乙卷·閱讀D篇節(jié)選)Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan't.Theclearestexampleofthisbetweenliterateandnon-literatehistoryisperhapsthefirstconflict,atBotanyBay,betweenCaptainCook'svoyageandtheAustralianAboriginals.FromtheEnglishside,wehavescie