SAT備考資料：201803北美及答案

2018年3月北美SAT真題1111PAGE10CONTINUEPAGE10CONTINUEReading:Question1Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThispassageisadaptedfromDinawMengestu,TheBeautifulThingsThatHeavenBears.?2007byDinawMengestu.Naomi,aneleven-year-oldonaschoolbreak,isvisitingthenarrator,afamilyfriendfromEthiopia,atthestorehemanages.TheyhavemadeaplantoreadthenovelTheBrothersKaramazovtogether.5

Ireadfortyorfiftypagesthatfirstday.Naomireadnone.AfterIreadthefirstpageIwaitedforhertopickupwhereIhadleftoff,butsheinsisted,inavoicethatborderedonpleading,thatIcontinue.“Onemore,”shesaidatfirst.Andwhenthatpagehadbeencompleted,sheaddedanother“onemore”tothat,untileventuallythereweresomany“pleases”and“prettypleases”and“comeon,pleases”thatIwasleftutterlydefenseless.Iuppayingattention,andofcourseshewas.Herattention,infact,neverseemedtoIfeltherstaringatmesometimeswhenIitallin,notjustthewords,butme,andthescenethatwehadcreatedtogether.Itriednottonoticetoomuch,tosimplyjustlive,butthatwasimpossible.EverytimeIlookedatherIbecameawareofjusthowseeminglyperfectthistimewas.IthoughtabouthowyearsfromnowIwouldrememberthiswithacrushing,heartbreakingnostalgia,becauseofcourseIkneweventhenthatIwouldeventuallyfindmyselfstandingherealone.Andjustasthatknowledgewouldthreatentodestroythescene,Naomiwoulddosomethingsmall,liketurnthepagetooearlyorshiftinherchair,andIwouldbehappyonceagain.Ihadmorecustomersthen,andItreatedeachinterruptionourreadingasanassaultonmyWhensomeoneIdidn’tknowenteredthestore,NaomiwouldmarkwhereIhadleftoffsothatIcouldkeepmyeyesonthepersonwanderingaroundtheaisles.Shewouldtakethebookoutofmyhand,putherfingerontheexactwordorsentenceIhadjustconcluded,andholditthereuntilIreturned.Ikeptoneman,whocametothecounterwithasinglerolloftoiletpaperunderhisarm,waitingformorethanaminutewhileIfinishedreadingapageIhadjuststarted.Atfirsthesmiledandwascharmedbywhathesaw.

ThecharmworeoffwhenIrefusedtoacknowledgehim.Herespondedbyslammingtherollonthecounter,inchesfrommy35face,andstormingout.NaomiandIreadon.IslippedintothecharactersasIread.Igrumbledandbellowed,slammedmyfistontothecounter,andthrewmyarmswideopen.Iknewthiswasexactlywhatmyfatherwouldhavedonehadhebeentheonereading.Hewouldhavemadethe40storyanevent,asgrandandrealaslife.Hemusthavetoldmehundreds,perhapseventhousands,ofstories,notjustatnight,butthroughoutthecourseofanygivenday,overbreakfast,duringlunch,inthemiddleofaconversationhemighthavebeencarryingonwithmymotherorfriends.Therewasnowrongtime45withhim,oriftherewas,hedidn’tlivelongenoughformetoseeit.heTheyallbeganthesamewiththesamelightheartedtone,withasmallwaveofthehand,asiftheworldwerebeing50brushedtotheside,whichIsupposeforhimitactuallywas.“Ah,thatremindsme.DidItellyouabout—ThefarmerwhowastoolazytoplowhisfieldsThehyenawholaughedhimselftodeathThelionwhotriedtostealthemonkey’sdinner55 Themonkeywhotriedtostealthelion’sdinner?”IIperformancewasthatgood,hisloveofastorythatobvious.WhenFyodorKaramazovspoke,Iwavedmyhandswildlyintheair.IgrumbledinadeepbaritoneandtriedashardasIcouldto60domyfatherproud.“Ah,youfools,”Ishoutedout,andNaomismiledindelight.Naomifoundeachofthecharactersasrealasanyoneshemetinthestreet.Ia65anticonthepartoftheelderKaramazov.WhenitcametoAlyosha,though,theyoungestandgentlestoftheKaramazovbrothers,shewaswillingtofallcompletelyinlove.11Overthecourseofthepassage,themainshiftinfocusisfromananecdoteaboutanamusingeventtoarecollectionofsimilareventsfromthenarrator’schildhood.anaccountoftheearlystagesofafriendshiptoaforeshadowingofthatfriendship’sultimatedemise.adescriptionofanemotionallysignificantactivitytoareflectiononthenarrator’searlyexperienceswiththatacharactersketchofanindividualtoaconsiderationofhowthatindividualhaschangedthelifeofthenarrator.22WhichchoicebestsupportstheconclusionthatreadingtoNaomiinterfereswithsomeofthenarrator’sresponsibilities?line5(“One...first”)lines20-22(“Andjust...again”)lines24-27(“When...aisles”)lines29-32(“Ikept...started”)

44WhichchoicebestreflectstheperspectiveofthenarratorregardinghisreadingtoNaomi?Heisunequivocallydelighted,becausereadingtoNaomihasprovidedhimwithamuch-neededcreativeoutlet.Heispleasantlysurprised,becausehedidnotexpectNaomitobesoenthusiasticaboutreading.Heisoccasionallyregretful,becauseheisnotasskilledareaderashisfatherwas.Heissomewhatambivalent,becauseheknowsthathisreadingtimewithNaomiwillinevitablyend.55Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines9-10(“Ilooked...shewas”)lines15-20(“Every...alone”)lines32-35(“Atfirst...readon”)lines58-60(“When...proud”)66Asusedinline28,“concluded”mostnearlymeansdecided.finished.inferred.dismissed.33Thenarrator’sdescriptionsofNaomisuggestthatsheisnotableforherempathytowardotherpeople.abilitytoconcentrateandobserve.talentfordramatizingfiction.optimismdespitemanyhardships.

77Itcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethatthenarrator’sfatherinfluencedhimbycreatinganenvironmentthatencouragedyoungpeopletovidingamodelforthedramaticrecountingofaexposingthenarratortoanumberofclassicnovelswrittenbyrenownedauthors.8 10810Thepassageindicatesthatthenarrator’sfatherviewedstorytellingassomethingthatcontinuedalong-standingvidedameansofbringinghistoricaleventstolife.helpedchildrentodistinguishgoodchoicesfrombadones.waspartofthefabricofthefamily’severydaylife.99Asusedinline44,“wrong”mostnearlymeansA.inappropriate.unjust.immoral.inaccurate.

Whichsituationismostsimilartotheonedescribedinlines57-58(“IfI...obvious”)?Aviewereagerlyanticipatesthenewepisodesofatelevisionserieseachweek.AnartistpaintsafavoritelandscapeatseveraldifferenthoursoftheAmoviegoerhappilyseesaparticularlymemorablefilmforasecondtime.Anactressrepeatedlyrecitesthelinesofherscripttoimproveherperformance.1111Reading:Question11Questions11-20arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.ThispassageisadaptedfromAdamDrunkPink:AndOtherUnexpectedForcesThatShapeHowThink,Feel,andBehave.?2013byAdam5

Perhapsthefirstexperimenteverconductedinthefieldofsocialpsychologysuggeststhathumansareoftenfasterandstrongerwhentheytesttheirspeedandstrengthinthecompanyofotherpeople,ratherthanalone.atinthe1890s,wasthebrainchildofNormanTriplett,acyclingenthusiastandasportsaficionado.Indozensofexperimentshepushedcycliststorideasfastastheycouldonstationarybikes.Acrosshisobservations,Triplettnoticedthatthecycliststendedtoridefasterwhenothercyclistsrodenearby.Onecyclistrodeamilein2minutes49secondswhenalone,butmanagedtoridethesamemilein2minutes37secondsinthecompanyoffourpacingcyclists;similarlyherodetenmilesin33minutes17secondswhileridingalone,butrodethesamedistancetwominutesfasterwhenridingwithseveralpacers.Triplettacknowledgedthathisobservationswerefarfromrigorous,soheconductedanexperimenttoshowthattheeffectpersistedinatightlycontrolledlabstudy.Triplettrecruitedfortychildren,ageseighttothirteen,tocompletehisstudyin1897.Hemeasuredhowquicklythestudentscouldwindafishingreelsothatasmallflagattachedtothelinetraveledadistanceofsixteenmeters.Thetaskwassimplebutnovel,andnoneofthechildrenhadplayedwithfishingrodsbeforetheexperiment.Theyperformedthetaskbothaloneandinthepresenceofotherchildren,andTriplettnoticedthattheywoundthereelsfasterinthepresenceofothers.Heconcludedthatanaudienceenablespeopleto“l(fā)iberatelatentenergy”notnormallyavailablewhentheyperformalone.Sciencedoesn’talwaystellsimplestories,andotherresearcherschallengedgroundbreakingresultswellintothetwentiethWhilesomeresearchersreplicated

effect—nowknownasthesocialfacilitationeffect—othersfoundtheoppositeeffect,knownassocialinhibition.35JosephPessinandRichardHusbandaskedparticipantsintheirstudytolearnasimplemazeeitherblindfoldedaloneorblindfoldedinthepresenceofotherpeople.Theblindfoldedparticipantstracedtheirfingersalongthemaze,andreversedeachtimetheyencounteredoneoftendeadends.Insteadof40performingbetterinfrontofanaudience,PessinandHusband’sparticipantscompletedthemazemorequicklywhentheywerealone.Inconsistencieslikethesepersistedforyears,untilsocialpsychologistBobZajoncproposedasolution:italldependson45thenatureofthetask.Audiencesaccentuateourinstinctiveresponsesandmakeitmoredifficulttooverridethoseresponsesinfavorofmorecarefullyconsideredalternatives.ThechildreninTriplett’sexperimentdevotedlittlethoughtandattentiontofranticallywindingtheexperimentalfishingreel.Incontrast,50learningamazeisdifficult,anditrequiresconcentration.PessinandHusband’smazelearnerswereprobablydistractedbytheknowledgethattheywerebeingwatched,andfearedmakingamistakeinfrontofanaudience.Zajoncavoidedexperimentingwithhumansatfirst,choosing55toobservethebehaviorofseventy-twocockroachesinstead.Withasmallteamofresearchers,hedevisedtwosmallathletictasksthatrequiredthecockroachestoscuttlefromabrightlylitareainasmallboxtoamoreappealingdarkercompartment.Someofthecockroachescompletedasimplertask,inwhich60theyranalongastraightrunwayfromtheglareoftheboxtothedarkenedgoalcompartment.Theremainingcockroachescompletedamoredifficulttask,traversingamorecomplexmazebeforetheycouldescapethelight.Someofthecockroachescompletedthesetasksalone,buttheresearchersalsobuilta111165smallaudienceboxtoforcesomeoftheathleticcockroachestocompeteinfrontofanaudienceofroachspectators.Justastheresearcherspredicted,thecockroachesweremuchquickertocoverthestraightrunwaywhenwatchedbyanaudience,reachingthedarkenedgoalcompartmentanaverageoftwenty-70threesecondsmorequicklywhentheywereperformingbeforeacrowd.Butthecockroachathletesrespondedverydifferentlytoanaudiencewhentheywerefacedwiththecomplexmaze,reachingthegoalseventy-sixsecondsmorequicklywhentheywerealone.Thesameaudiencethatpushedthecockroachesto75performthesimplertaskmorequicklyalsodelayedthemwhenthetaskwasmorecomplex.AdaptedfromHazelMarkus,“TheEffectofMerePresenceonSocialFacilitation:AnUnobtrusiveTest.”?1978byAcademicPress,Inc.Participantswereobservedperforminganeasytask(suchasputtingontheirshoes)andadifficulttask(suchasputtingonaback-tyinglabcoat).1111Themainpurposeofthepassageistoassertthatthemajorityofpeoplelearnmoreeffectivelyinagroupthantheydoalone.presentthecontradictoryresultsoftwostudiesaboutlearningthathaveeachbeenconsideredgroundbreaking.showhowvariousexperimentshelpedestablishandrefinetheunderstandingofanaudience’seffectonperformance.chroniclethehistoricaldevelopmentofcompetingtheoriesofsocialinteraction.

1212Whichchoicebestrepresentsthedifferentmeaningsof“simple”asusedinline23andline30?Easy;straightforwardMindless;sincereEffortless;humbleInnocent;uncomplicated1313Basedonthepassage,thedesignofTriplett’sfishing-reelexperimentmostlikelyruledoutwhichpotentialobjectiontohisfindings?Improvementsinthesubjects’performanceafterbeingaskedtoperformthetaskinfrontofanaudiencemayreflectthesubjects’increasingcompetenceatthetask.Differencesbetweenthesubjects’performancewithanaudienceandtheirperformancewithoutanaudiencemaybeinfluencedbythesubjects’priorexperiencewiththetask.inperformanceamongthesubjectsundereitheraudienceconditionmaybeattributedtovariationsinthesubjects’agesandphysicaldevelopment.Changesinthesubjects’performanceafterbeingputinfrontofanaudiencemayresultfromsomesubjectsobservingandimitatingtheperformanceofmorehighlyskilledsubjects.1414Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?A.lines15-18(“Triplett...study”)B.lines19-20(“Triplett...1897”)lines22-24(“Thetask...experiment”)lines24-27(“They...others”)15 181518Aspresentedinthepassage,Triplettwouldmostlikelyagreethathumanbeingsarecapableofultimatelymasteringalmostanytaskwithwhichtheyarepresented.exhibitageneraltendencytoavoidattemptingdifficulttaskswhentheyarealone.haveastrongdesiretocooperatewithothermembersofagroup.possessabilitiesthattheyarenotalwaysabletoexploit.1616Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines7-8(“Indozens...bikes”)lines27-29(“Heconcluded...alone”)lines30-32(“Science...century”)lines32-34(“While...inhibition”)1717Basedonthepassage,whichchoicebestdescribeswhathappenedwhenthecockroachesinZajonc’sexperimentattemptedtocompletethecomplexmazeinfrontofacockroachaudience?Thecockroachesbecamelesshesitantinmakingchoicesthantheyhadbeenwithoutanaudience.Thecockroachescompletedthemazemoreslowlythantheyhadwithoutanaudience.Thecockroachesinthemazeappearedtocommunicatedirectlywiththeaudience.Thecockroachessoughtoutthesimplertaskinsteadofthecomplexmaze.

Theauthorusestheterms“athleticcockroaches,”“roachspectators,”and“cockroachathletes”inthelastparagraphofthepassagemostlikelytocallattentiontothesimilarityofthetwoexperimentsdescribed.stresstheskepticismwithwhichtheauthorviewsthedesignoftheexperiment.createacasualtonethatoffsetstheseriousnessoftheworkbeingdone.reinforcetheideathattheobservedcockroachbehavioriscomparabletothatofhumans.1919Accordingtothegraph,howlongdidittakeparticipants,onaverage,toperformaneasytaskwhentheywerealone?Morethan10secondsbutlessthan15secondsMorethan15secondsbutlessthan20secondsMorethan20secondsbutlessthan25secondsMorethan25secondsbutlessthan30seconds2020InformationaboutwhichofthefollowingispresentedinthegraphbutNOTdiscussedinthepassage?ThetimeneededtocompletetasksDifficulttasksperformedaloneAninattentiveaudience1111Reading:Question21Questions21-31arebasedonthefollowingpassages.Passage1isadaptedfromChristineDell’Amore,“WhyDoZebrasHaveStripes?NewStudyOffersStrongEvidence.”?2014byNationalGeographicSociety.Passage2isadaptedfromLauraPoppick,“WhyDoZebrasHaveStripes?It’sNotforCamouflage.”?2015byPurch.5

Passage1Thequestionofwhyzebrashavestripeshaspuzzledscientists—includingDarwin—foroveracentury,leadingtofivemainhypotheses:thatthestripesrepelinsects,providecamouflage,confusepredators,reducebodytemperature,orhelptheanimalsinteractsocially.Forthefirsttime,scientistsplayedallofthesetheoriesagainsteachotherinastatisticalmodel—andtheresultwasprettymuch,well,blackandwhite.“Wefoundagainandagainandagain[that]theonlyfactorwhichishighlyassociatedwithstripingistobanbitingflies,”saidstudyleaderTimCaro,abiologistattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis.theanddatafromarangeofsources,includingmuseumcollectionsandhistoricalmaps.First,theteamlookedatvariationsinstripingpatternsacrossthesevenlivingspeciesoftheequidgroup—whichincludeshorses,asses,andzebras—andtheir20subspecies.Mosthavesomesortofstripingsomewhereontheirbodies.Theyalsonotedtheontheinstance,theface,orrump.Theteamthenmappedwherecurrentandextinctequidspecieslive,wherebitingfliesarefound,therangesofpredatorslikelionsandhyenas,distributionofforests,andotherenvironmentalfactorsthatcouldinfluencetheevolutionofstripes.Thedatawasthenenteredintoastatisticalmodeltofindoutwhichvariablebestexplainsstriping.Theresultsshowedthattherangeofstripedspeciesoverlapswithwherebitingfliesaremostactive—regardlessofspeciesandwherethestripesoccurontheaccordingtotheaof

Angeles,whostudiesstripesinplainszebras,saidthenewstudy’sapproachis“broadbrush,”andthatmorespecific35researchmaybeneeded.why“thestoryislikelytobecomplex,andthisisunlikelytobethelastwordonthesubject,”saidLarison.Passage2ResearchersbasedattheUniversityofCalifornia,Los40Angeles(UCLA)haveproducedoneofthemostcomprehensivezebrastripestudiesyetbyexamininghow29differentenvironmentalvariablesinfluencethestripestylesofplainszebrasat16differentsitesfromsouthtocentralAfrica.Thescientistsfoundthatthedefinitionofstripesalonga45zebra’sbackmostcloselycorrelatedwithtemperatureandprecipitationinazebra’senvironment,anddidnotcorrelatewiththeprevalenceoflionsortsetsefliesintheregion.Thesefindingssuggestthattorsostripesmaydomoretohelpzebrasregulatetheirbodytemperaturethantoavoidpredatorsand50tsetseflies.dohavetohavestripesforpredation?Otheranimalshavepredators,andtheydon’thavestripes,’”saidstudyco-authorBrendaLarison.“Andotheranimalsgetbittenbyflies,andthey55don’thavestripes,either.”O(jiān)theranimalsalsoneedtoregulatebodytemperature,orthermoregulate,Larisonpointedout,butzebrasmayespeciallybenefitfromanextracoolingsystembecausetheydigestfoodmuchlessefficientlythanothergrazersinAfrica.Assuch,60zebrasneedtospendlongerperiodsoftimeoutintheheatofthemiddaysun,eatingmorefood.Theteamfoundthattheplainszebraswiththemost-definedtorsostripesgenerallylivedintheNorthern,equatorialregionoftheirrange,whereasthosewithless-definedtorsostripeswere111165morecommonintheSouthern,coolerregionsoftherange—afindingthatsupportsthethermoregulationexplanation.Still,theresearchershavenotexperimentallytestedthetheorythatblackandwhitestripesmaygeneratesmall-scalebreezesoverazebra’sbody,andsomeresearchersdon’tthink70stripescanactuallycreatethiseffect.“Ithinkthatwouldwanttoalotofhairsalongthetopofyourbackifyouwantedtotrytokeepcool,”saidCaro,aprofessorofwildlifebiologyattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis,whostudieszebrastripesbutwasnotinvolved75inthenewstudy.“It’skindofthelastcolorthatyouwouldwant.”Carosaidregionswithwarmer,wetterclimatesareparticularlysusceptibletoseveralspeciesofdisease-carryingfliesotherthanthetsetsefliesthattheteamconsideredintheirstudy,andthattherelationshiptheresearchersfoundmay80actuallybeafunctionofflyavoidance,notthermoregulation.2121WhichchoicebestsupportstheideathatCaro’steam’sstudymayberelevanttoanimalsotherthanzebras?lines2-6(“Thequestion...socially”)lines10-13found...Davis”)lines14-16(“For...maps”)lines29-31(“Theresults...study”)

2323AccordingtoLarisoninPassage2,thereasonstripesareparticularlybeneficialtozebrasisprobablybecausezebrasenduregreaterexposuretothemiddaysunthanothergrazersdo.cannotescapepredatorsaseasilyasothergrazersinhotregionscan.liveinhot,dryclimatesthatlackanadequatefoodsupplyformostgrazers.defendthemselvesmorepoorlyagainstpredatorattacksthanothergrazersdo.2424InPassage2,thefourthparagraph(jumptolines56-61)mainlyservestonoteadistinctionbetweenzebrasandotheranimalswithstripes.suggestthataweaknessinzebraphysiologymightbemitigatedbystripes.implythatCaro’sresearchisbasedonafalsepremiseaboutzebras’grazingbehavior.describedifferencesbetweenzebrasinwarmclimatesandthoseincoolclimates.252522Indescribingthenewstudy’sapproachas“broadbrush”(jumptoline34),Larisonsuggeststhatthestudy22producedresultsthatarerelevanttoanarrayofscientificdisciplines.revealedthatfurtherresearchwillrequireaspecializedfocus.raisedtheoreticalquestionsthatprovedunanswerable.collectedfarmoredatathancouldbeanalyzed

Passage2impliesthatLarison’steam’sstudyfallsshortofbeingdefinitivebecauseLarisondisregardedfactsthatdidnotsupportherconclusions.usedresearchmethodsthathavenotprovedeffective.didnotbuildontheachievementsofpriorresearchonthesubject.hastoconfirmakeyassumptionmadeinthe26 292629Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines44-47(“Thescientists...region”)lines47-50(“These...flies”)lines62-66(“Theteam...explanation”)lines67-70(“Still...effect”)

Theprimarypurposeofbothpassagesistoconsiderstudiesthatdescribetheprocessbywhichstripesbecamewidespreadamongzebraspecies.disputeacommonmisconceptionregardingzebras’stripes.explorethelikelybenefitthatzebrasderivefromparezebras’stripestocolorationinotheranimalspecies.27 302730BasedonPassage2,Carowouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcolorationpatternscontainingblackstripes?Theyhaveanunknowngeneticbasis.Theymighthinderthermoregulationinanimals.Theyoccurinnatureveryrarely.Theyareaestheticallyunappealing.2828InPassage2,thephrase“particularlysusceptible”(jumptoline77)mainlyservestopointoutaflawinLarison’sconceptionofzebras’geographicrange.emphasizetheabundanceofpestswheresomezebraslive.highlightthechallengestheterrainpresentstozebrasinavoidingpredators.implythattheheatoftheirenvironmentaffectszebrasmorenegativelythanitdoesothergrazers.

BasedonthedescriptionofstudyinPassage1andthatofLarison’sstudyinPassage2,withwhichclaimregardingzebraswouldbothresearchersmostlikelyagree?Stripesinzebrasareusedprimarilyforadifferentpurposethantoprovidecamouflage.Theroleofstripesinzebrasremainsaselusivetodayasinthepast.Theevolutionofstripesinzebrasisindirectresponsetopredation.Thegeographiclocationsinwhichzebraslivedonotinfluencestripepatterns.3131Inthepassages,CaroandLarisondefendtheirconclusionsbyrelyingonseveralexperimentsthatsimulateconditionsinnature.fieldobservationsoverthecourseofseveralmonths.datacollectedfromvariousmuseumsandmaps.observedcorrelationsamongmultiplevariables.1111Reading:Question32Questions32-42arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThispassageisfromCharlesDickens,AmericanNotesforGeneralCirculation.Originallypublishedin1842.AfterspendingsixmonthstravelinginNorthAmerica,BritishnovelistCharlesDickenswroteanaccountofhistravelsandofthepeopleheencountered.5

ButImaybepardoned,ifonsuchathemeasthegeneralcharacteroftheAmericanpeople,andthegeneralcharacteroftheirsocialsystem,aspresentedtoastranger’seyes,Idesiretoexpressmyownopinionsinafewwords,beforeIbringthesevolumestoaclose.Theyare,bynature,frank,brave,cordial,hospitable,andaffectionate.Cultivationandrefinementseembuttoenhancetheirwarmthofheartandardententhusiasm;anditisthepossessionoftheselatterqualitiesinamostremarkabledegree,whichrendersaneducatedAmericanoneofthemostendearingandmostgenerousoffriends.Ineverwassowonupon,asbythisclass;neveryieldedupmyfullconfidenceandesteemsoreadilyandpleasurably,astothem;nevercanmakeagain,inhalfayear,somanyfriendsforwhomIseemtoentertaintheregardofhalfalife.Thesequalitiesarenatural,Iimplicitlybelieve,tothewholepeople.Thattheyare,however,sadlysappedandblightedintheirgrowthamongthemass;andthatthereareinfluencesatworkwhichendangerthemstillmore,andgivebutlittlepresentpromiseoftheirhealthyrestoration;isatruththatoughttobetold.Itisanessentialpartofeverynationalcharactertopique1itselfmightilyuponitsfaults,andtodeducetokensofitsvirtueoritswisdomfromtheirveryexaggeration.OnegreatblemishinthepopularmindofAmerica,andtheprolificparentofaninnumerablebroodofevils,isUniversalDistrust.YettheAmericancitizenplumes2himselfuponthisspirit,evenwhenheissufficientlydispassionatetoperceivetheruinitworks;andwilloftenadduceit,inspiteofhisownreason,asaninstanceofthegreatsagacityandacutenessofthepeople,andtheirsuperiorshrewdnessandindependence.saysthestranger,‘thisjealousyanddistrustinto

everytransactionofpubliclife.Byrepellingworthymenfromyourlegislativeassemblies,ithasbredupaclassofcandidates35forthesuffrage,who,intheirveryact,disgraceyourInstitutionsandyourpeople’schoice.Ithasrenderedsofickle,andsogiventochange,thatyourinconstancyhaspassedintoaproverb;fornosoonersetupanidolthanaresuretopullitdownanddashitintofragments:andthis,because40directlyyourewardabenefactor,orapublicservant,distrusthim,merelybecauseheisrewarded;andimmediatelyapplyyourselvestofindout,eitherthathavebeentoobountifulinyouracknowledgments,orheremissinhisdeserts.Anymanwhoattainsahighplaceamongyou,fromthe45Presidentdownwards,maydatehisdownfallfromthatmoment;foranyprintedliethatanynotoriousvillainpens,althoughitmilitatedirectlyagainstthecharacterandconductofalife,appealsatoncetoyourdistrust,andisbelieved.Youwillstrainatagnatinthewayoftrustfulnessandconfidence,however50fairlywonandwelldeserved;butyouwillswallowawholecaravanofcamels,iftheybeladenwithunworthydoubtsandmeansuspicions.Isthiswell,thinkyou,orlikelytoelevatethecharacterofthegovernorsorthegoverned,amongyou?’Theanswerisinvariablythesame:‘There’sfreedomof55opinionhere,Everymanthinksforhimself,andwearenottobeeasilyhowourtobesuspicious.’1Takepridein2Indulgeswithself-satisfaction111132 353235OnecentralideaofthepassageisthatAmericans’warinessoftheirelectedrepresentativeshasledtopoorjudgmentonthepartofcitizensandtoinferiorcandidatesforpublicoffice.distrustofboththeirfellowcitizensandforeignersmeansthatAmericanswillremaininsularandunrefined.perceptivenessandindependencehaveenabledAmericanstobeastutejudgesoftheirelectedofficials.suspiciousnessoftheirpoliticianshasunderminedthegovernmentandcontributedtowidespreadinstability.3333Overthecourseofthepassage,Dickens’smainfocusshiftsfromdefendingAmericansagainstthechargeofbeinguncultivatedtoconcedingthatAmericanswouldbenefitfrom