2023年考研外語模擬試卷7

考研外語模擬試卷7

一、UseofEnglish

1、Inhis1979book,TheSinkingArk,biologistNormanMyers

estimatedthat(1)ofmorethan100human-caused

extinctionsoccureachclay,andthatonemillionspecies

(2)bythecentury，send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof

(3)thatnumberofextinctions.Forexample,onlyseven

speciesonthe(4)specieslisthavebecomeextinct

(5)thelistwascreatedin1973.

Bio-(6)isanimportantvalue,accordingtomany

scientists.Nevertheless,thesupposedmassextinctionrates

bandiedaboutare(7)bymultiplying(8)by

improbablestogetimponderables.

Manyestimates,forinstance,relyagreatdealona

“species-area(9)〃，whichpredictsthattwiceasmany

specieswillbefoundon100squaremiles(10)onten

squaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed

(11),sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeas

importantas(12).

(13),saysArielLugo,directoroftheInternational

InstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico,“Biologistswho

predicthigh(14)rates(15)theresiliencyof

nature”.

Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.

AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternational

AgriculturalResearch,whatdestroystropicaltreesisnot

commerciallogging,(16)"poorfarmerswhohavenoother

(17)forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburning

a(18)offorest”.

Incountriesthatpracticemodern(19)agriculture,

forestsarein(20)_____danger.In1920,U.S.forestscovered

732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million.

A.anaverage

B.anumber

C.asum

D.anamount

2、(2)

A.disappeared

B.woulddisappear

C.willdisappear

D.wouldhavedisappeared

3、⑶

A.anywherenear

B.somewherenear

C.anytimewhen

D.somethinglike

4、⑷

A.extinct

B.endangered

C.rare

D.warned

5、⑸

A.before

B.although

C.as

D.since

6、(6)

A.selection

B.difference

C.diversity

D.variety

7、(7)

A.distorted

B.achieved

3

C.magnified

D.overstated

A.unknowns

B.unbalanceds

C.inappropriates

D.irrelevants

9、(9)

A.equation

B.calculation

C.coordination

D.classification

10、(10)

A.where

B.what

C.as

D.from

11、(11)

A.heavily

B.randomly

C.sparsely

D.thickly

4

12、(12)

A.whichtime

B.whichparts

C.howlong

D.howsevere

13、(13)

A.Inaddition

B.But

C.Instead

D.Asaresult

14、(14)

A.extinction

B.extinctive

C.extinct

D.extinguished

15、(15)

A.underplay

B.underrate

C.understate

D.undermine

16、(16)

A.rather

5

B.as

C.but

D.except

17、(17)

A.faculty

B.option

C.prospect

D.profession

18、(18)

A.plot

B.block

C.patch

D.piece

19、(19)

A.high-production

B.low-production

C.high-yield

D.low-yield

20、(20)

A.no

B.possible

C.imminent

6

D.constant

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Inmostpeople'smind,growthisassociatedwithprosperity.

WejudgehowwelltheeconomyisdoingbythesizeoftheGross

NationalProduct(GNP),ameasure,supposedly,ofgrowth.

Equallyaxiomatic,however,isthenotionthatincreased

pressureondeciiningnaturalresourcesmustinevitablylead

toadeclineinprosperity,especiallywhenaccompaniedbya

growthinpopulation.So,whichiscorrect?

Whatgrowthadvocatesmean,primarily,whentheysaygrowthis

necessaryforprosperityisthatgrowthisnecessaryforthe

smoothfunctioningoftheeconomicsystem.Inonefieldthe

argumentinfavorofgrowthisparticularlycompellingandthat

iswithregardtotheThirdWorld.Toargueagainstgrowthin

1ightofThirdWorldpovertyanddegradationseems

unsympathetic.Butisit?Coulditbethatgrowth,especially

thegrowthofthewealthiercountries,hascontributedtothe

impoverishment,nottheadvancement,ofThirdWorldcountries?

Ifnot,howdoweaccountforthedesperatestraitsthese

countriesfindthemselvesintodayafteracenturyof

dedicationtogrowth?

Toseehowthismightbethecasewemustlookattheimpact

ofgrowthonThirdWorldcountries—thereality,notthe

abstractstages-of-economic-growththeoryadvocatedthrough

rosecoloredglassesbyacademiciansofthedevelopedworld.

WhatgoodisgrowthtothepeopleoftheThirdWorldifitmeans

theconversionofpeasantfarmsintomechanized

agri-businessesproducingcommoditiesnotforlocal

consumptionbutforexport,ifitmeansthestrippingoftheir

landofitsmineralandothernaturaltreasurestothebenefit

offoreigninvestorsandahandfuloftheirlocalcollaborators,

ifitmeanstheassumptionofacrushingforeignindebtedness?

Admittedly,thisisanoversimplification.Butthepoint,I

believe,remainsvalid:thatgrowthinunderdeveloped

countriescannotsimplybejudgedintheabstract;itmustbe

judgedbasedonthetruenatureofgrowthinthesesocieties,

onwhobenefitsandwhoisharmed,onwheregrowthisleading

thesepeopleandwhereithasleftthem.Whenconsideredinthis

way,itjustmightbethatinthepresentcontextgrowthismore

detrimentaltothewell-beingofthewretchedoftheearththan

beneficial.

So,doweneedgrowthforprosperity?Onlytheadoptionofzero

growthcanprovidetheanswer.Butthatisatestnoteasily

undertaken.Moderneconomiesareincrediblycomplexphenomena,

atributetoman'sabilitytoorganizeandachallengetohis

abilitytounderstand.Anythingthataffectstheirfunctioning,

suchasapolicyofzerogrowth,shouldnotbeproposedwithout

awarycarefulnessandself-doubtinghumility.Butifthe

prospectofleapingintotheeconomicunknownisfear-inspiring,

equallysoistheprospectoflettingthatfearpreventusfrom

actingwhenthefailuretoactcouldmeanuntoldmiseryfor

futuregenerationsandperhapsenvironmentaldisasterwhich

threatenourveryexistence.

Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoestheauthoragreewith?

A.GrossNationalProductisasafemeasureforeconomic

growth.

B.Increasingnaturalresourceswillbringsocialwell-being.

C.Prosperitydeclinemostlyaccompaniedbypopulationgrowth.

D.Growthdoesnotnecessarilyresultinprosperity.

2、

Theauthorseemtobelievethatprosperity

A.won'tbeachievedwithouteconomicgrowth.

B.canonlybeachievedwitheconomicgrowth.

C.canbeachievedwithouttheparticipationofthewealthy

countries.

D.willbeachievedbysellingfarmproduceinlocalmarket.

3、

throughrose-coloredglasses(Lines2?3,Paragraph3)means

A.overoptimistically.

B.romantically.

C.purposelessly

D.shortsightedly.

4、

Theauthor'sattitudetowardstheimpactofgrowthonthe

currentsocio-economicsituationis

A.negative.

B.positive.

C.contradictory.

D.uncertain.

5、

Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraph,zerogrowth

A.willbeattainedthroughdramaticsocialchanges.

B.isthebestpolicyinthelongrun.

C.isworthtryingthoughperhapsnotsafe.

D.needsfurtherconsiderationtodetermineitsfeasibility.

6、Itisastartlingclaim,butonethatCongresswomanDeborah

Pryceusestogoodeffect:theequivalentoftwoclassroomsfull

ofchildrenarediagnosedwithcancereveryday.Mrs.Prycelost

herown9-year-olddaughtertocancerin1999.Pediatriccancer

remainsalittle-understoodissueinAmerica,wherethe

health-caredebateisconsumedwiththeills,pillsandmedical

billsoftheelderly.

CancerkillsmorechildrenthananyotherdiseaseinAmerica.

Althoughtherehavebeentremendousgainsincancersurvival

ratesinrecentdecades,theproportionofchildrenandteens

diagnosedwithdifferentformsofthediseaseincreasedby

almostathirdbetween1975and2022.

Grislythoughthesestatisticsare,theyarestilltinywhen

setbesidethenumberofadultliveslosttobreastcancer

(41,000eachyear)andlungcancer(164,000).Advocatesfor

moremoneyforchildcancerprefertolookatlife-yearslost.

Theaverageageforcancerdiagnosisinayoungchildissix,

whiletheaverageadultisdiagnosedintheirlate60s.Robert

Arceci,apediatriccancerexpertatJohnsHopkins,pointsout

thatintermsoftotallife-yearssaved,thebenefitfromcuring

pediatriccancervictimsisroughlythesameascuringadults

withbreastcancer.

Thereisanobviouselementofspecialpleadinginsuch

calculations.Allthesame,breastcancerhasattracteda

flurryofpublicity,privatefund-raisingandmoneyfrom

government.Childhoodcancerhasreceivedlessattentionand

cash.Pediatriccancer,atermwhichcoverspeopleupto20

yearsold,receivesone-twentiethofthefederalresearchmoney

doledoutbytheNationalCancerInstitute.Funding,moan

pediatricresearchers,hasnotkeptpacewithrisingcostsm

thefield,andNCImoneyforcollaborativeresearchwill

actuallybecutby3%thisyear.

Thereisnonationalpediatriccancerregistrythatwouldlet

researcherstrackchildandteenagepatientsthroughtheir

livesastheycandointhecaseofadultsufferers.Apilot

childhood-cancerregistryisintheworks.GroupslikeMr.

Reaman，snowgetcashdirectlyfromCongress.Butitisplainly

aproblemmostpoliticiansdon'tknowmuchabout.

Thebiggestproblemcouldliewith15-19-year-olds.Those

diagnosedwithcancerhavenotseenthesameimprovementin

theirchancesasyoungerchildrenandolderadultshavedone.

Therearesomephysicalexplanationsforthis:teenagerswho

havepassedadolescencearemorevulnerabletodifferentsorts

ofcancer.ButArchieBleyer,apediatriconcologistattheM.D.

AndersonCancerCentreinTexas,hasproducedsomedata

implyingthatlackofhealthinsuranceplaysarole.Older

teenagersandyoungadultsarelesslikelytobecoveredand

checkedregularly.

TheauthorcitestheexampleofMrs.Prycetoshowthat

A.childcancerisnolongerararecase.

B.nowadaysAmericanscarelittleaboutchildcancer.

C.thecurrenthealth-caredebateisrathertime-consuming.

D.schoolkidsaxemorelikelytobediagnosedwithcancer.

7、

AccordingtoRobertArceci,childcancerresearchisalso

worthfundingbecause

A.thestatisticsofchildcancerisratherscary.

B.asavedchildmayenjoyalongerlifespan.

C.adultswithcancerdonotdeservethatmuchfunding.

D.fundingonchildcanceriseconomicalandeffective.

8、

Those15-19-year-oldsdiagnosedwithcancer

A.werebornwithdefectsinimmunesystems.

B.aremorelikelytorecoverfromacancer.

C.cannotgetenoughmedicalcare.

D.sufferalotduringadolescence.

9、

Theauthorwritesthispassageto

A.inspiregreaterconcernforthewellbeingofchildren.

B.warnpeopleoftheharmscausedbycancer.

C.interpretthepossiblecauseofchildcancer.

D.changethepublic，sindifferencetokidswithcancer.

10、

Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthecurrentstateofchildhood

cancer

A.concerned.

B.desperate.

C.carefree.

D.indignant.

11、TheuniquenessoftheJapanesecharacteristheresult

oftwoseeminglycontradictoryforces:thestrengthof

traditions,andtheselectivereceptivitytoforeign

achievementsandinventions.Asearlyas1860stherewere

countermovementtotraditionalorientation.Oneofthefamous

spokesmenofJapan's"Enlightenment"claimed"theConfucian

civilizationoftheEastseemstometolacktwothings

possessedbyWesterncivilization:scienceinthematerial

sphereandasenseofindependenceinthespiritualsphere”.

AnotherbreakofrelativeliberalismfollowedWorldWarI,

whenthedemocraticidealismofPresidentWoodrowWilsonhad

animportantimpactonJapaneseintellectualsand,especially,

students;butmoreimportantwastheLeninistideologyofthe

1917BolshevikRevolution.Again,intheearly1930s,

nationalismandmilitarismbecamedominant.

FollowingtheendofWorldWarII,substantialchangeswere

undertakeninJapantoliberatetheindividualfrom

authoritarianrestraints.Thenewdemocraticvaluesystemwas

acceptedbymanyteachers,students,intellectuals,andold

liberals,butitwasnotimmediatelyembracedbythesociety

asawhole.Japanesetraditionsweredominatedbygroupvalues,

andnotionsofpersonalfreedomandindividualrightswere

unfamiliar.

Today,democraticprocessesareclearlyevidentinthe

widespreadparticipationoftheJapanesepeopleinsocialand

politicallife.Schooltextbooksemphasizeequalityover

hierarchyandrationalismovertradition;hutinpracticethese

valuesareoftenmisinterpretedanddistorted,particularlyby

theyouthwhotranslatetheindividualisticandhumanistic

goalsofdemocracyintoegoisticandmaterialisticones.

MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianism,

butleftoversoftheoldorderremain.Animportantfeatureof

relationshipinmanyinstitutions,includingpoliticalparties

anduniversitiesisthe"oyabun-kobun“orparent-child

relation.Thecorrespondingloyaltyoftheindividualtohis

patronreinforceshisallegiancetothegrouptowhichtheyboth

belong.Awillingnesstocooperatewithothermembersofthe

groupandtosupportwithoutqualificationtheinterestsofthe

groupinallitsexternalrelationsisstillawidelyrespected

virtue.The“oyabun-kobun"createsladdersofmobilitywhich

anindividualcanascend,risingasfarasabilitiespermit,

solongashemaintainssuccessfulpersonaltieswithasuperior

intheverticalchannel,thelatterrequirementusuallytaking

precedenceoveraneedforexceptionalcompetence.Asa

consequence,thereislittlehorizontalrelationshipbetween

peopleevenwiththesameprofession.

ThespokesmanofJapan's"Enlightenment"thinksthat

A.thetraditionalcultureshouldbereplacedbywestern

civilization.

B.JapaneseoughttoforsaketheConfuciancivilizationofthe

East.

C.theConfuciancivilizationinJapanshouldberevived.

D.Japanshouldintroducewesterncivilization.

12、

WhichofthefollowingstatementoftheJapan'scultureistrue

accordingtothepassage?

A.Substantialchangesoccurredindemocraticprocessatthe

endofWorldWarII.

B.Thedemocraticideawasacceptedimmediatelybythewhole

societyaftertheWorldWarII.

C.NowadaystheConfucianismoutweighsthenewvaluesystem

inJapan.

D.TodaytheConfucianismisafunctioningpartofthe

Japanesesociety.

13、

TodayinJapan,democraticvalues

A.arefrequentlymisunderstoodandexaggeratedbytheyoung.

B.havebeensystematicallyexcludedfromtextbooks.

C.areconsciouslyrejectedbyadultswhocherishtraditions.

D.havemadeitpossibleforthetraditiontolastlong.

14、

Whichofthefollowingismostliketherelationshipofthe

“oyahun-kobun"describedinthepassage?

A.Apoliticalcandidateandthevotingpublic.

B.Agiftedscientistandhislearners.

C.Ajudgeandacriminaldefendant.

D.Anorchestraconductoranditsmembers.

15、

Theauthorimplies

A.decisionsaboutpromotionarepartlybasedonpersonal

feelings.

B.Westernvalueshavecompletelyoverwhelmedtraditional

Japaneseattitude.

C.respectforauthoritywasintroducedafterWorldWarII.

D.mostJapaneseworkersaremembersofasingleparty.

16、Virtuallyeverythingastronomersknowaboutobjects

outsidethesolarsystemisbasedonthedetectionof

photons-quantaofelectromagneticradiation.Yetthereis

anotherform,ofradiationthatpermeatestheuniverse:

neutrinos.With(asitsnameimplies)noelectriccharge,and

negligiblemass,theneutrinointeractswithotherparticles

sorarelythataneutrinocancrosstheentireuniverse,even

traversingsubstantialaggregationsofmatter,withoutbeing

absorbedorevendeflected.Neutrinoscanthusescapefrom

regionsofspacewherelightandotherkindsofelectromagnetic

radiationareblockedbymatter.Notasingle,validated

observationofanextraterrestrialneutrinohassofarbeen

produceddespitetheconstructionofastringofelaborate

observatories,mountedontheearthfromSouthernIndiatoUtah

toSouthAfrica.However,thedetectionofextraterrestrial

neutrinosareofgreatsignificanceinthestudyofastronomy.

Neutrinoscarrywiththeirinformationaboutthesiteand

circumstancesoftheirproduction;therefore,thedetectionof

cosmicneutrinoscouldprovidenewinformationaboutawide

varietyofcosmicphenomenaandaboutthehistoryofthe

universe.

Howcanscientistsdetectaparticlethatinteractsso

infrequentlywithothermatter?Twenty-fiveyearspassed

betweenPauli'shypothesisthattheneutrinoexistedandits

actualdetection;sincethenvirtuallyallresearchwith

neutrinoshasbeenwithneutrinoscreatedartificiallyinlarge

particleacceleratorsandstudiedunderneutrinomicroscopes.

Butaneutrinotelescope,capableofdetectingcosmicneutrinos,

isdifficulttoconstruct.Noapparatuscandetectneutrinos

unlessitisextremelymassive,becausegreatmassis

synonymouswithhugenumbersofnucleons(neutronsandprotons),

andthemoremassivethedetector,thegreatertheprobability

ofoneofitsnucleon'sreactingwithaneutrino.Inaddition,

theapparatusmustbesufficientlyshieldedfromthe

interferingeffectsofotherparticles.

Fortunately,agroupofastrophysicistshasproposedameans

ofdetectingcosmicneutrinosbyharnessingthemassofthe

ocean.NamedDUMAND,forDeepUnderwaterMuonandNeutrino

Detector,theprojectcallsforplacinganarrayoflight

sensorsatadepthoffivekilometersundertheoceansurface.

Thedetectingmediumistheseawateritself:whenaneutrino

interactswithaparticleinanatomofseawater,theresult

isacascadeofelectricallychargedparticlesandaflashof

1ightthatcanbedetectedbythesensors.Thefivekilometers

ofseawaterabovethesensorswillshieldthemfromthe

interferingeffectsofotherhigh-energyparticlesraining

downthroughtheatmosphere.

ThestrongestmotivationfortheDUMANDprojectisthatitwill

exploitanimportantsourceofinformationabouttheuniverse.

Theextensionofastronomyfromvisiblelighttoradiowaves

tox-raysandgammaraysneverfailedtoleadtothediscovery

ofunusualobjectssuchasradiogalaxies,quasars,andpulsars.

Eachofthesediscoveriescameasasurprise.Neutrino

astronomywilldoubtlesslybringitsownshareofsurprises.

escapefrom(Para.1)canbesubstitutedfor

A.getthrough,

B.passby.

C.interactwith.

D.derivefrom.

17、

Whatkindofneutrinoswouldbemostusefultoastronomers?

A.Oneswhichhavenoelectriccharge,orlittlemass.

B.Oneswhicharecreatedartificiallyinthelaboratory.

C.Oneswhichcanfreethemselvesfromthecontrolofmatter.

D.Oneswhichcomethroughalongdistanceoftimeandspace.

18、

Fromthethirdparagraph,besidesshelter,theseawateris

usedas

A.detector.

B.sensor.

C.agent.

D.solvent.

19、

Whichofthefollowingisthemostdesirablesitewherecosmic

neutrinoscanbeeasilydetected?

A.Labswithmassivedetector,

B.Enclosedvolcaniccaves.

C.Vacuumcabins.

D.Shallowsaltlake.

20、

Whyisitdifficulttodetectneutrinos?

A.Neutrinoscancrosstheentireuniverse.

B.Neutrinoscanescapefromdifferentregionsofspace.

C.Neutrinosseldominteractwithotherparticles.

D.Neutrinosaretoorareinthespace.

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthetipsonpreparinganew

garden,followedbyalistofexamples.Choosethebestexample

fromthelistforeachnumberedsubheading.Thereisoneextra

example,whichyoudonotneedtouse.

Whetheryourecentlymovedintoanewhomeoryou'vejustgot

thegardeningitch,planninganewgardencanbeagreatdeal

offun.Theopportunitytoactascreatorcanbeveryappealing.

Butanyonewhohasgardenedforlonghaslearnedthenecessity

ofaccommodatingnatureandhasdevelopedasenseofhumility

intheprocess.

(41)Weathermatters

Thefirstthingtodetermineiswhatwillgrowinthespot

availableforyourgarden.Thisiswheremanygardenersmake

theirfirstmistake.Toooftenplantsarepurchasedbefore

thoughthasbeengiventotheconditionsunderwhichtheywill

havetogrow.Oneofchieffactorsdeterminingwhatwillgrow

inaparticularspotistheweatherconditionstheplantswill

besubjectedto.

(42)Layoftheland

Next,youwillneedtodeterminewhattypeofsoilyou'11be

workingwith.Thethreemainconstituentsofsoilaresand,silt

andclay,Siltparticlesareofintermediatesize.Anideal

gardensoil,orloam,wouldbeabout40%sand,40%siltand20%

clay.

(43)Amendyoursoil

Thebestwaytoamendapoorsoil,whethersandy,clayorsilty,

istoaddorganicmatter.Addacombinationoftopsoilandpeat

mossorcompostwilldoagreathelp.

(44)Keepawatchonmoisture

Soi1moistureisobviouslytiedtotheclimateoftheareawhere

youlive,buteveninasmallyardtherecanbewidevariations.

Ifyourgardenisatthebottomofahill,thesoilmayremain

wetforlongperiodsoftime.Inthissituation,youcantry

creatingaraisedbed,butitisbesttosticktoplantsthat

enjoyhavingtheirfeetwet.

(45)Don'tfightmothernature

Whilesomemeasurescanbetakentomakeyourgardena

hospitableplaceforparticularplants,yourexperiencewill

bemuchmorerewardingifyoulearntoworkwithnature.You

willsaveyourselfalotoftime,moneyandgrief.

Thehardestthingtoconvincenewgardenersofistheneedfor

patience.Withthefirstwarmdayofspringtheyareeagerto

beginplantingandnothingcanstopthem.Manyofthesebursts

ofenthusiasmyieldill-conceivedgardensdoomedtofailure.

Theplantswitherandthewould-begardenersbecomeconvinced

thattheylacksomesecretknowledgeorinherentskill.Inmost

ofthesecases,however,afewhoursofplanningandpreparation

wouldhavemadeallthedifference.Itisquiteeasytodigup

aplotandthrowsomeplantsintheground.Itisanotherthing

entirelytocreateahealthy,livinggarden.

A.Azaleasinbloommightlookgreatwhenthesun'sout,but

iftheywereplantedbeneathsomeprotectionfromtheglare,

theymightnotbeconstantlyinfestedwithbugs.Ofcourse,you

canspraythemregularlywithinsecticide,butnowyourgarden

isbecomingaboutasenvironmentallyfriendlyasanoil

refinery.

B.Acolleagueofminehadjustboughtanewhouse,andwas

brimmingwithexcitementabouthisnewgarden.Heplanteda

splendidgarden,filledwithplantsunsuitableforour

comparativelycoldclimate,andinafewmonths,mostofhis

plantshadeitherwitheredorbecomediseased.Hethoughthe

lackedsomesecretknowledge,butIknewwhy!

C.Myneighborcomplainedthattheearthinhisgardenwaspoor

anddidn'tdraineasily.IadvisedhimtodoasIhaddone,and

godowntothebeachforhissolution.

D.Thewatertableisveryhighinmyarea.AtfirstItried

tofightthisinmygarden,buteventuallyIrealizedthatI

couldusethistomyadvantage一nowIhaveabeautifulpondful1

oflilies.

E.Unfortunately,myowngardendoesnothavethebes

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26^PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsin