建筑安全設(shè)計(jì)中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)TerroristAttackPreventionthroughEnvironmentalDesign:FourLevelsoftheAdaptiveSecurityDesignfortheOverseasDiplomaticPremisesAbstract:Fromtheendofthe20thcentury,terrorismhasbecomethemostgeneralthreatwhichalmosteverycountry’soverseasdiplomaticpremiseshaveencountered.TheattacksaimedatChineseembassiesandconsulateshavebeenmorefrequentlyinthepastfewyears.Mostofthemarefeaturedbynegativesocialinfluence,lowforseeability,lowcostandhighelusiveness,etc.Theessentialtasksofthediplomaticarchitecture,includingsafeguardingassetsandshapingpositivenationalimages,constituteaseriesofcontradictionsinthedesignprocess;andthebuildingformsneedtobesimultaneouslylookingfriendlyandsafeenough.Basedontheconclusionofformsandcharactersoftheterroristattacks,thispaperattemptstoapproachtheadaptivesecuritysolutionsfortheoverseasdiplomaticpremisesinfourlevels:thepsychologylevel,thevisionlevel,thebehaviorlevel,andthepostattacklevel.KeyWords:EnvironmentalDesign,OverseasDiplomaticPremises,Security,Adaptive,TerroristAttack1 FromSimpletoComprehensive:TheTransitionoftheSecurityDesignInpast10years,thetraditionalsecuritythreatderivedfromthecoldwargraduallygiveswaytohigh-frequencyterroristattacks.Comparedwiththeprofessionalsafeguardmethodsinthecoldwar,suchasinfiltrationandintelligencework,thefeaturesoftheterroristattack,suchashighelusiveness,changefulltargets,low-costtraining,lowforseeability,blurredclues,bigciviliancasualtiesandnegativesocialinfluence,maketherelevantsecuritydesignbemuchmoredifficult.(Table1)Therangeofthesecuritydesignthushasbeenextendedfromtheprincipalareatothewholesiteandeventheneighborhoods.Thedefinitionofthesecuritydesignindiplomaticpremisesprojectshasbeenchangedfromtheadditionaltasktoamoreintegratedpartofthewholedesignprocess.(Figure1)Figure1:ThePrincipalRangesoftheSecurityDesignunderTraditionalThreatsandTerroristAttacks(Source：Author)Table1:TheComparisonbetweenTraditionalThreatsandTerroristAttacks(Source：Author)TraditionalThreatsTerroristAttacksYearsfromWWⅡtotheendofthe20thcenturyfromtheendofthe20thcenturytonowTheOriginofthethreatthecoldwaranddifferentpoliticalcampsextremeorganizationsThePurplesofthethreatintelligencestealingextremelyreligious,political,ideologicalpurplesTheTargetsoftheAttackimportantsections,coreproperties,importantallproperties,staffs,neighborhoodsstaffsandvisitorsTheMeansoftheAttacksurveillance,wiretap,infiltrate,shooting,etc.carbomb,suicidebomb,homemadeweapons,throwingstones,shooting,trespassing,etc.ThePrincipalAreasoftheaccesscontrolsystemoftheboundaryandthetheentiresiteincludingadjacentstreetsandprincipalareasneighborhoodsSecurityDesignTheInfluenceonthelimitedinfluenceonthearchitectureformprofoundinfluenceonthearchitectureformArchitectureFormNote:Theviolencecausedbydemonstrations,whichisnotlistedinthetable,isatraditionalthreatforoverseasdiplomaticpremises;anditismuchmoreforeseeablecomparedwiththeotherattacks.WiththeprotectionofViennaConventiononDiplomaticRelations,ViennaConventionsonConsularRelations,andtheprecautionarymeasuresfromthelocalgovernment,thepotentialthreatofthedemonstrationactivitiescanbeundercontrol.2SecurityandImage:TheComplexityandContradictionsoftheOverseasDiplomaticPremisesThespecialidentitydefinestheevidentdifferencebetweentheoverseasdiplomaticpremisesandtheotherbuildingtypes.Thesecuritydesignofthoseoverseaspropertiesthusisfeaturedbycomplexityandcontradiction,whicharemorestrengthenedunderthebackgroundofthegrowthofworld-widespreadterrorism.Overseasdiplomaticfacilitiesaresupposedtohavefriendlyimagesandhighersecuritystandard.Thosetwotasksaskthearchitecttocombinetwoseriesofincompatiblearchitecturallanguages.(Figure2)Figure2:TheDifferentImagesDerivedfromImageOrientedandSecurityOrientedApproaches(Source:Author)Ontheonehand,overseasdiplomaticpremisesarethemostefficientequipmentofpromotingacountry’snationalimage.ComparedwiththenormalmassMedias,architectureisanintuitive,facetoface,tangibleinterfacetodeliverthelocalpeopleanopen,friendly,andgentleimageofthecountry,whichisquiteimportantforthediplomaticwork.Duringthepastseveraldecades,manyarchitectshaveattemptedtodeliverthepositivenationalimagebydifferentarchitecturallanguages.Forexample,insomecases,modernismmeansopenness;formalismmeanscommemorative;andpost-modernismmeansthehistoricalandculturalfriendlydesign.Ontheotherhand,locatedinthehostcountry,thesiteofthediplomaticarchitecturehasspecialpoliticalmeanings.TheViennaConventiononDiplomaticRelationsdeclarestoprotectallpropertiesoftheguestcountry(buildings,facilities,andstaffs,etc)frombeingvisitedwithoutauthorization.Theboundaryofthesitethusbecomesaspecialicon.Undertheshadowoftheterrorism,securitydesignisplayingasignificantroleinnewprojects;andinsomecontroversialprojects,theimportanceofthefriendlyimagecompletelygiveswaytothestrictsecuritymeasures.Givinguptheeffortofdeliveringpositiveimages,andtransformingthesitetobeamoderncastleareknownasold-fashionsolutions;anditwillfinallylostthemeaningofdiplomaticinthemostfundamentallevel.Today,allthepropertiesneedtobedignified,elegant,decent,andsafe.Inthenewera,animportantquestionfortheoverseasdiplomaticpremisesishowtoaneffectivetechnologytoapproachthebalancebetweengoodimageandstrictsecuritystandard.3 TheAdaptiveStrategies:FourLevelsoftheSecurityDesignBasedonthecharactersofterroristattacksandthecomplexityandcontradictionoftheoverseasdiplomaticpremises,thispaperdevelopsaseriesofadaptivedesignstrategies,whichattempttosatisfytherequirementsofbothimageandsecuritythrougheffectiveenvironmentalandarchitecturaldesignapproaches.Allthecasesandarchitecturallanguagesintroducedinthispaperdonotonlyleadtothesecuritypurples,andtheyalsomanifesttheevidentaestheticquality.Thesestrategiesaimathelpingthearchitecttofindtheadaptivebuildingforms,whichhavethecapacitytobeinterpretedinmultipleways,tohidethesecuritymeasuresbehindafriendlyimageinfourlevels:psychologicalcontrol,visualcontrol,behaviorcontrol,andlosscontrol.Thefourlevels,whichreflectthearchitecturalinterventionsonboundary,buildingenvelope,outdoorspace,andconnections,constituteanintegratedandflexiblesecuritysystem.(Figure3)Figure3:TheFourLevelsoftheAdaptiveSecurityDesignoftheOverseasDiplomaticPremises(Source:Author)PsychologicalControl:DeterrenceInspeakingofthedesignofpsychologicalcontrolinoverseasdiplomaticpremises,theprincipaltaskistodetertheterroristfromplanningandimplementingtheattack.Thesolutionsmainlyfocusondifferentformsoftheboundary,suchaswallandfencingsystemwithfunctionsofvisuallimitation,boundarylandscape,well-markedaccesscontrolsystem,highintensityilluminationsystem,andentranceguardrooms,etc.,toexertsufficientpsychologicalpressureontheterroriststolowertheeffectivenessoftheiractions.Meanwhile,suitablemeasurescanalsoenhancethesenseofsafetyintheneighborhoods.AnevidentcaseistheGermanEmbassyinAustria(Vienna).Theboundaryisconstitutedbyametalfencingsystemwiththecurvedformonthetoptopreventclimbing.Withshrubsandtreesintheinner-sideofthefence,thefencingsystemnotonlymaintainsatransparentandgreeninterface,butalsokeepsagoodviewforthestaffsinthesitetomonitortheadjacentstreets.(Figure4)(Figure5)AnothercaseistheBritishEmbassy,whichistheneighboroftheGermanEmbassy.Asahistoricalbuilding,thefa?adeisthefirstphysicalboundaryoftheproject,whichisdirectlyfacingthestreetswithoutanybufferspace.Asasecondaryboundarysystem,aseriesofreinforceconcreteblocksandflowerpotsisintroducedinthemiddleofthestreets.Themechanicalcarstopsystemisalsoplacedfortrafficcontrol.Theguardroomislocatedjustbesidetheconcreteblocks,anditsformisobviousenoughtobeeasilynoticedfromthestreet;andthankstotheunidirectionalglass,peopleoutsidecannotobservetheactivitiesinsidetheguardrooms.Alltheseelementsconstituteaflexiblebufferareafortheembassybuilding;andthissolutionisgoingtoexertbigpressureonthepotentialcriminals.Byextendingtherangeoftheembassytothepublicurbanspace,theoriginalfa?adeofthebuildingiswellpreservedtoshowacompletehistoricalcontext,andthepositiveculturalattitude.(Figure6)(Figure7)Hence,psychologicalcontrolmanifeststhefollowingcharacters:IntroducereinforcedtransparentfencingsystemtokeepthegoodhorizonfromtheinsidetotheoutsideIntroducetheindependentandmoveablecarstopsystemtokeepthedecentbuildingfa?adeAccesscontrolsystemintegratedwiththelandscapeelementsHighidentityandwelldefinedboundaryformsHighintensityilluminationsystemattheentrancearea

Figure4:thefencingsystemoftheGermanEmbassyinAustriaFigure5:theentranceandguardroomoftheGermanEmbassyinFigure6:thevehiclesandvisitorscontrolsystemoutsidetheBritishFigure7:theconcreteflowerbedinfrontoftheBritishEmbassyVisualControl:ObscuringVisualcontrolaimsatobscuringanddisturbingthevisualjudgmentofthecriminalsviaeffectivearchitecturaloperations.Throughthespeciallanguageofthebuildingenvelope,thebuildingacquiresthequalitythatpreventspeopleoutsidefromgraspingtheinformationinside,suchasfunctiondistribution,structureform,andthelocationoftheimportantsections,throughreadingthefacade.Solutionsbasedonthisstrategynotonlyprovidethestaffsthegoodviewtomonitorthesiteandtheneighbors,butalsoreducetheaccuracyoftheterrorists’observation.ThearchitectureoftheChineseEmbassyintheUnitedStates(WashingtonDC)ischaracterizedbythreeoctagonalforms,themainpublicspacewhichisnottheessentialpropertyoftheembassy.Infact,theessentialfunctionsareintegratedintoanextremelylow-profileform,whichconstitutesthebackgroundofthethreehalls.Theunifiedandarrayedwindowsreflectnorelationwiththedivisionoftheofficesection;andthereisevennowindowonthefa?adedirectlyfacingthestreetinaveryshortdistance.Throughthissolution,theessentialfunctionhasmuchloweridentitythanthesubordinationpart,whichnormallygatherslessstaffsandproperties;anditwouldmaketheunprofessionalcriminalswastemoretimeforchoosingthetarget.(Figure8)(Figure9)TheDutchEmbassyinGermany(Berlin)representsanotherapproach.Theessentialfunctionsoftheembassyareentirelyintegratedintoahugecube,whichacquiresstrongidentityinthecircumstance.Atransparentandcontinuousgallery,whichcutintothebuildingenvelopefromthegroundtothetop,playstheroleofbothverticalconnectionandventilationtunnel.Withoutanyexceptions,theentirefa?adeoftheofficeroomsisconstitutedbythetranslucentcurtainwalltokeepprivacy.Meanwhile,thetransparentcurvespiralelementonthefa?adechangesthetraditionalideaoffloors,andpreventsthecriminalsfromconjecturingtheinnerfunctions.ItalsodeliversthespecificideologyoftheDutchculture,suchastransparent,openness,humorous,andfriendlytothemodernart,etc.(Figure10)(Figure11)Visualcontrolhasthefollowingcharacters:IndependentbuildingenvelopewhichhaslittlerelationswiththeinnerfunctionsReducetheidentityoftheimportantpartofthestructureSimplifythefunctionofthehigheridentitypart,whilereducetheidentityoftheessentialfunctionsIntroducethesunshadecomponents,icons,anddecorationstoconstitutemultipledefenses.

Figure8:TheentranceoftheChineseEmbassyintheUS(Source:Author)Figure9:ThewallsoftheChineseEmbassy,whichisdirectlyfacingthestreet(Source:Author)Figure10:TheDutchEmbassyinBerlin(Source:ChangQi)Figure11:ThespatialconceptoftheDutchEmbassy3.3BehaviorControl:RestrictingThemaintaskofbehaviorcontrolistoarrangetheauthority,path,andbehavioralpatternofvisitors.Thesolutionismainlyfocusedontheoutdoorspacebetweenthebuildingenvelopeandtheboundaryofthesite,andaimsatcontrollingthespeedandrouteofvisitors,andstrictlydefiningtheaccessibilityofdifferentzones.Theroadsystemandlandscapeelementsarenotonlythepositiveelementsfordiplomaticevents,butalsotheequipmentofreducingattackeffect,confusingcriminals,andincreasingthecostoftheterrorists’action.TheBritishEmbassyinGermany(Berlin)isaninterventioninthehistoricalquarter,andthevolumedirectlytouchestheadjacentbuildingsandstreetwithoutanyspaceinbetween.Aseriesofwellorganizedcourtyardsconstitutesthebasicspatialstructure,whichimpliesahierarchicalaccesscontrolsystem.Inthissystem,therearethreeprincipalcourtyardswithdifferentforms,functionsandauthorities.Thefirstcourtyardwhichconnectsthestreetinfrontofthemainentrancewithanentrancechecksystemisdesignedforcarsandvisitorstohaveashortstay.Thesecondcourtyard,acuneiformauditoriumspace,connectsthefirstcourtyardwithaguardroomasthesecondcheckpoint,andleadsthevisitorstothethirdcourtyardwithbroadsteps.Thethirdcourtyard,awintergardenwithabeautifulglassroof,connectsthereceptionandmeetingrooms,andalsoplaystheroleoftheentrancehalltotheofficezone.Thiscourtyardsystemshapesalinearexhibitionspacewithdifferentthemesandartatmosphereineachpart,andprovidestheplatformforforeignaffairsactivities.Thisprojectasatypicalexamplerealizesanextremelylongvisitingpathintheverylimitedsite,andacquiressufficientdefenseindepthtoobserveandcontrolthevisitors.(Figure12)(Figure13)ThewinningsolutionofthenewAmericanEmbassyprojectinUK(London)abandonsthetraditionalboundarysystem,andcreatesabalancebetweenlandscapeandsecurity.ThebuildingaimsatimplyingaspecialfriendlinessbetweenAmericanandBritishcultureswithanopenlandscapesystem.Comparedwithtraditionalsolutions,theprojectwitnessesahighersecuritystandard.Thelandscapeelementsareendowedwithculturalfunctions,whiletheyarealsothedesignedtocontroltheactivitiesofstaffsandvisitors.Forexample,thewaterpoolinfrontofthebuildingcreatesanelegantenvironment,andalsopreventsvisitorsandvehiclesfromgettingclosetothefa?ade.ThesimilardesignisalsointroducedintheAmericanEmbassyinBeijing.Ontheothersideofthebuildingisahugegrassslope,whichFigure12:ThethreecourtyardsoftheBritishEmbassyextendsfromthetopofthepodiumtothegroundfloorofthemainbuildingwithacontinuousangularsurface.Thisdesignintegratesthecubicformofthemainbuildingintoanartificialterrain,andcreatesthegentleratmosphere,whichisalwaysneededinthediplomaticactivities.Thestructureofthegrassyslope,whichnotonlydefinestheboundaryofthesite,butalsoofferstheidealheightforobservingtheneighborhoods,canbetransformedintoadefensiveposition,ifnecessary.Itisimportanttounderstandthatthesecuritymeasurementsinnewlyconstructedprojectsgraduallygiveuptheideaoffortress,andaseriesofsophisticateddesigntechniques,whichintegratesthesecurityconsiderationintothelandscape,opensupanewhorizonfortheoverseasdiplomaticpremises.(Figure14)(Figure15)Behaviorcontrolhasthefollowingcharacters:1)Introducethecurvedroadsparalleledwiththefa?adeofthebuildingtoreducethevehiclespeedandavoidthepathdirectlytothebuilding2)Usestrictzoningtocontroltheauthorityofdifferentsections,andpublicspacesequencetoprolongtherouteofvisitors3)Integratedlandscapesystemwhichhasthefunctionofcontrollingthebehaviorpatternofvehiclesandvisitors4)Eliminatetheunnecessaryobstructionstokeepgoodhorizonfromthebuildingtothecircumstance3.4LossControl:Chain-effectDamagePreventionTheessentialpurposeofdamagecontrolistoeliminatethepossibilityoftheseconddamageandchain-effectcollapseaftertheattack.Throughthetargeteddesignofthebuildingforms,thelossintheterroristattacksthuscanbepartlyreduced,andthestaffsmayhavemoretimetowaitfortherescue.Therelevantsolutionsmainlyfocusontheconnectionsbetweensinglebuildings.Forthelayoutofheembassy/consulateprojects,itisbettertodecentralizeimportantpropertiesintodetachedparts,whichcanworkasawholewhentheyarelinkedwithconnectivevolumes.Iftheattackshappeninonepart,thedecentralizedlayoutofimportantfunctionscankeeptheotherpartsstillworking.Sometimes,theclusterofsmallanddecentralizedvolumescanalsohaveafriendlierimage.ThecontextoftheChineseEmbassyinNetherlands(Haag)isshapedbyaseriesofsmalldetachedhouses.Themainbuildingoftheembassyissplitintotwovolumes,whichareconnectedbyanentrancehall,asunkengarden,andaflycorridoronthefourthfloor.Alltheconnectivevolumesarecoveredbytransparentglass,whichisalwaysarightandpopularmaterialtoshowopenness.Infact,itiswisetochoosetheconnectiveparttobetheopenspace,becausethesepartsnormallyhavelessstaffsandpropertiesconcentrated.Comparedwiththeglassvolumes,thetwoprincipalvolumescoveredbyredbrickskeepthemorphologicalcontinuitywiththecontext.Theconnectivevolumesinbetweencanbeseenasexpendablestructurestoreducethepossibilityofchain-effectcollapsewhenahugedamagehappensinonesideofthebuilding.(Figure16)(Figure17)TheAmericanEmbassyinChina(Beijing)appliesthesimilarsolution.Theconsulatesection,officesection,andapartmentsarealldesignedtobedetachedvolumeswithconnectionsbetweeneachother.Comparedwiththeotherparts,theconsulatesectionandtheapartmentbuildingwithcompletelycurtainwallscreatestrongeridentity,andbecomethedominantvolumesthatshapetheimageofopenness.Meanwhile,thosetwopartsalsoprotecttheessentialfunctionshidinginaseriesofhorizontalextendingvolumeswithhardandstrongenvelopes.Thankstothedecentralizedlayout,itisquitedifficulttomakeacatastrophicdamagetotheembassythroughanormalterroristattack.(Figure18)(Figure19)Losscontrolischaracterizedbythefollowingfactors:1)Decentralizedvolumes2)Connectindependentvolumeswithsecondarystructures3)Takethelower-riskfunctionsastheexpendablestructuretoavoidthechain-effectcollapse.4)Separateandhidetheessentialfunctionsintomultipleparts4Conclusions:TheIntegrationofSecurityandCultureThroughthediscussion,itisimportanttounderstandtheworld-widenewchallengesthattheoverseasdiplomaticpremisesencountercallsforaseriesofnewdesignapproaches.Traditionally,diplomaticbuildingsareinclinedtoshowfriendlyandopenposturesinclose-relationshipcountries,andchooseconservativeformsinbad-relationshipcountries.However,withthedevelopmentofglobalization,therelationshipbetweeneachtwocountriesissimultaneouslyshapedbycooperationandchallenges.Theevidenthostilecampshavealreadybeendisappeared,andterrorismbecomesthemostintractablethreatoftheoverseasdiplomaticpremisesforalmostallcountries.Thesolutionswhichcompletelyshowopennessorclosenessareold-fashionstories,anditcannotsatisfytheidentityoftoday’sdiplomaticbuildings.Innewprojects,architectsareaskedtofindmoresophisticatedandeffectivesolutionstobalancethecontradictionbetweenpositiveimageandstrictsecuritystandard.Basedonthisbackground,thispaperattemptstodevelopadiscussionforthistopicinforrespects.(Table2)Theeffortofdiscoveringtheuniqueformstoapproachsafeandbeautifulwouldbecomeasignificantsource,inwhichthecreativeideaofthediplomaticarchitecturesprings.References[1]Alessi,Alberto.BuildingIdentity?.WorldArchitecture,2006（8）:17-20[2]Tong,Cui,BalanceReconstruction:EmbassyasanArchitecturalType.WorldArchitecture,2006（8）:100-103[3]Tian,Zhimin.Zhang,Xiangbai.Du,Xiuli.ConceptualDesignofImportantBuildingstoMitigateTerroristExplosionAttacks，ChinaCivilEngineeringJournal,2007,40（1）,34-41[4]Zhang,Lan.TheEmbassyandDiplomaticOfficers,WorldKnowledgePress,1998通過(guò)環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)預(yù)防恐怖襲擊:四層外交建筑自適應(yīng)安全設(shè)計(jì)的海外外交的前提文摘:從20世紀(jì)的結(jié)束,恐怖主義已成為最通用的威脅,幾乎每個(gè)國(guó)家的海外外交場(chǎng)所遇到。針對(duì)中國(guó)使領(lǐng)館的攻擊更經(jīng)常在過(guò)去的幾年里。它們中的大多數(shù)都是負(fù)面的社會(huì)影響、低耗能、低成本和高飄忽不定,等外交架構(gòu)的基本任務(wù),包括維護(hù)資產(chǎn)和塑造積極的國(guó)家形象,構(gòu)成一系列的矛盾在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中,需要同時(shí)和建筑形式友好足夠安全?；诮Y(jié)論恐怖襲擊的形式和特點(diǎn),本文嘗試方法自適應(yīng)海外外交場(chǎng)所的安全解決方案四個(gè)級(jí)別:心理學(xué)層面,視覺(jué)上水平、行為水平,和攻擊后的水平。關(guān)鍵詞:環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)、海外外交的前提,安全,自適應(yīng),恐怖襲擊1從簡(jiǎn)單到綜合:安全設(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)渡在過(guò)去的10年里,傳統(tǒng)的安全威脅來(lái)自冷戰(zhàn)逐漸讓位于高頻恐怖襲擊。與專業(yè)的維護(hù)方法相比在冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期,如滲透和情報(bào)工作,恐怖襲擊的特性,如高飄忽不定,多變的目標(biāo),低成本的培訓(xùn),低耗能,模糊的線索,大平民傷亡和負(fù)面的社會(huì)影響,使相關(guān)的安全設(shè)計(jì)是更加困難的。(表1)因此安全設(shè)計(jì)的范圍已經(jīng)從主要區(qū)域擴(kuò)展到整個(gè)網(wǎng)站,甚至社區(qū)。外交場(chǎng)所的安全設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目的定義已經(jīng)改變了從額外的任務(wù)更加集成的整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程的一部分。(圖1)2安全形象:海外外交的復(fù)雜性和矛盾的前提特殊身份定義之間的明顯區(qū)別海外外交前提和其他建筑類型。這些海外的安全設(shè)計(jì)屬性因此,復(fù)雜性和矛盾,更加強(qiáng)的背景下的發(fā)展全球恐怖主義的蔓延。海外外交設(shè)施應(yīng)該友好的圖像和更高的安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這兩個(gè)任務(wù)要求架構(gòu)師將兩個(gè)系列的不兼容的建筑語(yǔ)言。(圖2)一方面,海外外交的前提是最有效的設(shè)備促進(jìn)一個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)家形象。與普通大眾媒體相比,架構(gòu)是一個(gè)直觀的,面對(duì)面,實(shí)實(shí)在在的接口提供當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣耖_放、友好、溫和的國(guó)家形象,為外交工作是相當(dāng)重要的。在過(guò)去的幾十年中,許多建筑師試圖提供積極的國(guó)家形象,不同的建筑語(yǔ)言。例如,在某些情況下,現(xiàn)代主義意味著開放;形式主義意味著紀(jì)念;后現(xiàn)代主義意味著歷史和文化友好的設(shè)計(jì)。另一方面,位于東道國(guó)的外交體系結(jié)構(gòu)具有特殊的政治意義。維也納外交關(guān)系公約聲明保護(hù)客人國(guó)家的所有屬性(建筑物、設(shè)施、人員等)擅自訪問(wèn)。網(wǎng)站的邊界從而成為一個(gè)特殊的圖標(biāo)。在恐怖主義的陰影下,安全設(shè)計(jì)是在新項(xiàng)目中扮演重要角色,在一些有爭(zhēng)議的項(xiàng)目,友好形象的重要性完全中止了嚴(yán)格的安全措施。提供正面形象的努力,放棄和改變網(wǎng)站是一個(gè)現(xiàn)代的城堡被稱為舊的解決方案;它將最終失去外交在最基本的層面上的意義。今天,所有屬性需要端莊,優(yōu)雅、得體,和安全。在新時(shí)代,海外外交的前提的一個(gè)重要問(wèn)題是如何的有效技術(shù)方法良好形象之間的平衡和嚴(yán)格的安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。3自適應(yīng)策略:四層的安全設(shè)計(jì)基于字符的恐怖襲擊和海外外交的復(fù)雜性和矛盾前提,本文開發(fā)的一系列適應(yīng)性設(shè)計(jì)策略,而為了滿足這些需求的形象和安全通過(guò)有效的環(huán)境和建筑設(shè)計(jì)方法。所有病例和建筑語(yǔ)言介紹了不僅導(dǎo)致安全紫色,他們也體現(xiàn)了明顯的審美品質(zhì)。這些策略旨在幫助架構(gòu)師發(fā)現(xiàn)自適應(yīng)建筑形式,它有能力以多種方式解釋,隱藏在四層的友好形象背后的安全措施:心理控制,視覺(jué)控制、行為控制、和損失控制。四層,反映了建筑干預(yù)邊界,建立信封,戶外空間,和連接,構(gòu)成一個(gè)集成和靈活的保障體系。(圖3)3.1心理控制:威懾在談到心理控制的設(shè)計(jì)在海外外交的前提,主要任務(wù)是阻止恐怖分子的計(jì)劃和實(shí)施攻擊。解決方案主要集中在不同形式的邊界,如墻和柵欄系統(tǒng)功能的視覺(jué)限制,邊界景觀,顯眼的訪問(wèn)控制系統(tǒng),高強(qiáng)度照明系統(tǒng),門禁的房間,等等,對(duì)恐怖分子施加足夠的心理壓力降低他們的行為的有效性。與此同時(shí),合適的措施也可以加強(qiáng)安全社區(qū)的感覺(jué)。一個(gè)明顯的例子是德國(guó)大使館在奧地利(維也納)。邊界是由一個(gè)金屬圍欄系統(tǒng)頂部彎曲形式防止攀爬。灌木和樹木的內(nèi)層?xùn)艡?柵欄系統(tǒng)不僅保持透明和綠色的接口,但也保持著良好的觀點(diǎn)在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)控人員相鄰的街道。(圖4)(圖5)另一個(gè)例子是英國(guó)大使館,這是德國(guó)大使館的鄰居。歷史建筑,立面是第一個(gè)項(xiàng)目的物理邊界,這是直接面對(duì)街上沒(méi)有任何緩沖空間。二次邊界系統(tǒng),介紹了一系列加強(qiáng)混凝土塊和花盆中間的街道。機(jī)械停車系統(tǒng)也為交通控制。警衛(wèi)室坐落在混凝土塊,和它的形式是很容易注意到從街上還不夠明顯;感謝單向玻璃,不能遵守活動(dòng)以外的人在警衛(wèi)室。所有這些元素構(gòu)成一個(gè)靈活的使館建筑緩沖區(qū);這個(gè)解決方案是對(duì)潛在的罪犯施加巨大的壓力。通過(guò)擴(kuò)展的范圍使館公共城市空間,建筑保存完好的原始外觀展示一個(gè)完整的歷史背景,和積極的文化態(tài)度。(圖6)(圖7)因此,心理控制體現(xiàn)以下特點(diǎn):1)介紹了透明的擊劍系統(tǒng)保持良好的視野從內(nèi)部到外部2)介紹了獨(dú)立和可移動(dòng)的汽車停止系統(tǒng)保持良好的建筑立面3)訪問(wèn)控制系統(tǒng)集成了景觀元素4)高身份和良好定義的邊界形式5)高強(qiáng)度照明系統(tǒng)在入口處區(qū)域3.2視覺(jué)控制:模糊視覺(jué)控制旨在掩蓋和令人不安的視覺(jué)判斷罪犯通過(guò)有效的建筑業(yè)務(wù)。通過(guò)特殊的語(yǔ)言的信封,建筑獲得的質(zhì)量,防止以外的人掌握內(nèi)部信息,如函數(shù)分布,結(jié)構(gòu)形式,和重要部分的位置,通過(guò)閱讀表面。解決方案基于這一策略不僅提供員工良好的視圖監(jiān)控站點(diǎn)和鄰居,而且可以減少恐怖分子觀察的準(zhǔn)確性。中國(guó)駐美國(guó)大使館的架構(gòu)(華盛頓特區(qū))的特點(diǎn)是三個(gè)八角形的形式,不是的主要公共空間的基本屬性大使館。事實(shí)上,基本功能都集成到一個(gè)極其低調(diào)的形式,構(gòu)成的背景三個(gè)大廳。統(tǒng)一和排