學(xué)術(shù)綜合英語(yǔ)(羅立勝)1-6單元課文翻譯

學(xué)術(shù)綜合英語(yǔ)（羅立勝）1-6單元課文翻譯Unit1Ofallhumancreations,languagemaybethemostremarkable.Throughlanguageweshareexperience,formulatevalues,exchangeideas,transmitknowledge,andsustainculture.Indeed,languageisvitaltothinkitself.Contrarytopopularbelief,languagedoesnotsimplymirrorrealitybutalsohelpstocreateoursenseofrealitybygivingmeaningtoevents.

在人類所有的創(chuàng)造中，語(yǔ)言也許是影響最為深遠(yuǎn)的。我們用語(yǔ)言來(lái)分享經(jīng)驗(yàn)，表達(dá)(傳遞？)價(jià)值觀，交換想法，傳播知識(shí)，傳承文化。事實(shí)上，對(duì)語(yǔ)言本身的思考也是至關(guān)重要的。和通常所認(rèn)為的不同的是，語(yǔ)言并不只是簡(jiǎn)單地反映現(xiàn)實(shí)，語(yǔ)言在具體描述事件的時(shí)候也在幫助我們建立對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的感知。――語(yǔ)序的調(diào)整。

Goodspeakershaverespectforlanguageandknowhowitworks.Wordsarethetoolsofaspeaker?scraft.Theyhavespecialuses,justlikethetoolsofanyotherprofession.Asaspeaker,youshouldbeawareofthemeaningofwordsandknowhowtouselanguageaccurately,clearly,vividly,andappropriately.

好的演講者對(duì)語(yǔ)言很重視，也知道如何讓它發(fā)揮更好的效果。詞語(yǔ)是演講者演講的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，這和任何其他的工作技藝沒什么兩樣。作為演講者，必須知道詞語(yǔ)的具體含義，也要懂得如何做到用詞準(zhǔn)確、清晰、生動(dòng)、適當(dāng)。

Usinglanguageaccuratelyisasvitaltoaspeakerasusingnumbersaccuratelytoaaccountant.Neveruseawordunlessyouaresureofitsmeaning.Ifyouarenotsure,lookupthewordinthedictionary.Asyouprepareyourspeeches,askyourselfconstantly,“WhatdoIreallywanttosay?WhatdoIreallymean?”Choosewordsthatarepreciseandaccurate.

演講者準(zhǔn)確地使用語(yǔ)言和會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)確使用數(shù)字是一樣重要的。確定詞意后再措詞。如果不確定，請(qǐng)先查詞典。當(dāng)你在準(zhǔn)備演講的時(shí)候，要不斷地問自己：“我到底要說什么？我到底想表達(dá)什么意思？”用詞一定要精準(zhǔn)。

Usinglanguageclearlyallowslistenerstograspyourmeaningimmediately.Youcanensurethis[byusingfamiliarwords（thatareknowntotheaveragepersonandrequirenospecializedbackground）;bychoosingconcretewordsinpreferencetomoreabstractones,andbyeliminatingverbalclutter].用詞清晰可以讓聽眾迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的點(diǎn)）。要做到這一點(diǎn)，就要盡量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要專業(yè)知識(shí)就能懂的詞語(yǔ)；多用具象詞匯少用抽象詞匯；還有要減少口誤。

Usinglanguagevividlyhelpsbringyourspeechtolife.Oneway(tomakeyourspeechvivid)|isthroughimagery，orthecreationofwordpictures.Youcandevelopimagerybyusingconcretelanguage,simile,andmetaphor.Simileisanexplicitcomparisonbetweenthings（thatareessentiallydifferentyethavesomethingincommon）;italwayscontainsthewords“l(fā)ike”or“as”.Metaphorisanimplicitcomparisonbetweenthingsthataredifferentyethavesomethingincommon;itdoesnotcontainthewords“l(fā)ike”or“as”.

生動(dòng)地用詞能讓演講鮮活起來(lái)！比喻，這種能產(chǎn)生文字圖像的修辭，可以使演講達(dá)到生動(dòng)的效果。比喻要用具象的語(yǔ)言，分為明喻和隱喻。

明喻是指在本質(zhì)上有區(qū)別但仍然有相同點(diǎn)的事物之間做一個(gè)明確的比較，一般句中會(huì)含有“像”或“似”。隱喻則是一種隱藏的比較，不會(huì)出現(xiàn)like和as這些連接詞。

Anotherwaytomakeyourspeechesvividisbyexploitingtherhythmoflanguage.Fourdevicesforcreatingrhythmareparallelism,repetition,alliteration,andantithesis.Parallelismisthesimilararrangementofapairorseriesofrelatedwords,phrases,orsentences.Repetitionistheuseofthesamewordorsetofwordsatthebeginningorendofsuccessiveclausesorsentences.Alliterationcomesfromrepeatingtheinitialconstantsoundsofcloseoradjoiningwords.Antithesisisthejuxtapositionof

contrastingideas,usuallyinparallelstructure.

我們還可以充分利用語(yǔ)言的節(jié)奏感使演講更加生動(dòng)活潑。具體有以下四種方式――排比，反復(fù)，押頭韻和對(duì)偶。排比是指把一組或一系列相關(guān)的字詞句以相似結(jié)構(gòu)排列起來(lái)。反復(fù)是指在連續(xù)幾個(gè)從句或句子的開頭或結(jié)尾處使用相同的詞和詞組。押頭韻則是通過重復(fù)相鄰之間單詞首個(gè)輔音實(shí)現(xiàn)的。對(duì)偶通常是用平行的結(jié)構(gòu)將相反的想法并列在一起。

Usinglanguageappropriatelymeansadaptingtotheparticularoccasion,audience,andtopicathand.Italsomeansdevelopingyourownlanguagestyleinsteadoftryingtocopysomeoneelse?s.Ifyourlanguageisappropriateinallrespects,yourspeechismuchmorelikelytosucceed.

用語(yǔ)恰當(dāng)意味著遣詞造句要與特定的場(chǎng)合，觀眾以及談?wù)摰脑掝}相適應(yīng)。這也意味著你得建立自己的語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格，不能簡(jiǎn)單抄襲他人。如果使用的語(yǔ)言與各方面都很契合，那么演講就更有可能取得成功。

Goodspeechesarenotcomposedofhotairandunfoundedassertions.Theyneedstrongsupportingmaterialstobolsterthespeaker?spointofview.Infact,theskillfuluseofsupportingmaterialsoftenmakesthedifferencebetweenagoodspeechandapoorone.Thethreebasictypesofsupportingmaterialsareexamples,statisticsandtestimony.

好的演講不能是空話連篇，也不能是一些毫無(wú)根據(jù)的論斷；而是需要有力的論據(jù)來(lái)支持演講者的觀點(diǎn)。事實(shí)上，能否有技巧地使用論據(jù)會(huì)造成演講效果的天壤之別。論據(jù)有以下三種基本形式：例子，統(tǒng)計(jì)資料，引用。

Inthecourseofaspeechyoumayusebriefexamples―specificinstancesreferredtoinpassing―andsometimesyoumaywanttogiveseveralbriefexamplesinarowtocreateastrongerimpression.Extendedexamples―oftencalledillustrations,narrations,oranecdotes―arelongerandmoredetailed.Hypotheticalexamplesdescribeimagerysituationsandcanbequiteeffectiveforrelatingideastotheaudience.Allthreekindsofexampleshelptoclarifyideas,toreinforceideas,ortopersonalizeideas.Tobemoreeffective,though,theyshouldbevividandrichlytextured.

在演講時(shí)可以簡(jiǎn)單舉例――即附帶地提及幾個(gè)具體的例子――有時(shí)也需要接二連三舉例來(lái)加深印象。延伸舉例――也叫解釋、敘述或軼事――更長(zhǎng)更詳盡。假設(shè)舉例描述的是想象的情景，能夠很好地把想法傳達(dá)給觀眾。這三種不同的例子都有助于演講者清晰地表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)，強(qiáng)調(diào)觀點(diǎn)并使之打上演講者的烙印。當(dāng)然，要想演講效果更好，演講本身必須生動(dòng)且結(jié)構(gòu)豐富！

Statisticscanbeextremelyhelpfulinconveyingyourmessage,[aslongasyouusethemsparinglyandexplainthemsotheyaremeaningfultoyouraudience.]Aboveall,youshouldunderstandyourstatisticsandusethemfairly.Numberscaneasilybemanipulatedanddistorted.Makesure{thatyourfiguresarerepresentativeof{whatthey