研一下專業(yè)英語科技寫作

1英語寫作篇科技論文寫作2科技論文的結構:主體部分引言(Introduction)

材料與方法(Materialsandmethods)結果(Results)討論與結論(Discussion&Conclusion)3Introduction：重要性顧名思義，引言的作用是引導讀者進入本文主題，主要任務是說明本文寫作的理由，與前人工作的關系，以及幫助讀者了解本文的背景、事實、條件等。不同于正文，也不同于摘要。正文著眼于對提出問題的描述、分析和論證；摘要重點介紹本文的貢獻，而沒有更多的篇幅介紹本文的背景、與前人的關系等。引言一定要考慮是獨立于正文和引言的章節(jié)。?？吹接行┮园颜貜鸵槐椋偌右恍┪墨I綜述，不可取。4Introduction：重要性ThepurposeoftheIntroductionshouldbetosupplysufficientbackgroundinformationtoallowthereadertounderstandandevaluatetheresultsofthepresentstudywithoutneedingtorefertopreviouspublicationsonthetopic.TheIntroductionshouldalsoprovidetherationaleforthepresentstudy.Aboveall,youshouldstatebrieflyandclearlyyourpurposeinwritingthepaper.Choosereferencescarefullytoprovidethemostimportantbackgroundinformation.5Introduction：寫作內(nèi)容包括的內(nèi)容沒有嚴格規(guī)定，內(nèi)容可以較大伸縮共性：問題提出、研究范圍與目的、主要研究方法，有些將結論和篇章結構寫上一般取決于刊物的習慣6Introduction：寫作內(nèi)容綜述研究背景：概述本項工作的研究或觀察的理論基礎，給出簡明的理論或研究背景，一定要列舉重要的相關文獻；指出存在問題：說明為什么要做這項工作；闡述研究目的：說明有別于他人的“主意”(Writeforarangeofinterestedscientists)

“引言”要與“討論”形成“呼應”關系(UseyourDiscussionasaguideline)7Introduction：寫作內(nèi)容SuggestedrulesforagoodIntroductionareasfollows:(1)TheIntroductionshouldpresentfirst,withallpossibleclarity,thenatureandscopeoftheprobleminvestigated.(2)Itshouldreviewthepertinentliteraturetoorientthereader.(3)Itshouldstatethemethodoftheinvestigation.Ifdeemednecessary,thereasonsforthechoiceofaparticularmethodshouldbestated.(4)Itshouldstatetheprincipalresultsoftheinvestigation.(5)Itshouldstatetheprincipalconclusion(s)suggestedbytheresults.Donotkeepthereaderinsuspense;letthereaderfollowthedevelopmentoftheevidence.Ansurpriseendingmightmakegoodliterature,butithardlyfitsthemoldofthescientificmethod.

8Introduction：注意事項繁簡適度：考慮一下因素(1)讀者水平（2）內(nèi)容復雜度（3）出版篇幅限制應引用“最相關”的文獻以指引讀者.力戒刻意回避引用最重要的相關文獻；避免不恰當?shù)卮罅恳米髡弑救说奈墨I；解釋或定義專門術語或縮寫詞,以幫助編輯、審稿人和讀者閱讀與理解；一篇不太長的論文，縮略詞盡可能在引言中注釋。敘述前人工作的欠缺以強調(diào)自己研究的創(chuàng)新時,應慎重且留有余地（避免“首次提出”、“重大發(fā)現(xiàn)”，等）

——Totheauthor’sknowledge…/Thereislittleinformationavailableinliteratureabout…；等等

9Introduction：注意事項Manyauthors,especiallybeginningauthors,makethemistake(anditisamistake)ofholdingbacktheirmostimportantfindingsuntillateinthepaper.Inextremecases,authorshavesometimesomittedimportantfindingsfromtheAbstract,presumablyinthehopeofbuildingsuspensewhileproceedingtoawell-concealed,dramaticclimax.However,thisisasillygambitthat,amongknowledgeablescientists,goesoverlikeadoublenegativeatagrammarians'picnic.Basically,theproblemwiththesurpriseendingisthatthereaderseboredandstopreadinglongbeforetheygettothepunchline."Readingascientificarticleisn'tthesameasreadingadetectivestory.Wewanttoknowfromthestartthatthebutlerdidit"(Ratnoff,1981).10Introduction：注意事項Ifyouhavepreviouslypublishedapreliminarynoteorabstractofthework,youshouldmentionthis(withthecitation)intheIntroduction.Ifcloselyrelatedpapershavebeenorareabouttobepublishedelsewhere,youshouldsaysointheIntroduction,customarilyatortowardtheend.Suchreferenceshelptokeeptheliteratureneatandtidyforthosewhomustsearchit.Keepinmindthatyourpapermaywellbereadbypeopleoutsideyournarrowspecialty.Therefore,theIntroductionistheproperplacetodefineanyspecializedtermsorabbreviationsthatyouintendtouse.11Introduction：注意事項(new)要回答重要讀者的問題12Introduction：注意事項(new)要回答重要讀者的問題13Introduction：注意事項(new)要回答重要讀者的問題14Introduction：注意事項設置可信度基礎范圍：不是所有的假設都影響范圍，具體假設在適當?shù)胤教岢觯欣谧C明你觀點的正確性。Usingthesameassumptionasin[7],weassumethat…Withoutlossofgenerality,itisalsoassumedthat…Becauseweassumethattheeventisslowvarying,itisreasonabletoupdatetheinformationoneventallocationafterallotherstep.Ourditheringalgorithmdosenotmakeanyassumptionontheresolutionofpictures,nordoesitmakeanyassumptiononthecolourdepthofthepixels.Ourmethoddoesnotneedtoconsiderakernelfunction,nordoseitneedtomapfromalowerdimensionspacetoahigherdimensionspace.15Introduction：注意事項設置可信度基礎范圍：如果的確是前任未做過工作，也應該非常慎重，留有余地，如。Totheauthor’sknowledge…Thereislittleinformationavailableinliteratureabout…Untilnowwepossessscarceinformationconcerning…Untilrecentlythereissomelackofknowledgeabout…16Introduction：注意事項設置可信度基礎定義:通過定義確定框架。Aneffectiveschemeshouldhavethefollowingdesirablefeatures:(1)security:theabilitytopreventattackedimagesfrompassingverification;(2)robustness:theabilitytotolerateincidentaldistortionsintroducedfromthepredefinedacceptablemanipulationssuchaslossycompression;(3)integrity:theabilitytointegrateauthenticationdatawithhostimageratherthanasseparatedata;and(4)transparency:theembeddedauthenticationdataareinvisibleundernormalviewingconditions.17Introduction：注意事項是主動和主觀的引言的撰寫方式與內(nèi)容同等重要是以講故事的形式表達你的發(fā)現(xiàn)，要盡量活剝、投入、個性化。被動語態(tài)在論文的其他部分易被接受，而在引言中會有負面影響.WewerecurioustoseewherewecouldresolvethediscrepancybetweenthesegeneprofilingstudiesbyusingourcurrentunderstandingofthegenedifferencesbetweenGCBandABCDLACL.18Introduction：注意事項是積極的鼓勵的引言應鼓勵讀者閱讀論文，讀著讀完引言應該“充滿激情”。Kumar的觀點：Idon’tusuallyreadintroductions.Mostofwhat’sinthereisrepeatedverbatimelsewhereinthepaperanyway.Theyareawasteoftime.Theyalwayssaythesamething:theproblemisimportant,everybodyelsebuttheauthorisdoingitwrong,andtheyusuallyendupwithaboringtableofcontents.SoIskipthem.19Introduction：注意事項空洞虛偽的開始。20Introduction：注意事項沒有價值的結尾。21Introduction：注意事項講述如下：在這個領域，這個特定的研究人員做了這件事；那個實驗室做了那件事；在芬蘭，某研究人員正在做別的什么事；而我們正在…簡單羅列別人工作22Introduction：注意事項把所有部分整合成一個整體是必須的23Introduction：注意事項例舉一長串互不關聯(lián)的優(yōu)點和缺點，使讀者認為你保持了所有優(yōu)點摒棄了所有缺點，但這是不可能的。24Introduction：注意事項例舉一長串互不關聯(lián)的優(yōu)點和缺點，使讀者認為你保持了所有優(yōu)點摒棄了所有缺點，但這是不可能的。25Introduction：注意事項抄襲不精確:不完整閱讀或不閱讀造成后果，不能證實所采用的方法。Manypeoplehavebeenworkinginthisdomain[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8],andothershaverecentlyimprovedwhattheirpredecessorsdid[11,12,13,1,41,5,16,17].后果：錯誤滲入你的論文審稿人發(fā)現(xiàn)你專業(yè)知識太淺，低估你的貢獻你的研究不能被明確定位缺乏細節(jié)和趣味懷疑你的可信性缺乏可信性的單詞26Introduction：注意事項27Introduction：注意事項形容詞不當：poor,good,fast,faster,notreliable,primitive,native,limited避免不當?shù)姆椒ǎ褐赋瞿愕墓ぷ髦С炙说墓ぷ?，或與他人有一致性定量而不是定性比較定界你的獨特性和差異性引用他人支持你觀點的論文28Introduction：注意事項學術論文與學位論文引言的差異基本要求相同還要考察基礎和專業(yè)理論水平，因此篇幅長一些，參考文獻多一些，詳細些。舉例：有關太陽能系統(tǒng)設計29Introduction：注意事項30Introduction：注意事項31Introduction：注意事項32Introduction：注意事項33Introduction：注意事項34Introduction：注意事項35Introduction：注意事項36Introduction：注意事項37Introduction：注意事項38Introduction：實例1

Asimpletrainenergybasedfiniteelementmeshrefinementsheme39Introduction：實例140Introduction：實例141Introduction：實例2

AnewproachtoCNCtoolpathgeneration42Introduction：實例243Introduction：實例2

AnewproachtoCNCtoolpathgeneration44Introduction：實例2

AnewproachtoCNCtoolpathgeneration例3：analysing_bittorrent_seeding_strategies.pdf45科技論文的結構:主體部分引言(Introduction)材料與方法(Materialsandmethods)

結果(Results)討論與結論(Discussion&Conclusion)46Materialsandmethods:寫作目的Now,inMaterialsandMethods,youmustgivethefulldetails.ThemainpurposeoftheMaterialsandMethodssectionistodescribe(andifnecessarydefend)theexperimentaldesignandthenprovideenoughdetailsothatacompetentworkercanrepeattheexperiments.Many(probablymost)readersofyourpaperwillskipthissection,becausetheyalreadyknow(fromtheIntroduction)thegeneralmethodsyouusedandtheyprobablyhavenointerestintheexperimentaldetail.47Materialsandmethods:寫作目的However,carefulwritingofthissectioniscriticallyimportantbecausethecornerstoneofthescientificmethodrequiresthatyourresults,tobeofscientificmerit,mustbereproducible;and,fortheresultstobeadjudgedreproducible,youmustprovidethebasisforrepetitionoftheexperimentsbyothers.Thatexperimentsareunlikelytobereproducedisbesidethepoint;thepotentialforreproducingthesameorsimilarresultsmustexist,oryourpaperdoesnotrepresentgoodscience.

48Materialsandmethods:寫作內(nèi)容明確描述實驗對象和方法的選擇,醫(yī)學論文中還應說明實驗過程是否符合倫理學要求；詳細描述實驗方法和實驗步驟;列舉建立方法的參考文獻，并做簡要描述(但不需全部重復描述);如果對已有方法進行了新的或實質性的改進，就要清楚地說明改進的理由49Materialsandmethods:寫作要求MeasurementsandAnalysis：Beprecise.Methodsaresimilartocookbookrecipes.Ifareactionmixturewasheated,givethetemperature.Questionssuchas"how"and"howmuch"shouldbepreciselyansweredbytheauthorandnotleftforthereviewerorthereadertopuzzleover.50Materialsandmethods:寫作要求Statisticalanalysesareoftennecessary,butyoushouldfeatureanddiscussthedata,notthestatistics.Generally,alengthydescriptionofstatisticalmethodsindicatesthatthewriterhasrecentlyacquiredthisinformationandbelievesthatthereadersneedsimilarenlightenment.Ordinarystatisticalmethodsshouldbeusedwithoutcomment;advancedorunusualmethodsmayrequirealiteraturecitation.

51Materialsandmethods:寫作要求Indescribingthemethodsoftheinvestigations,youshouldgivesufficientdetailssothatacompetentworkercouldrepeattheexperiments.Ifyourmethodisnew(unpublished),youmustprovidealloftheneededdetail.However,ifamethodhasbeenpreviouslypublishedinastandardjournal,onlytheliteraturereferenceshouldbegiven.ButImendmorecompletedescriptionofthemethodiftheonlypreviouspublicationwasin…52Materialsandmethods:寫作要求DonotmakethecommonerrorofmixingsomeoftheResultsinthissection.ThereisonlyoneruleforaproperlywrittenMaterialsandMethodssection:Enoughinformationmustbegivensothattheexperimentscouldbereproducedbyacompetentcolleague.

53Materialsandmethods:英文表達不可遺漏動作的執(zhí)行者：

——Todetermineitsrespiratoryquotient,theorganismwas…(theorganismdetermine…?) ——Havingcompletedthestudy,thebacteriawereofnofurtherinterest.(thebacteriacompletedthestudy?)文獻引用盡量準確、具體：

——cellswerebrokenbyaspreviouslydescribed[9]

應改為：cellswerebrokenbyultrasonictreatmentaspreviouslydescribed[9].54科技論文的結構:主體部分引言(Introduction)材料與方法(Materialsandmethods)結果(Results)

討論與結論(Discussion&Conclusion)55Results：內(nèi)容對實驗或觀察結果的表達要高度概括和提煉(按邏輯順序描述或總結重要的觀察結果)；數(shù)據(jù)表達可采用文字與圖表相結合的形式(避免使用文字、圖、表重復同一數(shù)據(jù))；盡可能列出“結果”的原始數(shù)據(jù)，而不能只報道統(tǒng)計處理后的數(shù)據(jù)56Results：總體要求Thereareusuallytwoingredients(材料）oftheResultssection.First,youshouldgivesomekindofoveralldescriptionoftheexperiments,providingthe"bigpicture,"without,however,repeatingtheexperimentaldetailspreviouslyprovidedinMaterialsandMethods.Second,youshouldpresentthedata.

57Results：總體要求Mostimportantly,inthemanuscriptyoushouldpresentrepresentativedataratherthanendlesslyrepetitivedata.Thefactthatyoucouldperformthesameexperiment100timeswithoutsignificantdivergenceinresultsmightbeofconsiderableinteresttoyourmajorprofessor,buteditors,nottomentionreaders,preferalittlebitofpredigestion（簡化）.58Results：總體要求Aaronson(1977)saiditanotherway:“Thecompulsion（強制）toincludeeverything,leavingnothingout,doesnotprovethatonehasunlimitedinformation;itprovesthatonelacksdiscrimination（辨別力）."Exactlythesameconcept,anditisanimportantone,wasstatedalmostacenturyearlierbyJohnWesleyPowell,ageologistwhoservedasPresidentoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofSciencein1888.InPowell'swords:"Thefoolcollectsfacts;thewisemanselectsthem."

59Results：總體要求Ifoneoronlyafewdeterminationsaretobepresented,theyshouldbetreateddescriptivelyinthetext.Repetitivedeterminationsshouldbegivenintablesorgraphs.

60Results：總體要求Anydeterminations,repetitiveorotherwise,shouldbemeaningful.Supposethat,inaparticulargroupofexperiments,anumberofvariablesweretested(oneatatime,ofcourse).Thosevariablesthataffectthereactionedeterminationsordataand,ifextensive,aretabulatedorgraphed.Thosevariablesthatdonotseemtoaffectthereactionneednotbetabulatedorpresented;however,itisoftenimportanttodefineeventhenegativeaspectsofyourexperiments.Itisoftengoodinsurancetostatewhatyoudidnotfindundertheconditionsofyourexperiments.Someoneelseverylikelymayfinddifferentresultsunderdifferentconditions.61Results：總體要求Ifstatistics

（統(tǒng)計）areusedtodescribetheresults,theyshouldbemeaningfulstatistics.ErwinNeter,thelateEditor-in-ChiefofInfectionandImmunity,usedtotellaclassicstorytoemphasizethispoint.Hereferredtoapaperthatreputedlyread:“331/3%ofthemiceusedinthisexperimentwerecuredbythetestdrug;331/3%ofthetestpopulationwereunaffectedbythedrugandremainedinamoribund（垂死的）condition;thethirdmousegotaway."

62Results：總體要求StriveforClarity:Theresultsshouldbeshortandsweet,withoutverbiage（廢話）.Mitchell(1968)quotedEinsteinashavingsaid,"Ifyouareouttodescribethetruth,leaveelegancetothetailor."AlthoughtheResultssectionofapaperisthemostimportantpart,itisoftentheshortest,particularlyifitisprecededbyawell-writtenMaterialsandMethodssectionandfollowedbyawell-writtenDiscussion.63Results：總體要求TheResultsneedtobeclearlyandsimplystatedbecauseitistheResultsthatconstitutethenewknowledgethatyouarecontributingtotheworld.Theearlierpartsofthepaper(Introduction,MaterialsandMethods)aredesignedtotellwhyandhowyougottheResults;thelaterpartofthepaper(Discussion)isdesignedtotellwhattheymean.Obviously,therefore,thewholepapermuststandorfallonthebasisoftheResults.Thus,theResultsmustbepresentedwithcrystal（清澈的）clarity.

64Results：總體要求AvoidRedundancy:Themostcommonfaultistherepetitioninwordsofwhatisalreadyapparenttothereaderfromexaminationofthefiguresandtables.Evenworseistheactualpresentation,inthetext,ofallormanyofthedatashowninthetablesorfigures.Donotbeverboseincitingfiguresandtables.Donotsay"ItisclearlyshowninTable1thatnocillininhibitedthegrowthofN.gonorrhoeae."Say"NocillininhibitedthegrowthofN.gonorrhoeae(Table1)."65Results：總體要求Somewritersgotoofarinavoidingverbiage,however.Suchwritersoftenviolatetheruleofantecedents,themostcommonviolationbeingtheuseoftheubiquitous“it.”Hereisanitemfromamedicalmanuscript:“Theleftlegbecamenumb（麻木）attimesandshewalkeditoff....Onhersecondday,thekneewasbetter,andonthethirddayithadcompletelydisappeared."Theantecedentforboth"its"ispresumably"thenumbness,"butIratherthinkthatthewordinginbothinstanceswasaresultofdumbness.

66ThechoicebetweenaFigureoraTable表格：很方便地列舉大量精確數(shù)據(jù)或資料；圖形：直觀、有效地表達復雜數(shù)據(jù)，尤其是不同組數(shù)據(jù)間的比較、關聯(lián)、趨勢等；表格和圖形應具有“自明性”

；圖表題名：準確而清楚地表達出數(shù)據(jù)或資料的含義,切忌簡單地描述數(shù)據(jù)—圖表是論文中的空白處(blankarea)67TableAtabularpresentationofdataisoftentheheartor,better,thebrain,ofascientificpaper.Asarule,donotconstructatableunlessrepetitivedatamustbepresented.Therearetworeasonsforthisgeneralrule.First,itissimplynotgoodsciencetoregurgitatereamsofdatajustbecauseyouhavetheminyourlaboratorynotebooks;onlysamplesandbreakpointsneedbegiven.Second,thecostofpublishingtablesisveryhighcomparedwiththatoftext,andallofusinvolvedwiththegenerationandpublicationofscientificliteratureshouldworryaboutthecost.

68FigureGraphs(whicharecalledlinedrawingsinprintingterminology)areverysimilartotablesasameansofpresentingdatainanorganizedway.Infact,theresultsofmanyexperimentscanbepresentedeitherastablesorasgraphs.Howdowedecidewhichispreferable?Thisisoftenadifficultdecision.Agoodrulemightbethis:Ifthedatashowpronounced（顯著的）trends,makinganinterestingpicture,useagraph.Ifthenumbersjustsitthere,withnoexcitingtrendinevidence,atableshouldbesatisfactory(andcertainlyeasierandcheaperforyoutoprepare).Tablesarealsopreferredforpresentingexactnumbers.

69FigureSizeandArrangementofGraphs:First,theletteringmustbeofsufficientsizetowithstandreductiontocolumnorpagewidth.Second,becausewidthistheimportantelementfromtheprinter‘spointofview,itisoftenadvisabletocombinefigures“overandunder”（交叉）ratherthan“sidebyside.”IfthethreepartsofFig.4hadbeenpreparedinthe“overandunder”arrangement,thephotographicreductionwouldhavebeennowherenearasdrastic（極端）,andthelabelswouldhavebeenmuchmorereadable.

70做好視圖的原則不要提出過多的問題只支持本文的貢獻復雜性與讀者的理解力一致基礎是成果而不是制作的容易性各組成安排一目了然內(nèi)容不多不少，否則會降低說明能力除了圖題，無正文也可被理解71做好視圖的原則不要提出過多的問題72做好視圖的原則只支持本文的貢獻73做好視圖的原則復雜性與讀者的理解力一致應放在正文首次提及的地方復雜視圖放在最后多次提及的視圖可以分解74做好視圖的原則基礎是成果而不是制作的容易性75做好視圖的原則各組成安排一目了然76做好視圖的原則各組成安排一目了然77做好視圖的原則各組成安排一目了然78做好視圖的原則內(nèi)容不多不少，否則會降低說明能力79做好視圖的原則內(nèi)容不多不少，否則會降低說明能力80做好視圖的原則除了圖題，無正文也可被理解81做好視圖的原則除了圖題，無正文也可被理解82圖題與表題的撰寫同論文題目一樣，表題和圖題一般為名詞性短語，力求準確、簡潔、清楚避免使用不常見的縮寫83圖題與表題的撰寫84圖題與表題的撰寫85圖題與表題的撰寫86圖題與表題的撰寫87圖表的編排盡量符合期刊的習慣，力求使表題、標注、欄頭、單位、數(shù)據(jù)等要素條理清楚、層次分明。欄頭：行和列，單位標于此，可以縮寫數(shù)據(jù)公用的單位：應在標題或欄頭中指出數(shù)據(jù)：不能太多或太少，行列排齊，小數(shù)點格式：一般是三線表88表格的修改TypeofattackClassicalPopJazzEchoaddition0.0%0.1%0.27%NoiseAddition1.2%1.42%1.6%Bandequalization2.31%2.5%2.73%TypeofattackClassical(%)Pop(%)Jazz(%)Echoaddition 0 0.100.27Noiseaddition1.20 1.421.60Bandequalization2.31 2.502.73三線表/共用單位/有效數(shù)字89圖表的編排90圖表的編排91圖表的編排92插圖的制作不要因追求美術效果而將圖形做得過于花哨(如增加不必要的陰影或立體效果等)；坐標圖的標值應盡量取0.1–1000之間的數(shù)值；坐標軸的說明應清楚,量和單位缺一不可照片圖必須具備高清晰度，顯微照片的放大倍數(shù)應使用圖示法(標尺刻度)表示，照片中的符號、字母、數(shù)字等，必須在圖注中詳細說明93無需使用色彩94

顯微照片：

清晰

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字體、字號一致95科技論文的結構:主體部分引言(Introduction)材料與方法(Materialsandmethods)結果(Results)討論與結論(Discussion&Conclusion)

96Discussion-討論“討論”的重點在于對研究結果的解釋和推斷,并說明作者的結果是否支持或反對某種觀點、是否提出了新的問題或觀點等；撰寫討論時要避免含蓄,盡量做到直接、明確,以便審稿人和讀者了解論文為什么值得引起重視（Placeyourresultsinawidercontext）

“Selling”mydata!97Discussion：基本內(nèi)容對結果提出說明、解釋或猜測;根據(jù)這些結果,能得出何種結論或推論？指出研究的局限性以及這些局限對研究結果的影響;并建議進一步的研究題目或方向;指出結果的理論意義(支持或反駁相關領域中現(xiàn)有的理論、對現(xiàn)有理論的修正)和實際應用98Discussion：基本內(nèi)容Ibelievethemaincomponentswillbeprovidedifthefollowinginjunctions（警告）areheeded（注意到）:1.Trytopresenttheprinciples,relationships,andgeneralizationsshownbytheResults.Andbearinmind（記住）,inagoodDiscussion,youdiscuss—youdonotrecapitulate—theResults.2.Pointoutanyexceptionsoranylackofcorrelationanddefineunsettledpoints.Nevertakethehigh-riskalternativeoftryingtocoverup（掩蓋）orfudge（捏造）datathatdonotquitefit.3.Showhowyourresultsandinterpretationsagree(orcontrast)withpreviouslypublishedwork.4.Don'tbeshy;discussthetheoreticalimplicationsofyourwork,aswellasanypossiblepracticalapplications.5.Stateyourconclusionsasclearlyaspossible.6.Summarizeyourevidenceforeachconclusion.Or,asthewiseoldscientistwilltellyou,“Neverassumeanythingexcepta4%mortgage（抵押）."99Discussion：注意事項對結果的解釋要重點突出,簡潔、清楚：著重討論本研究的重要發(fā)現(xiàn)，以及由此得出的結論，不要過細地重復引言或結果中的數(shù)據(jù)或資料；推論要符合邏輯,避免實驗數(shù)據(jù)不足以支持的觀點和結論；對結果的科學意義和實際應用的表達要實事求是,適當留有余地；討論的最后最好是論文的最重要的結論(take-home-message)100Discussion：注意事項TheDiscussionshouldendwithashortsummaryorconclusionregardingthesignificanceofthework.IlikethewayAndersonandThistle(1947)saidit:“Finally,goodwriting,likegoodmusic,hasafittingclimax（高潮）.Manyapaperlosesmuchofitseffectbecausetheclearstreamofthediscussionendsinaswampy（松軟的）delta（三角洲）."Or,inthewordsofT.S.Eliot,manyscientificpapersend"Notwithabangbutawhimper."

101Discussion：注意事項DefiningScientificTruth:Inshowingtherelationshipsamongobservedfacts,youdonotneedtoreachcosmic（宇宙的）conclusions.Seldomwillyoubeabletoilluminatethewholetruth;moreoften,thebestyoucandoisshineaspotlightononeareaofthetruth.Youroneareaoftruthcanbeilluminatedbyyourdata;ifyouextrapolatetoabiggerpicturethanthatshownbyyourdata,youmayappearfoolishtothepointthatevenyourdata-supportedconclusionsarecastintodoubt.102Discussion：時態(tài)回顧研究目的：過去時Thisresearchinvestigatedtheeffectsoftwodifferentlearningmethods.Inthisstudy,theeffectsoftwodifferentlearningmethodswereinvestigated.Weoriginallyassumedthatworkerwhoenjoyedagreaterdegreeofprivacywouldbemoresatisfiedwiththeirjobs.103Discussion：時態(tài)

概述重要結果：現(xiàn)在時：具有普遍的意義推論或結論：

——Theexperimentalandtheoreticalvaluesfortheyieldsagree

well. ——Ourdatasuggestthatthereactionratemaybedeterminedbytheamountofoxygenavailable. ——OurfindingsareinsubstantialagreementwiththoseofSmith(1986). ——Theseresultscontradict(areconsistentwith)theoriginalhypothesis.過去時：所概述推論的有效性只是針對本次特定的研究：

——Inthefirstseriesoftrials,theexperimentalvalueswere

alllowerthanthetheoreticalpredictions.104Discussion：時態(tài)105Discussion：時態(tài)106Discussion：時態(tài)107Discussion：時態(tài)108Conclusion

-結論有時也可將“結論”單獨列為一節(jié)

(通常可包括在“討論”或“結果與討論”中)；“結論”中的基本內(nèi)容:

作者本人研究的主要認識或論點;

總結性地闡述本研究結果可能的應用前景、研究的局限性及需要進一步深入的研究方向;

結論中不應涉及新的事實,也不能簡單地重復摘要、引言、結果或討論等章節(jié)中的句子109科技論文的結構論文題名+眉題作者姓名+通訊地址摘要+關鍵詞引言(Introduction)材料與方法(Materialsandmethods)結果(Results)討論與結論(Discussion&Conclusion)致謝參考文獻

WheredoIstart?110科技論文的結構:篇尾部分致謝(Acknowledgements)

參考文獻(References)111Acknowledgements對于不夠署名條件,但對研究成果確有貢獻者,可以“致謝”的形式列出,作為致謝的對象通常包括:—協(xié)助研究的實驗人員;—為研究提供方便(儀器、測試等)的機構或人員;—提出過指導性意見的人員;—資金資助項目或類別(但不宜列出得到經(jīng)費的數(shù)量)112AcknowledgementsAstotheAcknowledgments,twopossibleingredientsrequireconsideration.First,youshouldacknowledgeanysignificanttechnicalhelpthatyoureceivedfromanyindividual,whetherinyourlaboratoryorelsewhere.Youshouldalsoacknowledgethesourceofspecialequipment,cultures,orothermaterials.Youmight,forexample,saysomethinglike"ThanksareduetoJ.

JonesforassistancewiththeexperimentsandtoR.Smithforvaluablediscussion."(Ofcourse,mostofuswhohavebeenaroundforawhilerecognizethatthisissimplyathinlyveiledwayofadmittingthatJonesdidtheworkandSmithexplainedwhatitmeant.)Second,itisusuallytheAcknowledgmentswhereinyoushouldacknowledgeanyoutsidefinancialassistance,suchasgrants,contracts,orfellowships.(Inthesedays,youmightsnidelymentiontheabsenceofsuchgrants,contracts,orfellowships.)113AcknowledgementsTheimportantelementinAcknowledgmentsissimplecourtesy.Thereisn‘tanythingreallyscientificaboutthissectionofascientificpaper.Thesamerulesthatwouldapplyinanyotherareaofcivilizedlifeshouldapplyhere.Ifyouborrowedaneighbor’slawnmower（割草機）,youwould(Ihope)remembertosaythanksforit.Ifyourneighborgaveyouareallygoodideaforlandscapingyourpropertyandyouthenputthatideaintoeffect,youwould(Ihope)remembertosaythankyou.Itisthesameinscience;ifyourneighbor(yourcolleague)providedimportantideas,importantsupplies,orimportantequipment,youshouldthankhimorher.Andyoumustsaythanksinprint,becausethatisthewaythatscientificlandscapingispresentedtoitspublic.

114致謝：盡量具體、如實應盡量指出致謝對象的具體幫助與貢獻；致謝某人可能暗含著某人贊同論文的觀點或結論:

如果被感謝的人并不同意論文的全部觀點或結論,那么論文公開后被感謝的人和作者都會很尷尬；表示應有的禮貌和尊重:

投稿前應請所有被感謝的對象閱讀論文的定稿(尤其要包括“致謝”部分),以獲得允許或默認115致謝：用詞要恰當致謝的開始就用“Wethank”,不要使用“Wewishtothank”,“Wewouldliketothank”,等；

如果說“IwishtothankJonesfor…”則是在浪費單詞,并且也可能蘊含著我希望感謝JohnJones的幫助,但這種幫助并不那么大);

用“IthankJones”更顯得簡明和真誠Iwishthattheword''wish"woulddisappearfromAcknowledgments.Wishisaperfectlygoodwordwhenyoumeanwish,asin"Iwishyousuccess."However,ifyousay"IwishtothankJohnJones,"youarewastingwords.Youmayalsobeintroducingtheimplicationthat"IwishthatIcouldthankJohnJonesforhishelpbutitwasn'tallthatgreat.""IthankJohnJones"issufficient.

116基金資助項目的致謝國內(nèi)大部分期刊將基金資助項目作為首頁腳注，國外則多將其作為致謝的一部分。以腳注形式舉例：117基金資助項目的致謝基金的表示：118基金資助項目的致謝基金的表示：119致謝舉例120致謝舉例121科技論文的結構:篇尾部分致謝(Acknowledgements)參考文獻(References)

122References：基本原則所選用文獻的主題必須與論文密切相關;必須是親自閱讀過;優(yōu)先引用論文:最新發(fā)表/特定期刊/特定作者;避免過多的作者自引;遵循擬投稿期刊的體例要求；確保文獻各著錄項(作者姓名,論文題目,期刊或專著名,等)正確無誤123References：基本原則TherearetworulestofollowintheReferencessection,justasintheAcknowledgmentssection.First,youshouldlistonlysignificant,publishedreferences.Referencestounpublisheddata,abstracts,theses,andothersecondarymaterialsshouldnotclutteruptheReferencesorLiteratureCitedsection.Ifsuchareferenceseemsabsolutelyessential,youmayadditparentheticallyorasafootnoteinthetext.ApaperthathasbeenacceptedforpublicationcanbelistedinLiteratureCited,citingthenameofthejournalfollowedby“Inpress.”Second,checkallpartsofeveryreferenceagainsttheoriginalpublicationbeforethemanuscriptissubmittedandperhapsagainattheproofstage.Takeitfromanerstwhile（以前的）librarian:TherearefarmoremistakesintheReferencessectionofapaperthananywhereelse.Anddon'tforget,asafinalcheck,makesurethatallreferencescitedinthetextareindeedlistedintheLiteratureCitedandthatallreferenceslistedunderLiteratureCitedareindeedcitedsomewhereinthetext.124ReferencesBaiCH…1995…CernyL,andLenton…1995……WuGH,HuCH,RoedderH…1995…ZouAQ,HanAH,ChenAF…2004…Worldwideresearchonpegmatiteshasinvolvedthestudyoftheirpetrogenesis(Solodov,2002),classification(CernyandLenton,1995),textureandstructure(Zouetal.,2004),rareelementgeochemistry(Li,1982a,1982b,1991),mineralogy(Roedder,1984),andexperimentalpetrology(Bai,1995;ZengandJin,19