建筑土木工程外文翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)英文文獻(xiàn)能源與高層建筑

EnergyandtheTallBuildThetallbuildingisemblematicofthemoderncity.Tallbuildingsaresymbolic;theyarciconiccelebrationsofachievementforcorporations,citiesandentirenations.Thetallbuildingtypologyhasreachedascaleofenormityanddiversityofuse.Functionally,thetallbuildingrespondstovariableconditionsasaresultofourrapidlychangingworldmarketcconomy.Infmslructurc:mustsupportascalablercconfigurablcworkplacethatfacilitatesexpandinginformationandcommunicationnetworksandmustbedesignedtoperformatoptimumimpactontheenvironment.Buildingstodayconsumefarmoreresourcesthannaturecansustain,causinganextremeimbalanceillournaturalecosystemsSustainabledesigninarchitecturebalancestheebbsandflowsofnaturalecosystemswitheconomicandsocialmechanisms,sothatwhatabuildingconsumesinresourcesisbalancedwiththeresourcesabilitytorecover,leavingampleresentfortheneedsoffiiturcgenerations.Globally,totalenergydemandissettoincreaseby62%bytheyearof2030asrapideconomicgrowthcontinuestoexpandtheurbanboundariesofcitiesaroundtheworldC()2andsmogcausingemissionsfromfossilfuel-basedcncrgyrconsumptionThreatenthehealthofourcitiesandfeedtheintensifyingenvironmentaldc\7astationcausedbyglobalwarming?Neutralizingtheharmfuleffectsofsuchenergyuseandtransitioningtowardsalowcarboneconomyappearstobeadauntingtask?TheissueiseconomicallysensitiveandofanenormousscalethatcrossesinternationalJboarders?Asarchitectscanwereallyhaveapositiveimpactonthiscomplexissueandhelptransittheworldtoalowcarboneconomy.?Thebuildingindustryrepresents10%oftheworldeconomy.Hugeamountsofresourcesarcconsumedbythebuildingindustry:17%ofpotablewater,25%oftimber,and50%oftotalglobalC()2emissions,themostofanysector.Thisiswherearchitectshaveagreatopporlunity*Thisiswherearchitectshaveagreatopportunity:Architectshaveagreatopportunity:architectscancontrolandreducebuildingcncrgyTconsumptionbydesign?Theissuesrangingfromhowwecommutetoworktothekindoflightbulbweturnonwhenwearrivehomefromwork.TheCentralplantandMixedUseStandardenergydeliverysystemshavebecomeantiquatedandgrosslyinefficientConventionalthermoelectricstationsconvertonlyabout30%ofthefuelcncrgvtintoelectricity.Theremaining70%islostintoelectricity?Theremaining70%islostintheformofwasteheat.Mo\nngcncrgyTproductiontoacentralplantwithinthebuildingstarstoreducetheseinefficiencies*Addingtri-gcncrationtcchnok)gyrthatprovidessimultaneousproductionofpowerheatandcoolingfromasingleenergysourceyieldsadditionalsavings?wasteheatfromenergyproductionisrecoverandusedforfreedomestichotwaterandspaceheating,orinwarmerclimateswasteheatcanberunthroughheatabsorptionchillersforsupplementalcooling.MaximumreuseofwasteciicrgyTdependsonthebuildinguse?Thetypicaltallbuildingoftenfunctionasamono-usetowerforeithercommercialorresidentialuse.Thesingleusetypologyhasbeendrivenforthemostpartbyzoningandfloorplatessizerequirements?Officefloorplatesarcverydeeptomaximizestructuralefficiencywhileresidentialfloorplatesarcshallowertoallowforampleaccesstofreshair,daylightandviewsWiththenewgenerationofsupertower,Wearcnowseeingmulti-useprogramswithcombinedcommercialofficeandresidentialcomponents?Thebottomthirdmaycontainoffices,followedbycondominiums,thentoppedwithahotel.Whilethiscanbeadesignchallenge,thecncrgyruseprofileofthemixedusetoweryieldsgreatpotentialforcncrgvrsharing.DesignprocessTheenvironmentalimpactofbuildingisaglobalproblemthatmustbeaddressedregionallyUniqueclimatic,socialandeconomicconditionsandtheirpotentialimpactoilaprojectmustbecarefullyanalyzedforuniquedesignopporlunities.Forexample,thearidclimateofSpainisidealforpassiveventilationandcoolingsystems,whilethepervasivehumidityofHongKongmayproveatechnicalchallengeforsuchastrategy-.Atthedesignphase,thecncrgyrperformanceofaprojectmustbeapproachedintelligentlyandholistically?Thereisnosingleuniversalsolution,andeveryprojectisunique-Anintegratedmultidisciplinaryapproachthatviewsthebuildin若asasystemmadeupofinterdependentarchitecturalandengineeringcomponentyieldshigherperformanceandoptimizesthemanagementofenergy-andresources?InlookingatthecncrgyTuseprofileofatypicalofficebuilding,lighting,heatingandcoolingrepresent2/3ofthetotalload.Targetingreductionsinthesecategoriesyieldthemostvalue?However,indoorcmnronmcntalqualityfortheoccupanthasadirectrelationshiptotheseloads,andoccupantcomfortmustbenotbecompromised?TypicalBuildingenergyUseProfileThevalueoftechnologyisoftenmeasuredintermsofacostbenefitanalysis,orpaybackperiod?Asthepaybackextendsfbraspecificdesignstmtrgytheseislessfinancialincentiveforapplyingthetcchn()logyr?Inregionswherecncrg}7costsarclow,ExtendedpaybackperiodsremainanobstacletoinvestinginmanyhighperformancesystemHowever,therearcseverallowtcch/lowcoststrategicsthatcanhavesignificantimpactonabuilding'scncrgyTperformance?Buildingform,orientation,andfenestrationarccomponentofever}-building.Properbuilding"orientationalonecallreduceabuilding?scoolingloadsby5%?Properfenestrationandshadingcanhelpprotectastructurefromunwantedheatgaincausedbydirectsolarexposureduringcoldmonths?Welldesignedfenestrationcanalsomaximizedaylightpenetrationandreduceuseofartificiallighting.能源與高層建筑高層建筑是現(xiàn)代城市的象征。它們是一種符號，標(biāo)志著眾多企業(yè)、城市乃至整個國家所取得的成績。其類型巳經(jīng)達(dá)到前所未有的數(shù)量。應(yīng)用超級的廣。高層建筑從功能上回應(yīng)了外部環(huán)境的轉(zhuǎn)變。這都是由急速變換的世界市場經(jīng)濟(jì)引發(fā)的。建筑的基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)必需能夠支持可靈活從頭配置的工作場地。以利于擴(kuò)張信息與通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)，它還必需適應(yīng)新的建筑技術(shù)。同時，高層建筑必需具有最優(yōu)效能，盡可能降低對環(huán)境的影響?，F(xiàn)在的建筑所消耗的能量比大自然能經(jīng)受的要多的多，從而在咱們的自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中造就了一種嚴(yán)峻的不平衡狀態(tài)?？沙掷m(xù)性建筑設(shè)計能夠平衡自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的盛衰與經(jīng)濟(jì)體系、社會機(jī)制二間的關(guān)系，以便使一座建筑所消耗的能源與自然界的恢復(fù)能力吻合，并為于孫后代留下充沛的資源儲量。由于經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅速增加致使世界眾多城市邊界的擴(kuò)張，到2030年，全世界總能源需求估計會增加62%。燃燒礦物燃料所釋放出來的二氧化碳和煙塵正在要挾著城市居民的健康，并使由全世界變暖引發(fā)的環(huán)境破壞加重。消除能源利用的有害影響、轉(zhuǎn)而進(jìn)展低碳型經(jīng)濟(jì)，似乎是一項比較艱難的任務(wù)。該課題對經(jīng)濟(jì)影響專門大。而涉及面很廣，需要跨國合作。作為建筑師，咱們真的能對這一復(fù)雜課題產(chǎn)生正面影響，并對全世界經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)為低碳型經(jīng)濟(jì)做出奉獻(xiàn)嗎？建筑工業(yè)占據(jù)全世界經(jīng)濟(jì)總量的10%。它消耗著大量的自然資源：17%的飲用水、任何產(chǎn)業(yè)都多。這正是建筑師發(fā)揮作用的所在：建筑師能夠］通過設(shè)計來控制并降低建筑能源消耗。這一課題雖然相當(dāng)普遍，可是建筑是有能力來影響諸多方面的。中央設(shè)備和多功能設(shè)備標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的能源供給系統(tǒng)巳通過于陳腐，而且效率很低。傳統(tǒng)的電力發(fā)電站只能將燃料產(chǎn)生的能源得0%轉(zhuǎn)化為電能