環(huán)境經(jīng)濟學課件

therelationshipbetweenteachingandlearningteachingstylegradingmaingoalsTherelationshipbetween

teachingandlearningTeachingbenefitsteachersaswellasstudents(learnfromeachother)activelythink,notasabystanderorapassivereceiverattemptsomenewteachingstylesTeachingstylesInstructionDiscussionPresentation……GradingHomeworkexercises,classdiscussionandpresentation:25-30%FinalExam:70-75%

(allquestionsareinEnglish)(openbook)Introductorycourse

tolearntheterms,thebasicconceptsandthefundamentaltheoriesandapproaches

tolearnhowtoexamineenvironmentalissuesfroman“economicperspective”andwithanalyticalideaofeconomicsOutline

SECTION1:INTRODUCTORY

SECTION2:ANALYTICALTOOLSSECTION3:ENVIRONMENTALANALYSIS

SECTION4:ENVIRONMENTALPOLICYANALYSISSECTION1:INTRODUCTORYChapter1WhatIsEnvironmentalEconomics?Chapter2TheEconomyandtheEnvironment

SECTION2：ANALYTICALTOOLS

Chapter3BenefitsandCosts,SupplyandDemandChapter4EconomicEfficiencyandMarketsChapter5TheEconomicsofEnvironmentalQuality

SECTION3:

ENVIRONMENTALANALYSISChapter6：

FrameworksofAnalysisChapter7:Benefit-CostAnalysis:BenefitsChapter8Benefit-CostAnalysis:CostsSECTION4:

ENVIRONMENTALPOLICYANALYSISfivechapterscriteriaforevaluatingpoliciesexecutinganddevelopingeconomicincentiveinstrumentsChapter1

WhatIsEnvironmentalEconomics?Inshort,Environmentaleconomicsisthestudyofenvironmentalproblemswiththeperspectiveandanalyticalideasofeconomics.EnvironmentalEconomicsisaninterdisciplinarysubjectbetweenEnvironmentalScienceandEconomics.EnvironmentalScience:

BasicEnvironmentalScienceEnvironmentalScienceAppliedEnvironmentalScienceEconomics：

TheoreticalEconomicsSectorEconomicsAppliedEconomicsEnvironmentalproblemiseconomicprobleminthefinalanalysis.ThetheoryofEnvironmentalEconomicsistheoverviewtoenvironmentalissues

froman“economicperspective”.torevealsomesimpleprinciplesinourdailylifeEmissionTaxes(Charges)imposeTransferableDischargePermitsstockEnvironmentaleconomicsplaysaimportantroleinenvironmentalmanagement.toseekanoptimalpathtoensureharmoniousdevelopmentoftheeconomyandtheenvironment

mannaturefuturenowIn2002,XiamenreceivedtheGoldMedalatthe“InternationalNationsinBloom”competitioninStuttgart,Germany.HabitatScrollofHonorAwardfromUNHabitatProgram(2004)Domesticawardshaveincluded:NationalSanitaryCityNationalGardenCityNationalModelCityforEnvironmentalProtectionNationalExcellenceinTourismNationalTop10MostLivableCitiesannualGDPaveragelyincreasesby17%harmoniousdevelopmentthemostnotablecontributionextendthecontentsofenvironmentalscienceexamineenvironmentalissuesfroman“economicperspective”andwithanalyticalideaofeconomicsWhatiseconomics?aboutbusinessdecisionsandhowtomakeprofitsthestudyofhowandwhy"people"makedecisionsabouttheuseofvaluableresources

consumers,firms,nonprofitorganizations,orgovernmentagenciesMacroeconomics&MicroeconomicsMicroeconomicsMacroeconomicsthestudyofthebehaviorofindividualsorsmallgroupsthestudyoftheeconomicperformanceofeconomiesasawholeEnvironmentaleconomicsmakesuseofmanyfamiliarconceptsineconomics.primarilyfrom

microeconomicslikealleconomicscoursesfundamentalissueof

allocating

scarceresourcesamongcompetingusesWhatisdifferentaboutenvironmentaleconomicscomparedtoothereconomicsubjects?Focuson:Howeconomicactivitiesaffectournaturalenvironment

theatmosphere,water,land,andanenormousvarietyoflivingspeciessomeeconomicdecisionspollutionanddegradationnon-optimaluseofresourcesWhy

doesthisoccurineconomicsystems?Whydon'tpeopletakeintoaccounttheeffectsoftheireconomicactivityonthenaturalenvironment?

Equallyasimportant,environmentaleconomicsinvestigatesandassessesdifferentmethodsofreachingasociallyoptimaluseofallresources,includingenvironmentalones.oneofourfirstjobsbasicideasandanalyticaltoolsofmicroeconomicsthatareusedinenvironmentaleconomics

whygetdegraded；

whatconsequences；

howtoreducethedegradationeffectively

abrief,non-technicaloverviewofsomeofthemaintopicsandideaswithinenvironmentaleconomics

commonsensetermsthetypesofquestionsenvironmentaleconomistsaskthetypesofanswerstheyseekninemaintopics:①Whydopeoplebehaveinwaysthatcauseenvironmentaldestruction?②ECONOMICINCENTIVES③EXTERNALITIESANDPROPERTYRIGHTS④THEDESIGNOFENVIRONMENTALPOLICY⑤ENVIRONMENT,GROWTH,ANDSUSTAINABILITY⑥COST-EFFECTIVENESSANALYSIS

⑦BENEFIT-COSTANALYSIS

⑧INTERNATIONALISSUES⑨ECONOMICSANDPOLITICS

①Whydopeoplebehaveinwaysthatcauseenvironmentaldestruction?Thereareseveraltypesofanswerstothisquestion.

unethicalorimmoral

behaviornotmoralunderdevelopmentthewaywehavearrangedtheeconomicsystemwithineconomicsystempeoplegoaboutthejobofmakingtheirlivingsAsecondwaytolookat

thewaytheeconomyanditsinstitutionsaresetuphowtheyleadpeopletomakedecisionsthatresultinenvironmentaldestructionPeoplepollutebecauseit'sthecheapestwaytheyhaveofsolvingacertainverypracticalproblem.disposalofthewasteproductsremainingafterconsumershavefinishedusingsomethingorafterbusinessfirmshavefinishedproducingsomethingPeoplemakethesedecisionsonproduction,consumption,anddisposalwithinacertainsetofeconomicandsocialinstitutions.structuretheincentivesleadpeopletomakedecisionsinonedirectionandnotinanother

Whatwehavetostudy?Howthisincentiveprocessworks?HowwemightrestructureitsothatpeoplewillbeledtomakedecisionsanddeveloplifestylesthathavemorebenignenvironmentalimplicationsPollutionisaresultoftheprofitmotive.

Inthisheadlongpursuitofmonetaryprofits,entrepreneursgivenothoughttotheenvironmentalimpactsoftheiractionsbecauseit"doesn'tpay."

toweakenthestrengthoftheprofitmotive

notonly"profit-motivated"corporationsthatcausepollutionseriouspollutersindividualconsumersgovernmentagenciesThemostpersuasiveargumentcomesfromsomeeventsinEasternEuropeandtheformerUSSR.nuclearenergyleakedouttheenormousenvironmentaldestruction

humanhealthandecologicalsystemManyoftheseproblemsexceedsomeoftheworstcasesofenvironmentalpollutionexperiencedinmarket-drivencountries.complexquestion(environmentalmoralityorprofitmotive)systemplacegreatstressontheimportanceofincentivesinthefunctioningofaneconomicsystemiftheincentiveswithinthesystemarenotstructuredtoavoidthem

anysystemwillproducedestructiveenvironmentalimpacts

tolookmoredeeplyintoanyeconomicsystem

tounderstandhowitsincentivesystemsworkhowtheymaybechanged

Sothatwecanhaveareasonablyprogressiveeconomywithoutdisastrousenvironmentalsideeffects.②ECONOMICINCENTIVESAn"incentive"issomethingthatattractsorrepelspeopleandleadsthemtomodifytheirbehaviorinsomeway.MaterialwealthNonmaterialincentives:self-esteem,thedesiretopreserveabeautifulvisualenvironment,orthedesiretosetagoodexampleforothersAn"economicincentive"issomethingintheeconomicworldthatleadspeopletochanneltheireffortsateconomicproductionandconsumptionincertaindirections.E1:ASIMPLEHOUSEHOLDEXAMPLE

(p6)theimportanceofchangingincentivestogetimprovementsinenvironmentalqualityThenewspaperstoryTOWNSADOPTPAY-AS-YOU-THROWGARBAGE

ByRobertHanleySpecialtoTheNewYorkTimesTOWNSADOPTPAY-AS-YOU-THROWGARBAGEatownintheUnitedStatesbeforetheprogrampaidaflatannualfeenoincentiveforanyindividualfamilytolimititstrashproductionTOWNSADOPTPAY-AS-YOU-THROWGARBAGETheresponseinthiscaseistointroduceasystemthatgivespeopleanincentivetosearchforwaystoreducetheamountofsolidwastetheyproduce.Thisapproachis“unitpricing”bychargingpeopleforeachbagoftrashtheyputoutonthecurb

asmallmonthlyfeetoreducethenumberofbagsoftrashbyrecyclingbyreducingconsumptionofproductsTheFrysinger

familyusesnopapertowelsinthekitchen,onlyspongesandtowels.

Toreduceconsumptionofproductsistoprotectenvironment.byswitchingtoproductsthathavelesswastebuynothing"excessivelypackaged"cucumberwithamplevitaminandwithoutwrappagebyputtingfoodscraps

inacompostpileThesystemisworkingwell.theamountoftrashitrecyclesfrom540tonsto1,158tons$TrashchargeTheamountoftrashhasbeenevidentlyreducedbecauseofthenewprogram.manyothercommunitiesadoptthissystemNoincentives

incentives

thelinkagebetweencharge∽∽∽benefitFlatfee($/month)Unitprice($/bag)Monthlyfee($)Annualfee($)Oldbillingsystem30030360Newbillingsystem9.51.917.1=9.5+1.9*4205.2Saving154.80TheFrysingerfamilymonthlyproducesonlyonebagoftrash,savingof$223ayear.E2:ABUSINESSEXAMPLE(p8)Incentivesarealsocriticallyimportantinreducingindustrialpollution.

Allindustrialfirmsworkwithinagivensetofincentives:toincreaseprofits(firmsinmarketeconomies)tofulfilltheannualproductionplan(socialistfirms)Firmshaveanincentivetotakeadvantageofwhateverfactorsareavailabletobettertheirperformanceintermsofthesecriteria.

Onepolicyapproachtopassandthentrytoenforcelaws

Amoreeffectivetechniquefrequentlywillbetodesignasystemthattakesadvantageoffirms'normalmonetaryincentivesinsuchawayastoleadthemtopolluteless.

acaseinthestateofLouisianatogivefirmsadirectfinancialincentivetoreducetheirpollutingbehavior

bylinkingafirm'spropertytaxestoitsenvironmentalperformance

USINGTAXESTODISCOURAGEPOLLUTION

ByKeithSchneiderSpecialtoTheNewYorkTimes

For65years,animportantfacetofLouisiana'spolicyforattractingindustrywastoexemptfromlocalbusinesspropertytaxesallnewequipmentandothercapitalexpenditures.Louisianahasenactedanewtaxrulethattiestheamountofbusinesspropertytaxesacompanypaystoitsenvironmentalrecord.

Specifically,eachfirmisratedonascale

"accordingtothenumberofenvironmentalviolationsithasreceived,theamountofchemicalsitreleasesintotheenvironmentandotherfactors."Theworsethefirm'sratingonthescale,thesmalleritspropertytaxexemptionand,thus,thehigheritstaxpayments.

Withthissystemfirmswouldpresumablyhaveadirectincentivetodowhatevertheycouldtoincreasetheirenvironmentalratings——provided,ofcourse,thatthetaxsavingwassufficientlylargetobeattractive.agrowingrecognition:?theimportanceofchangingtheincentivestructuresofpollutingfirms?theimportanceofincorporatingeconomicincentiveapproachesintoenvironmentalpoliciesatalllevelsofgovernmentTheessenceoftheeconomicincentiveapproachistorestructuretheincentivesfacingfirmsandconsumersinsuchawaythatitmobilizestheirownenergyandingenuity

tofindwaysofreducingtheirimpactsontheenvironment.TAXVSEnvironmentalprotectionE3:INCENTIVESINTHEPOLLUTION-CONTROLINDUSTRY(p10)growthandperformanceofthepollution-controlindustry

pollution-controlindustryDevelopwasterecyclingtechniques,newpollution-controlequipment,andnewpollution-monitoringtechnologyHandleandtreatwasteproducts(managingwastedisposalsites)Developnewenvironmentallyfriendlyproductslikelow-phosphatedetergentsandrecyclablepaperproductsalivelyandprogressiveindustrytheincentivesfacingthisindustry

Whatcausesittogrowordecline,howquicklyorslowlyitrespondstonewneeds,andsoon.theemergenceofanewfirmthatspecializesinfindingmarketsforwasteproductsthatusedtobedumpedintolandfillsThecompanyalsoadvisesfirmsonmethodsofreducingwastes.PROBINGGARBAGEFORGOLDNewbreedforconsultantanalyzeswasteforcorporateclientsByBillKnappSpecialtoTheGlobeandMail

IndependentDisposalGroupInc.ofMississauga(IDG)PROBINGGARBAGEFORGOLDlaunchedinAugust1988,asaone-manshopIDGnowhasastaffof23,supportingclientsinindustriessuchasheavyandlightmanufacturing,foodprocessingandretailing,hospitality,fastfood,aswellasautomotiveandtruckmanufacturers,andfinancialinstitutions.

IDG'srevenuehasgrownfrom$80,000initsfirstyeartoaprojected$5-millionthisyear.Itsfeesarebasedonapercentageofthemoneyitsavesitsclients.Forbothlegalandeconomicreasons,theefficientdisposalofwastehasassumedamuchhigherpriorityincorporatethinking.Undermostenvironmentallegislation,suchasOntario'sEnvironmentalProtectionAct,officersanddirectorsarepersonallyliableandfacestifffinesandevenprisonsentencesiftheircompaniesarefoundguiltyofcontaminatingtheenvironment.Dependingontheseverityofthecircumstances,thecourtscanfineacompanyupto$2-millionadayforcontaminationiftherehasbeenaspill.Andtheycanstripawayalltheprofitsmadebetweenthetimetheproblemwasidentifiedandthetimeitwascleanedup.

Atthesametime,thedisposalcostshaverisendramatically.ThecostofdumpingatonneinaTorontomunicipalsitehasclimbedto$150from$18.50fiveyearsago.IDGhasrecentlyexpandeditsoperationsandisnowadvisingbanksandinsurancecompaniesonenvironmentalmattersastheymobilizetocopewiththenewsetofproblems.$￥￡€…Legalreasons

Economicreasons

VoluntaryTradeIGPCompany┉clientexample③EXTERNALITIESANDPROPERTYRIGHTS

Howenvironmentalproblemsarisewhentherearenowell-definedpropertyrightstoenvironmentalresources.TONNESOFTOXINSPOURINGINTORIVEROntarioMineTailingsBurstDamTheGlobeandMailThesourceofthepollutantsinthiscasearewastesfromaminethatcloseddownlongago.Thewastesareanexternality.

Theproductionofmineralsledtothereleaseoftoxicchemicalsthatadverselyaffectedindividualsandtheecosystem.

Thepriceofmineralsextractedfromtheminedidnotreflectthesesubsequentenvironmentalcosts.Privatenegotiationcouldnotresolvetheproblem.Why?Peopletodaycannotbecountedontomakedecisionsthatmaximizethewell-beingofgenerationswhofollow.>>Atthetimethemineoperated,therewerenoeffectiveregulationsagainstdumpingwasteproductsontotheland.Thismeansthattheminehadanimplicitpropertyrighttodepositthewastesatthesite.Themineoperatorsandresidentsoftheareadidnotknowinthe1950sthatyearslater,environmentalproblemswouldemerge.Eveniftheyhad,wouldtheyhavedoneanythingaboutpollutionthatmightoccurmanyyearshence?

Thecurrentresidentsprobablywerenotaroundinthe1950s.<<

Someformofgovernmentinterventionisnecessary.Inthiscase,itisintheformoffinancialassistancetotheaffectedresidents.

Amajorfocusofenvironmentaleconomicsistoexplainwhythesesortsofproblemsemergeinmarketeconomiesandwhatcanbedoneaboutthem.exampleZimbabwe,Africa④THEDESIGNOFENVIRONMENTALPOLICYEnvironmentaleconomicshasamajorroletoplayinthedesignofpublicpoliciesforenvironmentalqualityimprovement.atalllevelsofgovernment:local,provincial,regional,federal,andinternationalThepoliciesvarygreatlyintheirefficiencyandeffectiveness.

importanttostudyhowtodesignenvironmentalpoliciesthataccomplishtheirenvironmentalgoalsatthelowestpossiblecosttosocietypollutioncontrolandenvironmentalcleanup

environmentalprotectioncostwhetherwearegettingthemostimprovementpossibleinenvironmentalqualityforthemoneyspentThismeanshavingpoliciesandprogramsthatgetthemaximumimprovementinenvironmentalqualityfortheresourcesspent.tolookcarefullyattheimpactsofdifferentpolicyapproachesWeneedtoknow

ifthesepoliciesarecost-effective,intermsofgettingthemostpollutionreductionpossibleforthemoneyspent,and

whethertheyareefficient,intermsofappropriatelybalancingthebenefitsandthecostsofenvironmentalimprovements.

amajorpartofenvironmentaleconomics:environmentalpolicydesignandanalysis⑤ENVIRONMENT,GROWTH,ANDSUSTAINABILITYMicroeconomicproblemsEnvironmentaleconomicsisbasedprimarilyonmicroeconomictheory.

However,economistsareincreasinglyfocusingonenvironmentalissuesthataffectaggregateeconomies.Thereareanumberofimportantquestionsabouttherelationshipbetweenenvironmentalissuesandthebehaviorofthemacroeconomy.Oneverysignificantquestionaskswhatistherelationshipbetweeneconomicgrowthandenvironmentalquality.TraditionalmeasureslikeGDPenvironmentaldegradationsometypesofpollution

E5:POLLUTIONANDPROSPERITY

Thereisnosimplerelationshipbetweeneconomicgrowth,internationaltrade,andpollution.

Itisnoticeable:Therelationshipbetweeninternationaltradeandenvironmentalqualityisanexcitingareaofresearchforenvironmentaleconomists.SustainabilityEconomistsarebecomingincreasinglyawareoftheneedtolinkmorecloselytheeconomywiththenaturalenvironment.NaturalenvironmenthasalwaysbeentreatedanessentialinputintoproductionFewmodelslookedexplicitlyattheinteractionbetweenecologicalsystemsandtheeconomyAnewfieldcalled“ecologicaleconomics”animportantobjective----tosearchforsustainablepathsofeconomicdevelopmentDonotdestroyecologicalsystems,butallowforincreasesinrealincomes.SustainableEconomyAsustainableeconomyisonewhichhastheabilitytoproducenondecreasingwell-beingyearafteryear.Currentgenerationscannot"useup"somuchoftheexistingstocksofnaturalandenvironmentalresources.HermanDaly:

Wemustexamineoureconomicactivitieswithregardtothecarryingcapacityofourecosystem.Manyfearourcurrentpathofproductionandpopulationgrowthisnotsustainable.Whatcanbedone?RobertSolowetal:

onepossibleapproach

Eachgenerationinasustainableeconomyhastheobligationtoreplacewhatituseswithinvestmentin“socialcapital”."capital":averybroaddefinitionphysicalcapital,education,infrastructure,renewableandnonrenewablenaturalresources,environmentitselfTheonlywaytheeconomycanbesustainableovertimeistoreinvesttokeepthesocialcapitalstockatleastconstant.GDP、GNPrichorpoorWorldBank(1995)：

naturalcapital;man-madecapital;humancapitalAustralia:percapita840thousandsUS$

(71%naturalcapital)Canada:percapita700thousandsUS$

(69%naturalcapital)USA:

percapita420thousandsUS$

(25%；16%；59%)China:161/192(percapita660US$)⑥COST-EFFECTIVENESSANALYSIS

Severaltypesofenvironmentalanalysisarecommoninenvironmentaleconomics."cost-effectivenessanalysis"

Goals:lookfortheleastexpensivewayofachievingagivenenvironmentalqualitytargetlookforthewayofachievingthegreatestimprovementinsomeenvironmentaltargetforagivenexpenditureofresourcesStudiesofthissortrequireclosecoordinationofscientificandengineeringanalysistodeterminerealistictechnicalparameters,andeconomicanalysistodeterminethevaluesassociatedwiththeseparameters.Exhibitl-6showsanewsclipthatillustratestheneedforcost-effectivenessstudies.

B.C.HYDROTOUTSHIGH-EFFICIENCYELECTRICMOTORS(p17)Rebateprogramattractsincreasingnumberofenergy-consciousbuyersByPatriciaLushBritishColumbiaBureau

Source:TheGlobeandMail,June4,1991.

⑦BENEFIT-COSTANALYSIS

Incost-effectiveanalysis,economistsareconcernedonlywiththecostsofachievingsomestatedenvironmentalgoal.Inbenefit-costanalysis,bothcostsandbenefitsofapolicyorprogramaremeasuredandexpressedincomparableterms.

mainanalyticaltooltoevaluateenvironmentaldecisions

ItwasfirstusedintheUnitedStatesearlyinthetwentiethcenturytoevaluatewater-developmentprojects.Inthistypeofanalysis,asthenameimplies,thebenefitsofsomeproposedactionareestimatedandcomparedwiththetotalcoststhatsocietywouldbearifthatactionwereundertaken.

apublicparkthebenefitsintermsofrecreationalexperiencesprovidedbytheparktheexpectedcostsofbuildingtheparkandofusingthelandAproposaltobuildasolid-wasteincineratorthecostsofbuildingandoperatingtheincinerator,includingthecostsofdisposingoftheremainingashandthecostsofpossibleairborneemissionswithbenefits,suchasreducingtheuseoflandfillsforthesolidwasteThebenefit-costapproachimpliesthatweneedtoconsiderboththebenefitsandthecostsofenvironmentalprogramsandpolicies.Theultimatelong-runacceptanceofprogramstoprotecttheenvironmentdependsonpeoplecomingtorealizethattheyareworththecost.Thebenefit-cost,trade-offtypeofapproachisthebestwaytoaccomplishthis.EXHIBIT1–7(p19)THENEWECO-NOMICSAfterYearsofPooh-PoohingCost-BenefitAnalysesandEconomicImpactStudies,EnvironmentalActivistsHaveFinallyCopiedaPagefromtheEnemy'sPlaybook.NowThey'reFightingIndustry’sNumbersofTheirOwn.

ByMargaretE.KrizSource:

NationalJournal,May30,1992.⑧INTERNATIONALISSUESNotallenvironmentalproblemsarepollutionrelated,andnotallarecontainedwithinindividualcountries.Inrecentyearsinternationalissueshavebecomeincreasinglyimportant.ThenewsclippinginExhibitl-8tellsaboutthegloballyimportantquestionofspeciesdiversity.

TheEarthSummitofl992Someoftheeconomicissuesinvolved

themostcost-effectivewaystoreducetherateofspeciesextinctionstheissueofwhethernationalpropertyrightsoughttobeexercisedoverspeciestheproblemofinternationaltechnologytransferstheverythornyproblemofhowthecostsofpreservingspeciesdiversityaretobedividedamongrichandpoorcountries

TheseareallissuesofsustainabilityhowtoensurethateconomicactivitiesdonotunalterablydisrupttheecologicalhealthoftheplanetSpeciespreservationisonepartofthesustainabilityobjective.

ImportantquestionswhichspeciesareessentialtoanecosystemwhichspeciescanweallowtogoextinctThisisthesubjectofalivelydebateinthescientificandeconomiccommunities.⑨ECONOMICSANDPOLITICS

discussbrieflyhowtoachieveeffectiveenvironmentalpolicyinahighlypoliticalpolicyenvironmentEnvironmentalpoliciesnotonlyaffectthenaturalenvironment,theyalsoaffectpeople.Environmentalpolicydecisionscomeoutofthepoliticalprocess.

Althoughweknowthattherealworldisoneofcompromiseandpower,thebestwayforscientistsandeconomiststoservethatprocessistoproducestudiesthatareasclearandasobjectiveaspossible.Itisthepolitician'sjobtocompromiseorseekadvantage;itisthescientist'sjobtoprovidethebestinformationheorshecan.Foreconomists,infact,thismeansstudiesinwhicheconomicefficiencyisacentralrole,butitmeansmorethanthis.Itisalsotheroleofscientistsandeconomiststoprovideinformationtopolicymakersonalternativecoursesofaction.therisinginfluenceofeconomistsBenefit-costproceduresandresultshavebecomemorewidelyaccepted,inpublicpolicyarenasandinlawcourtshearingenvironmentalcases.Newpollution-controlinitiativesincorporatingeconomicincentiveprinciplesareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinlocal,provincial,andfederalenvironmentalpolicies.tostudyandunderstandthebasiceconomicsofenvironmentalanalysisandpolicySUMMARYindicatingsomeofthemaintopics

showingverybrieflytheapproachestowhetyourappetiteforthesubjectofenvironmentaleconomicstheprinciplesmayappearabstractandoddatfirsttodeveloptheseprinciplestheobjective:toachieveacleaner,healthier,andmorebeautifulnaturalenvironmentthatcanbesustainedovertimepaperssuggested:

夏光,環(huán)境經(jīng)濟學在中國的發(fā)展,

中國人口、資源與環(huán)境,1999,9(1)

王廣成,環(huán)境與自然資源經(jīng)濟學研究的新趨勢國土與自然資源研究,2000,(4)websitesuggested:

(resourcesforthefuture)AimofChapter1toacquireageneralunderstandingofenvironmentaleconomicsEXHIBIT1-1TOWNSADOPTPAY-AS-YOU-THROWARBAGEEXHIBIT1-2

USINGTAXESTODISCOURAGEPOLLUTION

EXHIBIT1-3

PROBINGGARBAGEFORGOLDEXHIBIT1-4

TONNESOFTOXINSPOURINGINTORIVER

EXHIBIT1-5

POLLUTIONANDPROSPERITYFundamentalsof

EnvironmentalEconomicsWeiqiCHEN

（陳偉琪）EnvironmentalScienceResearchCenterXiamenUniversitySECTION1:INTRODUCTORYChapter2TheEconomyandtheEnvironmentageneralviewoftheinteractionsbetweentheeconomyandtheenvironmentanintroductiontothefundamentalconceptsanddefinitionswillbeusedinthechapterslaterThefundamentalrelationshipsbetween

theeconomyandtheenvironmentThefundamentalbalanceTerminologyEmissions,ambientquality,anddamageTypesofpollutantsShort-runandlong-runchoices——sustainabilityThefundamentalrelationshipsbetween

theeconomyandtheenvironmentOnerolethenaturalworldplaysisthatproviderofrawmaterialsandenergyinputswithoutwhichproduction,consumption,andlifeitselfwouldbeimpossible.air,waterimpact(economicsystemonnature)

*drawinguponrawmaterialstokeepthesystemfu