閱讀理解的結(jié)構(gòu)化整理（議論文）-教師版

閱讀理解的結(jié)構(gòu)化整理（議論文）一、議論文結(jié)構(gòu)名詞解釋1.立論：提出看法；確立論點（論點、論據(jù)、論證過程）2.駁論：通過揭露和\t"s://baike.baidu/item/%E9%A9%B3%E8%AE%BA/_blank"駁斥錯誤的、反動的論點來確立自己的論點，駁論的作用在于“破”，即辨別是非，駁斥錯誤的觀點，同時樹立正確的觀點。3.歸納法（inductive）：利用特殊推斷出普遍4.演繹法（deductive）：利用普遍推斷出特殊二、議論文的分層討論典例分析（一）（2022·全國甲卷）Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindforcenturies.Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolforgenius.Butwewanttogobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeoplearesomuchmoreintelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoarethey?Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub—women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief—theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikelythanboystosaythatmembersoftheirgender(性別)are“really,reallysmart.”Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare“really,reallysmart.”Canourplanetaffordtohaveanygreatthinkersbeediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:absolutelynot.Here'sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalmunication,we'reallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors(因素)likegender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,futuregeniusesefromthosewith“intelligence,creativity,perseverance(毅力),andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld.”（1）第一段：引出中心論點（天才的問題）（2）第二段：引出中心論點（愛因斯坦舉例）（3）第三段：分論點（白人與天才）（4）第四段：分論點（性別與天才）（5）第五段：中心論點（Andthemorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactorslikegender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.）1．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofvictors'standardsforjoiningthegeniusclub?A．They'reunfair. B．They'reconservative.C．They'reobjective. D．They'restrict.【解析】根據(jù)第三段的“Itissaidthathistoryiswrittenbyvictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclubwomen,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelieftheywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.(據(jù)說歷史是由勝利者書寫的，而那些勝利者為進入天才俱樂部設(shè)定了標準。當俱樂部以外的天才——女性或不同膚色或信仰的人——做出貢獻時，他們不會被承認并且被其他人拒絕)”可推知，作者認為那些“勝利者”對進入“天才俱樂部”設(shè)置的標準是不公平的，因為女性或者不同膚色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承認的。故選A。2．WhatcanweinferaboutgirlsfromthestudyinScience?A．Theythinkthemselvessmart.B．Theylookuptogreatthinkers.C．Theyseegenderdifferencesearlierthanboys.D．Theyarelikelytobeinfluencedbysocialbeliefs.【解析】根據(jù)第四段的“Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief.Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare“really,reallysmart.”(更糟糕的是，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)女孩們是按照這個信念行事的。六歲左右，她們開始避免那些據(jù)說是“非常非常聰明”的孩子參加的活動)”可推知，女孩容易受到社會信仰的影響，認為自己在六歲左右就不適合做“聰明孩子”做的事情。故選D。3．Whyaremoregeniusesknowntothepublic?A．Improvedglobalmunication.B．Lessdiscriminationagainstwomen.C．Acceptanceofvictors'concepts.D．Changesinpeople'ssocialpositions.【解析】根據(jù)最后一段的“Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalmunication,we’reallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.(在一個全球通訊不斷的有線世界里，我們隨時隨地都能看到天才的閃現(xiàn))”可知，進步的全球通訊讓更多的天才被公眾所知道。故選A。4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．GeniusesThinkAlike B．GeniusTakesManyFormsC．GeniusandIntelligence D．GeniusandLuck【解析】根據(jù)文章的主要內(nèi)容，結(jié)合文章第一段提出問題“Whoisagenius?（誰是天才）”和最后一段的“Asawritersays,futuregeniusesefromthosewith“intelligence,creativity,perseverance,andsimplegeniuses,whoareabletochangetheworld.”(正如一位作家所說，未來的天才來自那些具有“智慧、創(chuàng)造力、毅力和那些能夠改變世界的簡單天才?！?”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大貢獻的人，他們也可以是某一方面比較突出的普通人。由此可知B項“天才有多種形式”可以作為本文最佳標題。故選B。（二）（2022·河南·一模）Internalmunication,alsoknownasIC,referstoagroupofprocessesresponsibleforeffectivecirculationofmessagewithinanorganization.Thesemessagesareinformationthatisvaluabletotheorganizationandaresupposedtobekeptconfidential(機密的).Themeansoftransferringthisinformationisoftendonethroughemails,letters,noticeboards,andevenwiththehelpofsocialmedialikeSkype,Zoom,andGoogleMeet,inthecurrenttimes.Honestinternalmunicationisthehealthiestwaytokeepyourorganizationgrowing.Withhonestyaroundtheworkplace,itisasaferenvironmentfortheemployeestovoicetheiropinionswhichcouldhelpinthemodificationofacertainoperationthatmighthavebeenoutdated.Otherthanchanges,notopeninguptoyourcolleaguescanresultinfrustrationandgiveriseto“gossipculture”attheworkplace.Wheninformationisnotpassedoutwithlucidity,notonlydoesthequalityofworkgetaffectedbutitalsogivesrisetoquestioningtheworthofthetimespentinthepany.Anatmosphereofhonestyalsoencouragesgrowthinresponsibility,leadership,andselfaccountability.IftheCEOofapanyvoicestheshortingsofhisteaminarespectfulmanner,itwouldbringroomforeachandeveryemployeetotakeitonapositivenoteandbringaroundthechangefortheonemongoalofdevelopmentofthepanythattheyareworkingfor.Thisbringsalotofchangeintheattitudeofeveryindividualemployeesincetheystartseeingthepanythattheyareworkingforasanassetthattheycherish(珍愛)dearly.Inaworkplace,thingsgobothwrongandright,soitisimportanttobothappreciateandcriticizewhensuchsituationsoccurfromtheendofboththeleadershipandtheemployees.Thepositivesshouldbecelebratedwhilethenegativesshouldbetakenaspositivecriticismsthatcouldhelpthepanygrowintosomethingbetter.Themaingoalofunityanddevelopmentshouldalwaysbekeptinmind.（1）第一段：引出論點（介紹了internalmunication）（2）第二段：中心論點（誠實的internalmunication）（3）第三段：分論點（Anatmosphereofhonestyalsoencouragesgrowthinresponsibility,leadership,andselfaccountability.誠實的氛圍也會促進責任感、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力和自我問責的發(fā)展。）（4）第四段：呼吁與總結(jié)（在工作場所，事情有錯有對，所以當這種情況發(fā)生時，從領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和員工的角度，既要贊賞，也要批評。）5．WhichisconsideredonemaincharacterofIC?A．Iteswiththetimesofsocialmedia. B．Itexistswithintheleadershipofapany.C．Itisoftenkeptsecretwithinanorganization. D．Itneedsalonganddifficultprocessinmostcases.【解析】根據(jù)文章第一段內(nèi)容“Internalmunication,alsoknownasIC,referstoagroupofprocessesresponsibleforeffectivecirculationofmessagewithinanorganization.Thesemessagesareinformationthatisvaluabletotheorganizationandaresupposedtobekeptconfidential.(內(nèi)部溝通，也被稱為IC，指的是組織內(nèi)部負責信息有效傳播的一組過程。這些信息是對組織有價值的信息，應(yīng)該保密。)”可知，內(nèi)部溝通中的信息應(yīng)該是有價值的，被保密的。由此可知，“在內(nèi)部溝通中，消息被保密”是其特點之一。故選C項。6．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“l(fā)ucidity”inparagraph2probablymean?A．Clearness. B．Appreciation. C．Authority. D．Assistance.【解析】根據(jù)后文“notonlydoesthequalityofworkgetaffectedbutitalsogivesrisetoquestioningtheworthofthetimespentinthepany(這不僅會影響工作質(zhì)量，還會讓人質(zhì)疑在公司花的時間是否值得)”可知，“Wheninformationisnotpassedoutwithlucidity”造成的結(jié)果并不好，造成這樣的結(jié)果應(yīng)該是內(nèi)部溝通中的信息沒有得到清楚的傳達。由此可推知，“l(fā)ucidity”應(yīng)是“清楚；明確”含義，與選項A“Clearness.(清楚明確。)”表達含義一致。故選A7．Whatisthethirdparagraphmainlyabout?A．ThemainresponsibilitiesoftheCEO. B．Theimportanceofunityforapany.C．Theadvantageofapowerfulleadership. D．Theroleofanhonestleadershipinapany.【解析】通過閱讀文章第三段內(nèi)容可知，首句“Anatmosphereofhonestyalsoencouragesgrowthinresponsibility,leadership,andselfaccountability.(誠實的氛圍也鼓勵責任感、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力和自我責任感的增長。)”為主旨句，并在后文用公司CEO舉例具體講述了誠實的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能夠在公司發(fā)揮積極的作用。D項“Theroleofanhonestleadershipinapany.(誠實的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在公司中的作用。)”符合該段主旨。故選D項。8．Whatdoestheauthorsuggesttousinaworkplaceinthelastparagraph?A．municatingboththepositivesandthenegatives.B．Takingresponsibilitiesbravelyforourmistakes.C．Tryingallpossiblemeanstoavoidthenegatives.D．Strengtheningunitymainlyamongtheemployees.【解析】根據(jù)文章末尾段內(nèi)容“Inaworkplace,thingsgobothwrongandright,soitisimportanttobothappreciateandcriticizewhensuchsituationsoccurfromtheendofboththeleadershipandtheemployees.(在工作場所，事情有好有壞，所以當這種情況發(fā)生時，無論是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)還是員工，欣賞和批評都是很重要的。)”可知，在作者看來，工作中，事情有好有壞，就會有欣賞和批評。由此可推知，作者應(yīng)是建議在工作中應(yīng)該誠實地傳達信息，無論好壞，即，同時傳達積極和消極的信息。故選A項。實戰(zhàn)演練（一）（2022·河北·衡水中學(xué)）Whilemanyofusmayhavebeenawaysomewherenicelastsummer,fewwouldsaythatwe’ve“summered.”“Summer”isclearlyanoun,moreprecisely,averbednoun.Waybackinourchildhood,wealllearnedthedifferencebetweenanounandaverb.Withsuchatidydefinition,itwaseasytospotthedifference.Notsoinadulthood,whereweareexpectedto“foot”bills,“chair”mittees,and“dialogue”withpoliticalopponents.Chancesareyoudidn’tfeelunfortableaboutthesightofthoseverbednouns.“TheverbingofnounsisasoldastheEnglishlanguage,”saysPatriciaO’Conner,aformereditoratTheNewYorkTimesBookReview.Expertsestimatethat20percentofallEnglishverbswereoriginallynouns.Andthephenomenonseemstobesnowballing.Since1900,about40percentofallnewverbshaveefromnouns.Eventhoughconversion(轉(zhuǎn)化)isquiteuniversal,plentyofgrammariansobjecttothepractice.WilliamStrunkJr.andE.B．White,inTheElementsofStyle—theBiblefortheuseofAmericanEnglish—havethistosay:“Manynounslatelyhavebeenpressedintoserviceasverbs.Notallarebad,butallaresuspect.”TheChicagoManualofStyletakesasimilarstandpoint,advisingwriterstouseverbswithgreatcare.“Sometimespeopleobjecttoanewverbbecausetheyresistwhatisunfamiliartothem,”saysO’Conner.That’swhywe’refortable“hosting”aparty,butwemightfeelupsetbythethoughtof“medaling”insports.Soarethereanyrulesforverbing?BenjaminDreyer,copychiefatRandomHouse,doesn’tofferarule,butsuggeststhatpeoplethinktwiceabout“verbifying”anounifit’seasilyreplaceablebyanalreadyexistingpopularverb.Makesureit’sdescriptivebutnotsillysounding,hesays.Intheend,however,styleissubjective.EasyconversionofnounstoverbshasbeenpartofEnglishgrammarforcenturies;itisoneoftheprocessesthatmakeEnglish“English.”Noteverycoinage(新創(chuàng)的詞語)passesintogeneraluse,butasfortryingtoendverbingaltogether,forgetit.（1）第一段：引出論點（名詞動用）（2）第二段：引出論點（童年與成年對名詞動用的感受）（3）第三段：分論點（名詞動用的歷史悠久）（4）第四段：分論點（多數(shù)語法學(xué)家反對名詞動用）（5）第五段：分論點（有時，人們反對一個新動詞，因為他們抗拒自己不熟悉的東西）（6）第五段：發(fā)出、呼吁中心論點（風格是主觀的，無法全部結(jié)束名詞動用）1．Whatcanwelearnabouttheverbingofnouns?A．Ithasn’trecentlybeenopposedbymanygrammarians.B．Itismoremonlyacceptedbychildrenthanadults.C．Ithasn’tbeenararephenomenoninthepastcentury.D．Itiseasilyreplacedbyexistingverbsinpractice【解析】根據(jù)第三段的Since1900,about40percentofallnewverbshaveefromnouns.（自1900年以來，大約40%的新動詞來自名詞）可知，我們知道在過去的一個世紀里，名詞動用并不是罕見的現(xiàn)象。故選C。2．Whatismostleadingexperts’attitudetowardsthepracticeoftheverbingofnouns?A．Cautious. B．Satisfied.C．Disappointed. D．Unconcerned.【解析】根據(jù)第四段的Notallarebad,butallaresuspect.（不是所有的都是壞的，但所有的都是可疑的）和TheChicagoManualofStyletakesasimilarstandpoint,advisingwriterstouseverbswithgreatcare.（《芝加哥文體手冊》也持類似觀點，建議作者小心使用動詞）可知，對于名詞動用的用法，大多數(shù)的專家持謹慎的態(tài)度。故選A。3．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofendingtheverbingofnouns?A．Predictable. B．Practicable.C．Approaching. D．Impossible.【解析】根據(jù)最后一段的Noteverycoinage(新創(chuàng)的詞語)passesintogeneraluse,butasfortryingtoendverbingaltogether,forgetit.（并不是所有的造詞都被廣泛使用，但是想要完全停止動詞的使用，還是算了吧）可知，作者認為結(jié)束名詞動用用法的使用是不可能的，故選D。4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．Are40Percentofallnewverbsfromnouns？B．AreSummeringandMedalingAnnoying?C．AreYoufortableaboutaNewVerb?D．AreThereAnyRulesforVerbing?【解析】通讀全文以及文章的可知，英語語言中“名詞動用”的語言現(xiàn)象，據(jù)專家估計20%的英語動詞原本是名詞，但大多數(shù)專家對“名詞動用”這類名詞的使用持有謹慎態(tài)度，但是完全杜絕這類詞的使用又是不可能的。也有人反對新動詞，因為他們抗拒自己不熟悉的東西，用正反兩個觀點來說明這類名詞動用的語言現(xiàn)象是否受人歡迎，故引用文章中的名詞動用的兩個詞Summering和Medaling來進行概括，故B選項（Summering和Medaling很討厭嗎？）可以作為本文標題，故選B。（二）（2022·河南·洛陽）Dowestillneedcash?Thedaysofholdingnotesinourhandsmaybenumbered.Theadvancementoftechnologyandtheincreaseofnewelectronicandmobiledeviceintoday’sworldissettorevolutionizehowwemakepayments.Withaswipe(刷)oraclickofamobilephoneapp,ourentirewealthisliterallyatourfingertips.Asdigitalformsareincreasinglyreplacingcashpayments,somethinkthatweshouldbeefullycashfree.However,Idonotbelieveweshouldmovetowardsapletelycashfreesociety.Oneofthemainconcernsofacashlessworldistheriskofcheatandridiculously,theinconveniencethatfollows.Theinstantcontentthatacpaniescashlesstransactions(處理)couldbepromisedbyonlinesecurityissues.Technologyexpertsarguethatourcurrentstateoftechnologyisunabletoprovideasecurecashlessenvironmentthatcouldpreventpeoplefromaccessingthesystemillegallyandabusingthepersonaldata.Inaddition,manyonlineshoppingsiteslackstrongsystemsthatwouldprotecttheircustomers’personalcredentials(可信).Occasionally,whenanaccountis“l(fā)ocked”duetoasuspectedcheatingactivity,havingcashinhandbeescritical.Inacashlesssociety,avictimofcheatingwouldfindhimselflockedoutofhisaccountandunabletoaccesshismoneyuntilthecaseissolved.Goingcashfreecausesgreatinconvenienceinthiscase.Anotherreasonisthatmankindmightpotentiallybeelessthrift(節(jié)儉的).Payingincashcausesapsychologicalpainonconsumerssothattheyaremorecautiousintheirspending.Asitis,cashlesspaymentshavealreadyeasedthatpainsomewhat.Thus,anevenmorecarelessdigitalpaymentcouldmakeusmuchlessthrift.Theideaofcashlesssocietyisaveryreal,orevenanexcitingone.However,tosafeguardtheinterestsofallusers,itisbettertosoftenourenthusiasm—perhapstobealesscashsocie