釋放印度可再生能源的潛力：一個全球制造中心-英

Globalchampions

foradvancing

renewableenergy

innovation

andmanufacturing4thInternationalConference

&Exhibitionon'AatmaNirbhar

Bharatfor

Clean

Energy

Transition’E

nEtnetre

r>

>

>We

acknowledgecontributions

fromSomeshKumarShuboday

GantaSaiteja

JupudiPartner

&Leader

–Power&UtilitiesDirector

–

Power&UtilitiesStrategy

and

Transactions

(SaT)EYIndiaSenior

AssociateGPSStrategy

and

Transactions

(SaT)EYIndiaEYIndiaChandrajit

BanerjeeDirector

GeneralConfederation

ofIndian

IndustryWe

acknowledge

contributionsoneditanddesignfromVikram

D

ChoudhuryAshish

GeorgeKuttickalAssociateDirector

-Brand,

Market&CommunicationsEYIndiaAssociateDirector

-Brand,

Market&CommunicationsEYIndiaShweta

SharmaJasmeetJoshiManager

-Brand,

Marketing

and

CommunicationsEYIndiaAssociate-Brand,

Market

&CommunicationsEYIndiaForewordCIIAatmaNirbharta

inrenewable

energy

technologysupply

chainsisvital

toadvancethesecurity,sustainability

andaffordability

ofIndia’s

energy

transitiongoals.The

strategy

forself-reliance

mustfoster

R&Dincleanenergy

technologiestodevelopindigenoussolutions,encouragecollaborations

between

government,

industry,

andacademic

institutions

tofoster

innovation,

andcultivateastableandpredictablepolicyenvironment

thatencouragesinvestments

incleanenergy.

Itmustdevelop

transportation

andlogisticsinfrastructuretosupportsupply

chains,promoteexport-orientedincentivesforsustainedaccess

toglobal

markets,andstrengthen

criticalmineralsandrawmaterialsupply

chains.Promotingrecycling

to

ensure

acirculareconomyforsteadysupplyof

necessary

rawmaterials,building

a

skilledworkforce

incleanenergy

sectors

andcreating

financial

instrumentstode-riskinvestments

willbecritical.Thisreport

includes

valuable

insightsfromIndustrymembers

inthecontext

of

India’s

energy

transitioninvestmentopportunities

andevolving

policyecosystem

to

advancerenewable

energy

innovation

andmanufacturing.

The

EnergyTransitionInvestment

Monitor

isacollaborativeplatform

forinvestorstoidentifyand

trackenergy

transitioninvestments

fromconcepttocommissioning.WeappreciatethesupportfromEY,ourknowledgepartnerforthisconference,

andthevaluable

insightsfromGovernment

andIndustrystakeholdersinshaping

thisreport.ChandrajitBanerjeeDirectorGeneralConfederation

ofIndian

Industry123456784Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable

energy

innovation

and

manufacturingEYIndia’s

energy

transition

isgaining

momentum

withpotential

to

emerge

asaglobal

champion

for

advancingrenewableenergyinnovation

and

manufacturing.

The

ongoing

transition

to

renewableenergysources

likewind,solar,

hydro,

biofuels

etc.

requiresavast

array

of

technologies

and

equipment

to

produce,

store,

transform

anddeliverenergy

for

various

end-use

applications.

These

technologies

are

composed

of

innovative

materials

andcomponents,

some

of

which

arecurrently

sourced

from

specific

regions

subject

to

vulnerabilities.

Building

localmanufacturing

capacities

can

help

reduce

dependence

on

imports

and

build

supply

chain

resilience

for

India

andrestof

the

world.

Most

importantly,

AatmaNirbhar

innovation

and

manufacturing

willhelp

bridge

thesustainability-affordability

gap

for

mass

adoption

of

renewableenergy

technologies.This

report

sheds

light

on

the

demand

and

supply

chain

dynamics

of

renewableenergy

technologies,government

initiatives

and

policy

interventions

for

building

further

momentum.

The

EnergyTransitionInvestment

Monitor

is

acollaborative

platform

for

global

investors

to

identify

and

trackenergy

transitioninvestments

from

concept

to

commissioning.Weappreciate

the

valuable

insights

and

cooperation

from

CII,Government

and

Industry

stakeholders

inshapingthis

report.Somesh

KumarPartner

&Leader

–Power&UtilitiesGPSEYIndiaSection

1Section

2Section

3Section

4India’senergytransitionjourney

andsupplychaindynamicsExecutivesummaryBuildingsupplychain

resiliencefor

solar

PVcells,

modulesandancillariesStrengtheningthe

windturbinemanufacturingecosystem

inIndia

for

exportsSection

5Section

6Section

7Section

8Domestic

valueadditioninadvancedchemistry

cell(ACC)batterymanufacturingGreenhydrogenandelectrolysermanufacturingecosystem

fordomesticproductionandexportsBiofuels

andcirculareconomypathways

forenergy

securityCorporaterenewableenergyprocurementmarketinIndia123456786Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable

energy

innovation

and

manufacturingAcronymsACCALMMAPACBCDBESSBPLAdvanced

ChemistryCellApproved

ListofModule

ManufacturersAsiaPacificGSTGoods&Services

TaxMNRE

Ministry

ofNew&Renewable

EnergyMTMillion

TonsGUVNL

GujaratUrjaVikasNigam

LimitedMtoeMWMillion

TonOilEquivalentMega

WattGWGiga

WattBasicCustomsDutyGWECIEAGlobalWind

Energy

CouncilInternational

Energy

AgencyMWhNDCMega

WatthourBatteryEnergy

StorageSystemsBelowPoverty

LineNationallyDetermined

ContributionsIndia

Infrastructure

Finance

CorporationLimitedIIFCLINRNIWE

NationalInstitute

ofWind

EnergyNTPC

NationalThermal

PowerCorporationBUBillionkWhIndian

RupeeC&ICommercial

&IndustrialCompounded

Annual

GrowthRateCentral

Electricity

AuthorityOEMPEMPFCPLIOriginal

Equipment

ManufacturerProton

Exchange

MembranePowerFinance

CorporationIntergovernmental

Panelon

ClimateChangeCAGRCEAIPCCIRAInflationReduction

ActDISCOM

Distribution

CompanyIndian

RenewableEnergy

DevelopmentAgencyProduction

Linked

IncentivePublic

Sector

UndertakingIREDAPSUPTCRECRPOSDSSECIEEZEIAEPSESSEUExclusiveEconomic

ZoneEnvironment

Impact

AssessmentElectric

PowerSurveyEnergy

StorageSystemEuropean

UnionISTSITCInter

StateTransmission

SystemInvestment

TaxCreditProduction

TaxCreditRuralElectrification

CorporationRenewablePowerPurchaseObligationSustainableDevelopment

ScenarioSolarEnergy

Corporation

ofIndiaKarnatakaRenewable

EnergyDevelopment

LimitedKREDLkWhKiloWattHourFCEVFDIFuelCellElectric

VehicleForeign

Direct

InvestmentFinancial

YearLATAM

Latin

AmericaSTEPS

Stated

PoliciesScenarioT&D

Transmission

&DistributionUNEP

United

NationsEnvironment

ProgramVGF

ViabilityGapFundingLCOELIBLevelizedCostofElectricityFYLithiumIon

BatteryMiddle

EastGDPGrossDomestic

ProductMEExecutive

summaryIndia's

energy

transition

holds

potential

to

become

a

global

champion

foradvancing

renewable

energy

innovation

and

manufacturing?

During

the26th

session

oftheConference

oftheParties(COP26)

tothe?

500GWofnon-fossil

energycapacityby203050%ofenergyrequirementfrom

renewable

sources

by2030United

NationsFramework

Convention

on

ClimateChange

(UNFCCC),

Indiaexpresseditscommitment

tointensifyclimate

action

bypresenting

fivekeystrategic

elements,

referredtoasthe"Panchamrit,".

India’sclimate

actions,despite

having

lowGHGper

capita,

willbe

anexample

fortheworldtoraisetheirclimate

ambitions.??

Onebilliontonsofprojectedcarbon

emissionsreduction

by

2030??45%reduction

incarbon

intensityoftheeconomyby

2030?

Theprincipal

driver

and

enabler

forIndia’s

net

zeroemissionsgoalisreducing

dependence

on

imports

and

building

supplychain

resilience.

Thegovernment

hasput

policiesin

place

toencourage

thedemand

and

supplyofenergy

transition

technologies

invarioussectors.Netzeroemissions

by

2070?

Theecosystemforgovernment

support

toglobalinvestors

in

India’senergytransition

markets

and

domestic

supplychains

include

but

not

limited

todemand

sideincentives,

production

linked

incentives

(PLI),purchaseobligations

and

bidding

trajectory

forcompetitive

procurement,

de-riskinginstruments,

offtake

guarantees

and

minimum

pricing,

demand

aggregationand

centralized

procurement,

domestic

valueaddition

and

contentregulations,

green

energy

open

accessrules,taxwaiversand

exemptions,single

windowsystems,land

pooling

and

allocationforprojects,infrastructure

development,

harmonization

with

international

standards,CAPEX

subsidies,concessional

financing,

public

funding

forskilling,

R&D

andtechnological

advancements,

labormarket

reforms,etc.?

Thetotalpipeline

fordomestic

energy

transition

investments

includingsupply

chain

innovation

and

manufacturing,

isabout

US$240

billion

in

thepresent

scenario.

India

hasthepotential

toplayapivotal

rolein

achievingglobal

supply-chain

resilienceforrenewable

energy

technologies

and

criticalcomponents.

Over

thepast

few

years,India

hasincreasingly

positioned

itselfasan

alternative

global

hub

forrenewableenergy

innovation,manufacturing,

servicesand

trade

fortheworld.For

India

torealizeitsfullpotential

in

achieving

global

supply-chain

resilience,itmust

addressdemandsidechallenges

including

affordability,striveformaximum

domestic

valueaddition

and

improve

competitiveness

ofsupply

chainsforserving

globalmarkets,fixinconsistent

policy

and

regulatory

environments

and

accelerateinfrastructure

building.

Withappropriate

measures,India

can

indeed

serveasacornerstone

foramore

resilientglobal

supplychain.Sources:EY

analysis123456789Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable

energy

innovation

and

manufacturingEnergy

transition

investment

pipeline

and

enablers

for

advancing

supply

chainresilienceUtility

scale

RE

power

generationEnergy

storage

systems243

GWh97

GWofpipelinecapacity72projectsINR

87,785275projectsINR

1.61lakh

crore

equityofpipelinecapacitycrore

equityINR

3.75lakh

crore

debt5,220

MTINR

2.04lakh

crore

debt2,106

MTavoided

CO

emissionsavoided

CO

emissions22Theme:

Distributed

RE

and

corporateopen

accessINR22,552?

Harmonized

adoption

ofgreen

energy

open

accessrulesatstatelevel198Projects16.0

GWofpipeline

capacity?

Long-term

predictability

and

consistency

ofopen

accesscharges?

Compliance

and

enforcement

ofRPOand

ESOon

obligated

entities?

Demand

aggregation

services

forRERTCsupply

toOA

consumers?

Predictable

grid

banking

regulationscrore

equityINR

52,622625

MTcrore

debtavoided

CO

emissions2Theme:

Green

hydrogen

and

Electrolysermanufacturing?

Nationalprogram

toincentivize/compensate

stateutilitiesforimplementing

annual

grid

banking

facility

forcaptiveopen

accessREpowersupply51Projects10

GW/Yearofelectrolysermanufacturing

capacity?

Blended

innovative

low-costfinancing

instruments?

Promote

export-oriented

incentivesINR

7.96Lakhcrore

investment10.17

MTGreen

H2/Ammonia

production

per

year?

Setting

upsharedcommon

desalination

facilities

inemerging

green

hydrogen

clusters?

Boostavailability

of

skilledworkersand

professionalsSources:EY

analysis1234567810Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable

energy

innovation

and

manufacturingTheme:

ACC

Battery

manufacturing?

Graduallyincrease

domestic

content

requirements

forincentives

in

mobility

and

stationarygrid

applications

withatime-bound

mandate.2796,700

MWh/YearProjectsProduction

Capacity?

Expedite

mining

and

exploration

activities

ofcritical

mineralsusedin

ACCbatteries?

Uniform

GST@5%

application

on

allACC

batteriesusedinmobility

and

grid

storage

applications

with

renewableenergyINR

87,400crore

investment?

Production

linked

incentives

foractive

materialextraction

fromrecycled

ACCbatteries?

Boostavailability

of

skilledworkersand

professionalsTheme:

Bio-fuels60640+

Tons/DayCompressed

BiogasprojectsProduction

Capacity?

Promote

biomassaggregation

and

storage?

Blending

mandatesINR

4,464crore

investment?

Creation

ofamarket

ecosystemforbio

manure

and

promotionofFOM28,500+

KiloLitres/Day217?

Production

linked

incentives?

Establish

feedstockpricing

mechanismEthanolproduction

projectsProduction

CapacityINR

36,081crore

investmentSources:EY

analysis1234567811Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable

energy

innovation

and

manufacturingTheme:

Solar

PV

module

and

wind

turbine

manufacturing?

Production

linked

incentives

forsolarPVmodule

and

systemancillariesmanufacturing?

Policyconsistency

and

predictability

forALMM

implementation?

Blended

innovative

low-costfinancing

instruments?

Promote

export-oriented

incentives88

GW/Year

68

GW/Year33ProjectsSolarmoduleSolarcellpipeline

capacitypipeline

capacity?

Boostavailability

of

skilledprofessionals?

Uniform

GST@5%

applicable

on

allrenewableenergymanufacturing

equipment,

rawmaterialsand

ancillaries?

Accesstoround

theclockaffordableelectricity?

Promote

rawmaterial

supplychain

industry41

GW/yearWaferpipelinecapacity?

Production

linked

incentives

forwind

turbine

grade

ancillarymanufacturers

and

rareearthmineral

processingINR

1.24lakh

crore

investment?

Strengthening

transportation

and

logisticsforwind

turbineinstallations?

Setting

upsharedtesting

facilities

forwindturbine

components

inPPPmodeSources:EY

analysis1234567812Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable

energy

innovation

and

manufacturingEnergy

Transition

Investment

MonitorAcollaborativeplatform

for

globalinvestors

to

identifyand

trackenergy

transitioninvestments

from

conceptto

commissioningEnergy

Transition

Investment

MonitorEYiscollaborating

with

theConfederation

ofIndian

Industry(CII)toenable

global

investors

toidentifyand

track

energytransition

investments

inthepipeline

(announced,

underbidding,

permitting,

construction,

etc.)

fromconcept

tocommissioning.

Theplatformtracksover

930

energy

transitioninvestment

opportunities

inthepipeline

with

tremendouspotential

foreconomic

development,

jobsand

ultimatelyTracks

about930projectsinthe

pipelinecontributing

towardsIndia’s

long–term

climate

action

goalsandenergy

securityobjectives.

Project

levelinformation

wasgathered

fromamixofprimary

and

secondary

researchtoolsincluding

awidevarietyofsourcesinthepublic

domain,consultations

with

project

developers,

OEMs,investorsetc.

(onasamplebasis)with

thesupport

fromaleading

marketresearchagency.

Proprietary

databaseswerealso

leveraged

toidentifythelong

listofinfrastructure

projects

inthepipeline.Theproject

pipeline

identified

havethedesired

potential

tocreate

social,environmental

and

economic

valuein

theimmediate

future.Thematiccoverageoflow-carboninvestmentopportunitiesin

pipelineRenewablepowergenerationSolarPVmodulemanufacturingLimitationsTheproject

pipeline

identified

inthisplatformand

analyzedinthereport

represents

justafraction

oftheoveralllowcarboninfrastructure

investment

under

development

in

India.

Theproject

pipeline

information

was

put

together

fromourassessmentoftheirstatusofdevelopment

untilMarch

2023.Thisisonly

afraction

ofalllowcarbon

infrastructure

projectsunder

development

in

India.

Itisimportant

tonote

thattheproject

pipeline

identified

in

thisreport

isillustrativeandshouldnot

be

read

asafull

policy/commercial

endorsement.EnergystorageBio-fuelsH2GreenhydrogenandderivativesACCbatterymanufacturingSources:EY

analysis1234567813Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable

energy

innovation

and

manufacturingIndia’s

energy

transition

journeyand

supply

chain

dynamicsClean

energy

sources

witnessed

the

highest

growth

(CAGR)

ofcommercial

energy

production

in

the

last

decadeAs

per

Energy

StatisticsIndia

2023,

clean

energy

sources(Hydro,

Nuclear

and

otherRES)

witnessed

thehighestgrowth

(6.83%

CAGR)

incommercial

energyproduction

between

2012-13

and

2021-22.

Thetotalcommercial

energy

production

witnesseda2.62%

growth(CAGR)

during

thisperiod.

Coalenergyproduction

haswitnessedonlya3.8%

CAGR

growthduring

theperiod

and

accounted

for73%

oftotalcommercial

energy

production

in2021-22.

Cleanenergysources(Hydro,

Nuclearand

otherRES)contributed

to8.24%

oftotalcommercial

energy

production

in

2021-22.

Renewableenergy

sourcessuchassolar,windand

othersources(excluding

Hydro

and

Nuclear)

accounted

for11.51%

oftotalcommercial

energy

production

in2021-22.

India’scommercial

energyproduction

mixreflectsahigh

reliance

oncoaland

anincreasing

shareofclean,

sustainable,and

renewable

energy

sources.All

India

commercial

energy

production

in

Peta

JoulesShare

of

commercial

energy

production

in

FY-22(P)18,00016,00014,00012,00010,0008,0008%8%8%3%6,0004,00073%2,000-2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022(p)CoalLigniteCrudeOilNaturalGasElectricityCoalLigniteCrudeOilNaturalGasElectricitySource:Energy

StatisticsIndia,

MOSPI-20231234567815Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable

energy

innovation

and

manufacturingThe

declining

energy

and

emissions

intensity

signals

a

growing

focus

on

shiftingtowards

cleaner

energy

sources?

As

per

theUN

EmissionsGapReport

2022,

India’sper

capita

emissionsat2.4All

India

GHG

Emission

Intensity

trends

(CO2/USD)tCO2earefar

belowtheworldaverage

of6.3

tCO2e.

Thedecreasing

trend

ofenergy

and

emissionsintensity

isatestament

tothegrowing

emphasison

cleanenergy

transition

forcommercial

production

and

end-use

in

allsectorsoftheeconomy.1.261.221.301.201.101.000.900.800.700.601.191.041.02?

TheIntergovernmental

Panelon

ClimateChange

(IPCC)estimated

thatstarting

in2020,

thetotalcarbon

budget

remaining,

fora50%

chance

oftemperature

risetoremain

below1.5

degrees

Celsius,as500

gigatons

CO2(IPCC2022).

At

thecurrent

annual

average

emissions0.950.81?rateof~50

GTobserved

during

2010-19

(IPCC2022),

thisbudget

willbeexhausted

before2030.

Global

emissionsmust

be

reduced

by

45%

by2030

anddecline

drasticallythereafter(UNEP

2022).

Globally,88

parties,

including

themajor

emitters,haveadopted

net

zerotargets,

covering

approximately

79%

ofglobal

GHG

emissions(UNEP

2022).

Emerging

economies

globally

willwitnessrising

energy

demand,

and

88%

oftheoverallglobal

growth

inelectricity

demandbetween

2019

and

2040

isexpected

tocome

fromtheseeconomies

asper

CEEW.1990199520002005201020152020All

India

Energy

Intensity

trends

(Mega

Joules/INR)0.280?

Thechallenge

tomeetIndia’s

rising

energy

demand

through

clean

energytransition

pathwaysthatensurereliability,affordability,sustainability,andsecurityofenergy

supply

isunprecedented.

Given

thattheclean

energy

transitionisexpected

tobe

driven

bymultiple

technology

pathwaysincluding

solar,wind,hydro,

nuclear,

energy

storage,

green

hydrogen,

biogas,and

ethanol,self-reliance(AatmaNirbharta)

inmanufacturing

and

innovation

of

clean

energy

technologies,equipment,

and

rawmaterialssupplychain

iscritical

forachieving

theabove

fourpillarsoffutureenergy

ecosystem.Most

importantly,

thegovernment

ofIndia’scommitment

toreduce

import

reliance

on

fossil

fuel

commodities

along

with

thefive-fold

(PANCHAMRIT)

climate

strategy

(seebelow)committed

inCOP26

willultimatelyhinge

onAatmaNirbharta

ofmanufacturing

and

innovation

forcriticalREtechnologies

and

rawmaterials.0.2800.2600.2400.2200.2000.2680.2650.2520.2400.2370.2340.2250.2250.222Source:IEA,

2021,

Energy

StatisticsIndia,MOSPI-202350%

ofenergy

requirementfromrenewablesourcesby2030Reduce

carbon

intensityofeconomy

tolessthan45%

by2030500

GWofnon-fossilenergy

capacity

by2030Reduce

CO2eemissionsby1billiontonstill2030Achieve

economy

widenetzeroemissionsby

20701234567816Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable

energy

innovation

and

manufacturingPower

sector

will

continue

to

lead

the

energy

transition

through

2030,

with~64%

share

of

non-fossil

sources

in

all

India

installed

capacity

and

~44%

sharein

gross

power

generationGross

generation

in

FY-23

:

1624

billion

units13%Projected

source

wise

generation

in

FY-3022.70%10%3%1%54.50%8.50%0.40%8.70%3.80%73%1.40%Coal+LigniteGasNuclearHydroRESSolarWindOtherREHydroNuclearGasCoalInstalled

capacity

as

of

March-2023

in

GW

–

415

GWProjected

installed

capacity

in

GW

in

FY-30

–

777

GW2554519125.15252211.8529346.86.78151524.82100Hydro

SmallHydro

PSP

SolarPV

Wind

Biomass

Nuclear

Coal+Lignite

GasCoal+LigniteGasNuclearHydroRESSource:CEAPowerSectorDashboard

March2023,

OptimalEnergy

Mix

Report,

CEA20231234567817Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable

energy

innovation

and

manufacturingPrivate

sector

investment

towards

innovation,

manufacturing

and

supply

chain

ofcritical

RE

technologies

and

raw

materials

will

further

unlock

energy

transitionpotentialIndia’s

ambitions

and

goalstoexpand

renewable

powergeneration,

energy

storage,Top

states

in

energy

transition

investment

(US$

million)electrification

ofhard-to-abate

sectors,green

hydrogen/ammonia,

ethanol,

biogas,etc.,

will

continue

tobe

driven

largely

by

private

sectorinvestments

in

theforeseeable

future.Moreimportantly,

private

sector

investments

towardsmanufacturing

and

innovation

ofcritical

REtechnologies,

equipment,

and

rawmaterialssupply

chainwilldetermine

thespeed

and

scaleofIndia’s

energytransition.OthersMaharashtraAndhra

PradeshRajasthan55,040India’s

robustdomestic

demand

outlookforREtechnologies,

policy

commitments,and

targets

along

withgrowing

consensusamong

G20

leadersforbuilding

resilientsupply

chains,servesthebestinterestsofprivate

sectorcompanies,

both

domesticand

international,

tocollaborate,

innovate

and

makein

India

fortheworld.19,144Total

pipeline

of

investments

(US$

million)26,32333,503Gujarat40,6826Karnataka64,612-20,00040,00060,00080,000Source:EY

Analysis1234567818Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable

energy

innovation

and

manufacturingDemand

for

solar

and

wind

energy

generation

through

2030Demand

for

solar

PV

systems

through

2030

(MW)Demand

for

wind

power

generation

through

2030

(MW)Source:EY

analysisfromCEAoptimal

generationmix

20231234567819Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable

energy

innovation

and

manufacturingDemand

for

BESS

technologies

through

2030Demand

for

battery

energy

storage

systems

through

2030

(MW)Demand

for

battery

energy

storage

systems

through

2030

(MWh)Source:EY

analysisfromCEAoptimal

generationmix

20231234567820Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable

energy

innovation

and

manufacturingBuilding

supply

chain

resilience

forsolar

PV

cells,

modules

and

ancillariesCrystalline

silicon

PV

system

demand

and

value

chain

for

domestic

value

additionWafer-basedcrystallinesilicon

(c-Si)

currently

contributes

toover

95%

oftheDemand

for

solar

PV

systems

through

2030

(MW)market.

According

toCEEW,theproduction

ofpolysiliconand

wafers

isatechnically

complex

process

thatdemands

reliableand

continuous

electricity.Additionally,

thesemanufacturing

unitsarelarge

and

require

substantialcapitalforset-up

and

operation.

Hence,

thecostofcapital

becomes

an

essentialfactorforcompetitiveness,

resulting

in

significant

concentration

withintheindustry.Thenext

stepissolarcellmanufacturing,

whichencompasses

varioustypes

ofsolarcellswith

varying

efficiencies.Solar

PV

module

value

chain

and

main

consumablesSolar

gradeMg-SiQuartz,

lowashcoal,limestone,pre

bakedelectrodesetc.Ingot

pullingand

Dopingmaterial,argongas,diamondwire,wafer

slicingetc.CellNitrogen,oxygen,

ammonia

andsilane,silverand

aluminum

paste,

etc.manufacturingModuleassemblingBacksheet,encapsulant,

ribb