現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀四,why historians disagree

WhyHistoriansDisagree編輯ppt ThepresenttextisbasedontheintroductiontoabookentitledConflictandConsensus(意見等的一致〕inModernAmericanHistoryeditedbyAllenF.DavisandHaroldD.Woodman,professorsatTempleUniversityandPurdueUniversityrespectively,whoalsowrotetheintroduction.Authors編輯pptWoodrowWilsonWoodrowWilson(1856-1924),America’s28thpresident(1913-1921),wasaprofessoroflaw,thepresidentofPrincetonUniversity,andthegovernorofNewJerseybeforehewaselectedtotheWhiteHouse.編輯pptZimmermanNoteTheZimmermanNotewasacommuniqué〔公報(bào)〕authoredbyGermanForeignSecretaryArthurZimmermanandinterceptedbyAmericanIntelligence.Thenotehadbeendesignedtoentice〔誘使〕MexicointodeclaringwaragainsttheUnitedStatesshouldtheU.S.declarewaronGermany.Asareward,MexicowouldthenreceiveArizona,NewMexico,andTexasafterthewar.編輯pptFulltext：OnthefirstofFebruaryweintendtobeginsubmarinewarfareunrestricted.Inspiteofthis,itisourintentiontoendeavortokeepneutraltheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Ifthisattemptisnotsuccessful,weproposeanallianceonthefollowingbasiswithMexico:Thatweshallmakewartogetherandtogethermakepeace.Weshallgivegeneralfinancialsupport,anditisunderstoodthatMexicoistoreconquerthelostterritoryinNewMexico,Texas,andArizona.Thedetailsarelefttoyouforsettlement.編輯pptZimmermanNoteYouareinstructedtoinformthePresidentofMexicooftheaboveinthegreatestconfidenceassoonasitiscertainthattherewillbeanoutbreakofwarwiththeUnitedStatesandsuggestthatthePresidentofMexico,onhisowninitiative,shouldcommunicatewithJapansuggestingadherenceatoncetothisplan;atthesametime,offertomediate〔斡旋〕betweenGermanyandJapan.編輯pptPleasecalltotheattentionofthePresidentofMexicothattheemploymentofruthlesssubmarinewarfarenowpromisestocompel〔迫使〕Englandtomakepeaceinafewmonths.Zimmerman(SentJanuary19,1917)編輯pptimmersev.

a.toputsth.underthesurfaceofaliquid使浸入b.toinvolveoneselfdeeply(insth.)使專心于

Heimmersedtheknifeinboilingwater.Immersetheclothinthedyefor20minutes.IwalkedintothestudyandfoundMr.Johnsonimmersedinhiswriting,asusual.WhenAlfredinheritedhisfather’sestate,heimmersedhimselfinpleasure.編輯pptAseaof(peopleofthings):averylargenumberofTheimmensesquarewasaseaofflowersandhappyfaces.Bywayof:through編輯ppta.

through,byrouteof,viab.asameansof;asatypeof;servingas

bywayofExamples:YoucangetthisinformationbywayoftheInternet.Hesenthersomeflowersbywayofanapology.編輯pptFat:1.肥沃的fatland肥沃的土地Afatcountry富裕的國(guó)家2.有利可圖的Afatcontract(bargain)有利可圖的合同〔交易〕3.thickandwell-filled厚的、大量的、內(nèi)容充實(shí)的Makeafatprofit獲得暴利Payafatprice付出很大的代價(jià)Afatjob肥缺4.nearlynonexistent不多、少Afatchance〔notlikely)youknowafatlotaboutit.你一點(diǎn)兒也不懂。編輯pptFat:overweight,heavy,plump,chubby,stout〔壯實(shí)的〕obese(過分肥胖的〕Thin:slim,slender,bony編輯pptMoststudentsareusuallyintroducedtothestudyofhistorybywayofafattextbookandbecomequicklyimmersedinavastseaofnames,dates,eventsandstatistics.Moststudentsusuallycometohavetheirfirstexperienceofthestudyofhistorythroughthereadingofathickhistorytextbookandsoonareoverwhelmedbyalargenumberofnames,dates,eventsandstatistics.thick

(metaphor)agreatnumberof編輯pptsimply:only;nothingbutItissimplyamatteroftime.bringtogether:collecton(upon)(fml.):directlyafter(andoftenasaresultof)Onhearingthenews,sheburstintotears.Disagree:Istronglydisagreewiththelastspeaker.BillandIoftendisagree,butwearegoodfriends.編輯pptSharply:clearlyanddefinitelyHisaggressivebehaviorcontrastedsharplywiththemildmannerofhisbrother.編輯pptStateofaffairs:asituation情形、情況Thereisnotmuchwecandointhepresentstateofaffairs.Thisisaveryunpleasantstateofaffairs.編輯pptTheircommon-sensereactiontothisstateofaffairsistoconcludethatonehistorianisrightwhiletheotheriswrong.Whenapersonisfacedwiththiskindofsituation,thenormal,practicalresponsewillbethatonehistorianisrightwhereastheotheriswrong.“whereasorand〞,implyingacontrasttheirresponsebasedoncommonsense編輯ppt

presumablyadv.usedtosaythatyouthinksomethingisprobablytrue據(jù)推測(cè)、大概可能a.presumablen.presumptionv.presumePresumablythere’sagoodreasonforherabsence,asshedoesn’tusuallystayawayfromwork.Wordformations編輯ppt

contendv.a.tostruggle,tobeinrivalry爭(zhēng)奪、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)b.

to

argue,toassert爭(zhēng)辯說Iknowthecharmsofmyrivalaretoopowerfulformetocontendwith.Threearmedgroupsarecontendingforpower.Someastronomerscontendthattheuniversemaybeyoungerthanpreviouslythought.

contendinghistorians:historianswhoarefightingordebating編輯pptMoreorless:almost;toanundetermineddegree1.或多或少Theyweremoreorlesswillingtohelp.他們多少愿意幫助。2.幾乎、大約Theworkismoreorlessfinished.。。。差不多完成了編輯pptlookingatsth.fromacertainangleExamples:Thenoveliswrittenfromachild’sperspective.Wehavetolookateverythingfromaninternationalperspective.Ifyoulookatthingsfromafeministperspectivetheyare,infact,notequal.fromafeminist/Christian/globalperspectiveFromdifferentpointsofview,angles,theoreticalstance,approaches,perspective(Theyallmeansimilarly.)

froma…perspective編輯pptcut-and-dried:alreadysettledandunlikelytobechanged1.事先安排好的、常規(guī)的、例行的；Acut-and-driedmeeting例會(huì)2.無生氣的，呆板的Hisspeechwascut-and-driedbecausehehadnothingnewtosay.Acut-and-driedmatter:anordinarymatter編輯pptThispositionishardlysatisfying.Thisisnotahappysolutionorhappysituation.Studentsexpecttobegivenclear-cutanswers,eitheryesorno.Butnowtheyhavetoshoparound(到處尋找〕fortheproperanswer.Theanswerbecomesapersonalchoice.Thismakesthemfeelveryuncomfortable.

situationorstate;status編輯ppt

cannothelpbutdoLeecouldnothelpbutagreewithher.Icouldn’thelpbutnoticethebruiseshehadunderhereye.Similarexpressioncan’thelpdoingcannotbutdousedtosaythatsomeoneisunabletochangetheirbehaviororfeelings,ortopreventthemselvesfromdoingsomething不得不、不會(huì)不、情不自禁做某事編輯pptDiametrically:completelydifferent在直徑方面；正好、完全、截然Thetwoideasarediametricallyopposed.ThisisdiametricallyoppositetowhatIsaid.Diametricopinions截然相反的觀點(diǎn)tobeindiametriccontradiction編輯pptDenote:toreferto意思是；是。。。的征兆,為。。。的名稱Theword‘heart’denotesanorganthatpumpsblood.Inabroad/narrow/generalsense從廣義、狹義、一般意義上說編輯ppt

restricteda.a.smallorlimitedinsize,area,oramount

Examples:It’sdifficulttryingtoworkinsucharestrictedspace.Thesaleofalcoholisrestrictedtopeopleovertheageof18.Thereisrestrictedaccesstothisinformation(=onlycertainpeoplecanhaveit).

v.

restrict

n.restriction

a.restrictiveWordformationsb.limitedorcontrolled,especiallybylawsorrules編輯pptHistorymaybedefinedasthatwhich…‘thatwhich’:somethingthat…orwhat…編輯pptThereforethehistoriancanonlyapproximatehistoryatbest.Noonecaneverclaimtohaveconcludedthequest.(Para.5)goto5

tocomeclosetoThereforethebestthehistoriancandoistogetasnearaspossibletothehistoricaltruth.Butnoonecaneverboastthathe/shehascompletedthissearch.Itgoesonforever.takingthemosthopefulviewsearch;pursuit編輯pptapproximate:adj.Anapproximatenumberanapproximatefigurev.tocomenearinamount,nature,etc.Yourstoryonlyapproximatestotherealfacts.Youraccountofwhathappenedapproximatesthetruth,butthereareseveralsmallerrors.編輯ppttakingthemosthopefulviewExamples:Thisis,atbest,onlyatemporarysolution.

這充其量也不過是個(gè)權(quán)宜之計(jì)。

Hisanswerswereatbestevasive,atworstverymisleading.

atbest持最樂觀的看法；充其量編輯pptatits/his/their…bestinthebestconditionThegardenisatitsbestinApril.Hewasathisbestyesterdayeveningandkeptusallamused.Everyyear,whenthepeachblossomsareattheirbest,afestivalisheldattheBeijingBotanicalGarden.處于最正確狀態(tài)；處于巔峰狀態(tài)；在全盛期中編輯ppt

questn.alongsearchforsomethingthatisdifficulttofind尋求、探求thequestfortruthAttheirroots,thesequestsoriginatedoutofhumaninquisitiveness.Worldleadersarenowunitedintheirquestforpeace.Foreignpowershadlongpenetratedtheareainquestofwealthorinfluence,ortocounterthelustsoftheiradversaries.編輯pptIfhistorianscannotknoweverything…availabletothem:如果說歷史學(xué)家不可能了解一切是因?yàn)橛械氖录]有沒記錄下來，那么同樣也可以說，他們對(duì)可供利用的記錄材料也沒有充分利用。編輯pptDeem:considerTopiecetogether:toformawholefromvariousparts把零碎的局部拼合成整體編輯pptSometimesthisappearstobeeasy,requiringverylittlesophisticationandsubtlety.Sometimesthisappearstobeeasy,demandingnospecialtrainingorprofoundknowledgeortheabilitytounderstandverycomplexissuesandfinedistinctions.不需要專門的訓(xùn)練、高深的知識(shí)以及理解復(fù)雜事件和細(xì)微差異的能力presentparticiplephrasesfunctioningascause

finedistinctions細(xì)微之處、細(xì)心Complexities老練、富于經(jīng)驗(yàn)編輯ppt

crudeschemes

crudeore

acrudeshelter

cruderemarks

crudemanners

crudeideas

crudeoil/sugaraaccabb

crudea.

a.notfinishedproperly;badlyworkedout粗略的b.(ofmaterials)inanaturalstate,notrefinedormanufactured天然的c.nothavinggrace,tasteorrefinement粗魯?shù)木庉媝ptThechoiceastowhichfacttouseisbasedonatheory—admittedly,inthiscasearathercrudetheory,butatheorynonetheless.Thechoiceconcerningwhichfacttouseisbasedonatheory.Iamwillingtoconcedethatthetheoryusedhereisunrefined,yetitisstillatheory.

withregardto;concerningwealladmit不可否認(rèn)(fml)nevertheless;however編輯ppt

contemplate

v.a.tohaveinviewasapurpose,intention思考、盤算Contemplateone’sfutureContemplatewhattodo.

considerthinkabout/oftoywiththeideaofWordformations編輯pptShestoodcontemplatingherfigureinthemirror.Hecontemplatedherwithafaintsmile.

b.tolookat(withtheeyes,orinthemind)注視contemplativen.contemplationWordformations編輯pptItwouldgosomethinglikethis:Nationalleaderscontemplatingwararemorelikelytobeinfluencedbybelligerentactsagainstcountriesthanbytheirunhappinesswiththeirhaberdashers.ponderingovertheproblemofwar;consideringgoingtowarwithanthercountrywaracts,actsofwar戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)行為

unhappinesswiththeirhatmakersorhatshops;unhappinessaboutpersonaltrivialthings編輯pptunderstudy:beingstudiedunder:intheprocessofTheissueunderdiscussionaroadunderrepairunder(consideration/review/observation/construction/attack編輯pptatwork:doingjoboraparticularactivity;operating在工作，在勞動(dòng)Hehadbeenatworkonabook.忙著寫一本書intheeventof:ifsth.happens;incasesth.shouldhappenIntheeventofrain,thepartywillbeheldindoors.Itoffersvitalfinancialcoverintheeventofyoubeingpermanentlydisabledinanaccident.編輯ppt

IwasshockedwhenIreadofhisdeath.

readof“read〞phrases讀到，閱悉tofindoutinformationfrombooks,newspapersetc編輯pptcf.readsb.alesson/lecturereadthrough/overreadsb.’smind/thoughtsreadbetweenthelinescf.訓(xùn)斥某人從頭到尾細(xì)讀一遍看出某人的心思體會(huì)字里行間的言外之意編輯pptWhereby:bymeansofthis,inaccordancewiththis憑借這個(gè)，借此Thereisawaywherebyhecanbesaved.有一個(gè)可以使他得救的方法。編輯pptconcern:(about/over/with)Therecentriseincrimeisamatterofconsiderablepublicconcern.Theyareexpressingtheirdeepconcernabouttheworseningenvironment.toone’sdisadvantage:對(duì)。。。不利Herheightcouldbetoherdisadvantageifshewantstobeadancer.thereby:bythatmeans;bydoingorsayingthat由此、因此、從而編輯pptv.a.toappearorcomeoutfromsomewhereb.(offacts,ideas)toappear;tobecomeknownc.tocomeoutofadifficultexperience出現(xiàn)、〔問題等〕發(fā)生；〔從困苦等中〕露頭

emergeThemoonemergedfrombehindtheclouds.Newevidencehasemergedtocontradictearlierclaims.Localgovernmenthasrecentlyemergedasamajorissue.Sheemergedfromthedivorceastrongerperson.編輯pptBalanceofpower:Itisapopulartheoryamongwesternpoliticalscientiststhatpeacewillbepreservedifnations’poweriswellbalanced,thatis,nocountryistoopowerfulortooweak---ifanycountryistoopowerfulitwillnotbeabletoresistthetemptationtotakeadvantageofothercountries;andifanycountryistooweak,itisboundtoinviteforeignaggression.Sotomaintainworldpeace,thebestwecandoistoachieveabalanceofpower.編輯pptWhatthenarehistorianstomakeofthesefacts?Howthenwillhistoriansunderstandorlookatthesefact?tomakeofsth.:toregardasthenatureormeaningofsth.對(duì)待、處理、解釋、理解Wedon’tknowwhattomakeofhisbehavior.Theyareeagertoseewhatacountrywithabackwardeconomycanmakeoftheopportunity.編輯pptinthat:becauseMendifferfrombrutesinthattheycanthinkandspeak.編輯pptExamples:Thesefiguresdonottakeintoaccountthechangesintherateofinflation.

take…intoaccount/takeaccountofsth.“account〞phrasestake…intoconsideration編輯pptcf.openanaccountsettleone’saccountgiveanaccountofaccountforonone’saccountonthis/thataccounttakenoaccountofcf.開戶頭結(jié)清欠帳，〔喻〕報(bào)復(fù)描述，表達(dá)解釋；說明；占百分比為一己的目的和利益為了這個(gè)/那個(gè)緣故對(duì)某事物不予考慮編輯ppttodevelopasaresultofsomethingelsestemfrom

Hisheadachesstemmedfromvisionproblems.Italsotriestosaythatwomen’sproblemsstemfromeithertheirsexualityorthefamily.Muchofthefrictionstemmedfromadebateaboutwhichtechnologytouse.編輯ppttobecomeinvolvedinsth.becauseyouareinterestedinitorbecauseitworriesyou擔(dān)憂、牽掛；使忙于。。。concernoneselfwithHelovedhiswife,and

concernedhimselfwith

herneedsanddesires.ForseveralweeksIdidnot

concernmyselfwith

anythoughtofthefuture.Ourcountry’sleadersmust

concernthemselveswith

environmentalprotection.編輯pptSimilarlyathirdgroupofhistoriansmightmaintainthatthevariousitemsonthelistshouldnotbegivenequalweight.

Similarlyathirdgroupofhistoriansmightarguethatthevariouspointsputonthelistshouldnotconsideredequallyimportant.forthesamereasontoconsidersth.Equallyimportanttocontinuetohavetheview編輯pptmaintain:torepeatedlysay堅(jiān)持、斷言、主張giveweightto:toconsidersth.importantWeshouldgivedueweighttotheenvironmentprotection.編輯pptdisproportionate:toomuchortoolittleinrelationtosth.else不成比例的、不相稱的Adisproportionatenumberoffatalaccidentstakeplaceatnight.編輯pptIntheexamplesgiven,historiansdisagreebecausetheybeginfromdifferentpremises.Intheexampleswehavegivenabove,wecanseethathistoriansdisagreebecausetheybeginfromdifferentassumptions.apropositionuponwhichanargumentisbasedorfromwhichaconclusionisdrawn前提、〔作為先決條件的〕假定編輯pptNeitherstatementcanbefaultedonthegroundsthatitisinaccurate.

Youcannotfindfaultwitheitherstatementandsayitisnotaccurate.(Neitherstatementcanbecriticizedonthegroundsthatitisinaccurate.)nounclauseservingasanappositiveof“grounds〞r(shí)easonsorjustificationstobecriticized;tobeconsideredwrong編輯pptfault:挑剔、指責(zé)、批評(píng)Youcannotfaulthissincerity.他的真誠(chéng)無可指責(zé)。Faultthegovernmentforfailingtotaketimelyactions.ground:理由、根據(jù)Hehasgoodgroundsforwhathethinks.他的想法有充分的根據(jù)。onthegroundsthat:以。。。為理由，根據(jù)。。。因?yàn)椋捎贖ewasawardedcompensationonthegroundsthatthedoctorhadbeennegligent.由于醫(yī)生玩忽職守，他得到了賠償。編輯pptProbe:探究、調(diào)查;用尖物刺穿BeforeFreud,poetshadprobedtheunconsciousandirrationalaspectsofhumanbehavior.Reportersbeganprobingformoreinformation.

probeforanswers/reasons/waystodosth.Probeintosb.’smisconductthemysteryofsb’sspeech編輯pptUltimate:1.beingorhappeningattheendofaprocess,etc.Anultimateresult最終結(jié)果2.greatestTheultimateboundariesofhumanknowledge3.basicTheultimateresponsibility主要責(zé)任theultimateprinciple根本原那么編輯pptTrace:追溯、跟蹤TracearivertoitssourceTherumorwastracesbacktoajournalist.編輯ppttocompletelygetridofsomethingthatisunnecessaryorunwanted排除、消除b.todefeatateamorpersoninacompetition,sothattheynolongertakepartinit淘汰c.tokillsomeoneinordertopreventthemfromcausingtrouble

消滅

eliminatev.

SynonymsgetridofabolishdoawaywitheradicaterootoutThecreditcardeliminatestheneedforcashorcheques.Ourteamwaseliminatedinthefirstround.Thedictatoreliminatedanyonewhomightbeathreattohim.編輯pptWecanifourknowledgecouldgiveusaperfectmodelthatcompletelyexplainedhumanbehavior.Unfortunatelynosuchmodelhaseverexisted.如果我們的知識(shí)水平能夠給我們提供一種毋容置疑的有效模式，對(duì)人類行為作出全面解釋，我們就能消除所有分歧。Ifthestateofourknowledgeweresuchthatitprovideduswithamodelofunquestionedvaliditythatcompletelyexplainedhumanbehavior,wecan.amodelthatisalwayseffective;afoolproofmodelavariationofthepattern“so…that〞Moreexamples編輯ppt1.Theconditionsweresuchthatmanyyoungpeoplewantedtoleavetheplace.2.Theforceoftheexplosionwassuchthatwindowswereblownout.3.Thesituationwassuchthatpoliticalobserversfounditdifficulttopredict.局勢(shì)如此，連政治觀察家們也覺得難以預(yù)測(cè)。編輯ppt Butsincewedonothavesuchacompleteandfoolproofexplanation,disagreementsaredestinedtoremain.(Para.13)goto14

tobeboundtodosth.;tobepredeterminedorpreordainedtodosth.

alwayseffective;completelydependable;infallibleButsincewedonothavesuchacompleteandinfallibleexplanation,disagreementareboundtoexist.編輯pptWeweredestinednevertomeetagain.Shewasnotdestinedtobeagreatpainterbutshehadtheconfidenceandlucktobeasuccessfulone.Atfirsttheirpredictionsseemeddestinedtocometrue.

bedestinedtoseemingcertaintohappenatsometimeinthefuture注定會(huì)編輯pptSentenceParaphrase14Whenstudentsrealizethat…“truth〞isbutanelusiveyetintriguinggoalinanever-endingquest...(Para.13)TheendofSentenceParaphrase.agoalthatisextremelyattractiveyetforeveroutofreachaneverlastingorinterminablesearchWhenstudentsrealizethat…“truth〞isonlyagoalthatisbeyondreachyetextremelyattractiveandshouldbesoughtinapermanentsearch.only編輯pptShemanagedtogetaninterviewwiththatelusiveman.Sheenjoysafirmreputationinthiscountrybutwiderinternationalsuccesshasbeenelusive.Forme,thepoemhasanelusivequality.

elusivead.elusivelyn.elusivenessv.eludeWordformationsa.

a.(ofaperson)difficulttofindorsee躲避的b.(ofresult)difficulttoachievec.(ofideaorquality)difficulttodescribeorunderstand編輯pptThisisapieceofexpositorywriting.Thepurposeofexpositorywritingistoexplainortogivethereaderinformationtohelphimunderstandtheworldaroundhim.TextAnalysisForreferenceStyle編輯pptTextAnalysisPleasefindsupportingdetailsinthetext.StylisticFeature

1.

longsentences2.formalwords3.impersonalstructures編輯pptTextAnalysisInthisessaythetwoauthorsdiscussthedefinitionofhistory,theroleofthehistoriansandthereasonswhyhistoriansdisagree.Theme編輯pptTextAnalysisStructure

PartI

(Paras.1—3)PartII

(Paras.4—10)PartIII(Paras.11—13)Theauthorssummarizethereasonswhyhistoriansdisagreeandthedisagreementiseverlasting.

HowthestudentsofhistorymajorstudyhistoryandwhatconfusethemHistoriansmayviewthesamehistoricaleventfromdifferentperspectives編輯pptTextAnalysisWhatarethethreedefinitionsofhistory?

inthebroadestsensethewholeofthehumanpastinarestrictedsense

inacommonsense

therecordedpartofhumanlife

whathistorianswriteaboutthepast編輯pptTextAnalysisWhatistheroleofthehistorians?

Historiansdonotjustcollectfacts.Theygivemeaningtothefacts.編輯pptTextAnalysisWhydohistoriansdisagree?

Becausehistorianshavedifferentinterestsandadifferentunderstandingofhumanmotivationandhumanbehaviorwhichinturnisduetotheirdifferentbackgroundinage,sex,race,class,education,religion,politics,etc.,theytendnotonlytobeinterestedindifferentfactsbutalsointerpretthesamefactsdifferently.

編輯pptWritingDeviceExpositionWhatisexposition?Expositionmeansexpoundingorexplaining.2.Whoaremostlikelytousetheexpositorywritingstyle?Itismostfrequentlyusedbyastudent,ascientist,oraprofessional.編輯pptWritingDeviceExposition3.Inwhichscopeandfielddotheyuseit?Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressth.,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.Thatis,useanexpositorywritingwhenweexplainhowtheobjectismade,howitisused,andhowitmaychange.Itmainlydealswithprocessesandrelationships.編輯pptWritingDeviceExposition4.Whatisthemostimportantqualityofexposition?Howtoachieveit?Themostimportantqualityofexpositionisclarity.Toachievethisthewritershould:1)Limithissubjectorthescopeofdiscussion,forit’simpossibletoexplainmanythingsclearlyinashortessay.編輯pptWritingDeviceExposition2)Prepareenoughmaterial(detailsofexamples)tohelphisexplanation;thereaderoftenfindsabstractdiscussionshardtofollowiftheyarenotillustratedbyconcreteexamples.

3)Presenthisfactsandviewsinproperorder,intheorderoftimeoroflogicalsequencedependingonthenatureofthesubjects.4)Makehisexposition,ifpossible,interestingormoving;編輯pptWritingDevice1)illustration—theuseofexampletoillustrateapoint,helpingtoclarifyawriter’sthoughtbymakingthegeneralspecific,andtheabstractconcrete;andalsoaddinginterestandhelptopersuadeorconvincethereader;Exposition5.Whatmethodsareadoptedforparagraphdevelopmentintheexpositorywriting?編輯pptWritingDeviceExposition2)divisionandclassificationdivision—separatethingsintoparts(glasses—[\frame,lens);classification—organizethingswhichsharecertainqualities(courses—obligatoryandoptional);3)comparisonandcontrast(thesubject-by-subjectpattern,thepoint-by-pointpattern);編輯pptWritingDeviceExposition4)analogy—showsthesimilaritiesbetweentwodifferentclass;5)causeandeffect;6)definition;編輯pptQuiz11.

Inmyopinion,youcanwidenthe_____

oftheseimprovementsthroughyouractiveparticipation.A.dimensionB.magnitudeC.volumeD.scope2.Thetouristisforbiddentoenteracountryifhedoesnothavea(n)_____

passport.A.operativeB.effectiveC.validD.efficientDimension:規(guī)模、程度、尺寸等Magnitude:巨大、重要性volume:卷、冊(cè)、容積等Operative:操作的、起作用的、DC編輯pptQuiz13.GonewiththeWinddealswithquestions

America’sCivilwarandtheexperiencesoftwocouplesoflovers.A.concernedB.concernedwithC.concerningwithD.concerningD編輯pptQuiz15.Anthropology人類學(xué)isascience__anthropologistusearigorous縝密的setofmethodsandtechniquestodocument為。。。提供證明observationsthatcanbecheckedbyothers.A.inthat