英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)實(shí)用教程課件

PracticalCourseCoursewareforEnglishLinguistic目錄CONTENTSIntroductiontoEnglishLinguisticsFundamentalsofPhonicsLexicologicalresearchGrammaranalysisPragmaticExplorationSociologicalperspective01IntroductiontoEnglishLinguisticsExplainthebasicdefinitionandclassificationoflinguistics,andexplainthepositionoflinguisticsinthedisciplinarysystem.SummaryLinguisticsisadisciplinethatstudieshumanlanguage,exploringtheessence,structure,andchangesoflanguage.Accordingtodifferentresearchperspectivesandfocuses,linguisticscanbedividedintosubdisciplinessuchasphonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,andsemantics.DetaileddescriptionTheDefinitionandClassificationofLinguisticsSummary:IntroducethedisciplinarycharacteristicsandresearchcontentofEnglishlinguistics.Detaileddescription:Englishlinguistics,asanindependentdiscipline,hasinterdisciplinarycharacteristics.ItnotonlystudiesthestructureandcharacteristicsofEnglishitself,butalsoinvolvesotherrelateddisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,history,andanthropology.TheresearchcontentofEnglishlinguisticsisextensive,includingEnglishphonetics,grammar,vocabulary,semantics,pragmatics,anddiscourse.ThedisciplinarycharacteristicsofEnglishlinguisticsSummary:OverviewofthedevelopmentprocessandimportanteventsofEnglishlinguistics.Detaileddescription:ThedevelopmentofEnglishlinguisticscanbetracedbacktothemedievalperiod.WiththepopularizationandevolutionofEnglish,Englishlinguisticsgraduallydevelopedandgrewstronger.Inhistory,someimportantfiguresandeventshavedriventhedevelopmentofEnglishlinguistics,suchasthehumanistictrendduringtheRenaissance,thedisseminationofEnglishduringtheIndustrialRevolution,andtheChomskyRevolutioninthe20thcentury.TheDevelopmentofEnglishLinguistics02FundamentalsofPhonicsTheuseofsymbolstoreportspeechsoundsinwrittenformPhoneticnotePhonetictranscriptionPhoneticfeaturesPhoneticcontrastTheprocessofconvertingspeechintotelephonenotationThecharacteristicsthatdefinetheidentityandqualityofspeechsoundsThedifferenceinpromotionbetweensimilarsoundsthatdistinguishesonewordfromanotherThebasicconceptsofphoneticsThesmallestcontrastingunitsofsoundinalanguage,whichdistinguishesonewordfromanotherAsystemofsymbolsusedtorepresentphonesThemostcommontelephonealphaistheInternationalPhoneticAlpha(IPA)PhonemesandPhonicAlphabetPhoneticalphaPhonemesAgroupofoneormorephonesthatformasingleunitofpromotionSyllableTheemphasisoremphasisplacedonacollapsiblewithinawordStresscanaffectthemeaningandpromotionofwordsWordstressSyllableandwordstressIntroductionTheriseandfallofthepitchofthevoicethatoccursduringspeech,whichcanbeconsideredmeaningandtitleRhythmTheregularpatternofstressedandunstressedsyndromeinspeech,whichgiveslanguageitscharacteristicrhythmandflowIntroductionandrhythm03LexicologicalresearchCompositionandclassificationofvocabularySummarywordsVocabularyisthefoundationoflanguage,anditscompositionandclassificationareimportantcontentsoflinguisticresearch.Theclassificationofvocabularyisusuallybasedonfactorssuchaspartofspeech,semantics,function,andfrequencyofuse,whichhelpstogainadeeperunderstandingoftheinternalstructureandpatternsoflanguage.DetaileddescriptionTheCompositionandClassificationofVocabularyThesemanticrelationshipofvocabularysemanticrelationshipsofvocabularySummarywordsThesemanticrelationshipsbetweenvocabularyincludesynonymousrelationships,antonymousrelationships,andhyponymousrelationships.Studyingtheserelationshipshelpstounderstandthemeaningandusageofvocabularyincontext,improvelanguageproficiencyandreadingcomprehension.DetaileddescriptionSummarywordsTheevolutionofvocabularyandthecreationofnewwordsDetaileddescriptionVocabularyevolvescontinuouslywiththedevelopmentofsociety,someoldwordswillgraduallydisappear,whilenewwordswillcontinuetoemerge.Understandingtheevolutionprocessofvocabularyandthewaysinwhichnewwordsarecreatedcanhelpgraspthedevelopmenttrendoflanguageandbettercopewiththeconstantlychangingrealworld.Theevolutionofvocabularyandthecreationofnewwords04GrammaranalysisMorphologyMorphologyisthedisciplinethatstudiesthecompositionandchangesofwords.Forexample,partsofspeechsuchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andtheirformsofvariation,suchaspluralnouns,verbtenses,etc.Syntaxsyntaxisthedisciplinethatstudiessentencestructure.Itinvolveshowtocombinewordsintomeaningfulsentencesandtherelationshipsbetweenthesesentences.BasicConceptsofGrammarAdverbsAdverbsarewordsusedtodescribeverbs,adjectives,orotheradverbs.Forexample,"quickly","happy","very","also",etc.NounsNounsarewordsusedtorepresentpeople,things,places,orabstractconcepts.Forexample,"cat","dog","book","table",etc.VerbsVerbsarewordsusedtoindicateactionsorstates.Forexample,"run","write","read","sleep",etc.AdjectivesAdjectivesarewordsusedtodescribethecharacteristicsofnouns.Forexample,"big","small","red","green",etc.PartofspeechandpresencecomponentsSimpleSentencesAsimplesentenceisasentencecomposedofasubjectandapredicate.Forexample,"Thecatissleeping."CompoundSentencesAcompoundsentenceisasentencecomposedoftwoormoresimplesentencesconnectedbycoordinateconjunctions.Forexample,"Thecatissleeping,andthedogisplaying."ComplexSentencesAcompoundsentenceisasentencecomposedofamainclauseandoneormoresubordinateclauses.Forexample,"Thecat,whichissleeping,istired."ThestructureandtypesofsensesAmaster-slavecomplexsentenceisasentencecomposedofamainclauseandoneormoresubordinateclauses,wherethesubordinateclausecannotformaseparatesentence.Forexample,"Thecat,whichissleeping,istired,butthedogisstillenergetic."ComplexSentenceswithSubordinateClaimsAcompoundsentenceisasentencecomposedoftwoormorecoordinatesentences,eachofwhichcanformanindependentsentence.Forexample,"Thecatissleeping,andthedogisplaying,butthebirdissinging."ComplexSentenceswithCoordinatedClaimsAnalysisofcomplexsenses05PragmaticExplorationContextUnderstandingTheabilitytounderstandthemeaningofwordsandphrasesbasedonthecontextinwhichtheyareusedForexample,theword"bank"canmeanafinancialinstitutionortheedgeofariver,dependingonthecontext要點(diǎn)一要點(diǎn)二DiscoveryAnalysisThestudyofhowmeaningiscreatedthroughlanguageuseinlargerunitsthanindividualsenses,suchasparagraphs,speeches,orentiretextsItfocusesonhowwritersorspeakersuselanguagetocreatespecificeffectsormeanswithinalargercommunicativecontextContextandcoursemeansSpeechActsThesmallestunitoflanguageusethatcanbeconsideredasanact,suchasmakingastatement,askingaquestion,ormakingapromiseSpeechActTheoryfocusesonhowtheseactionsareperformedandunderstandingthroughlanguageuseIslamicActsTheactofperformingaparticularspeechact,suchaspromise,ordering,orwarningThisaspectofspeechacttheoryfocusesonhowspecificlinguisticformsareusedtoperformspecificillustrativeactsSpeechacttheoryConversationalimplicationsTheinferredmeansthatarefromtheuseoflanguageinconversation,beyondtheexplicitmeansofindividualwordsorphrasesForexample,ifapersonsays"It'scoldinhere,"theimplicationcouldbethattheywantthetemperaturetoberaisedCooperativePrinciplesAsetofassessmentsthatgovernconversation,accordingtowhichparticipantsinconversationshouldbecooperative,informative,andrelevantViolationsoftheseprinciplescancreateimplicationsorleadtomisunderstandingsConversationalMeansandCooperativePrinciples06SociologicalperspectiveLanguageisasocialtoolLanguageisnotonlyameansofcommunication,butalsoasocialtoolthatreflectsandshapescultureandsocietyLanguagevariationacrosscommunitiesLanguageusageandgrammarcanvaryacrossdifferentcommunities,reflectingtheiruniqueculturalandsocialnormsLanguagechangeovertimeLanguageundergoesconstantchangeovertimeduetosocial,cultural,andtechnologicaladvancements