經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)專業(yè)英語教程（精編版）（第二版）課件：Economic Globalization

《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)專業(yè)英語教程

（精編版）（第二版）》

Text:EconomicGlobalization（經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化）1.Keywords2.Phenomenaofeconomicglobalization3.Benefitsofglobalization4.Conceptsofglobalization5.Threedimensionsofglobalization6.Essenceofglobalization7.Questionsemergingmarketinformationtechnologynationalboundaryglobalwarmingenvironmentaldestructionforestdepletionsustainabledevelopmentbiophysicalenvironmentresourceutilizationbenefitsofglobalizationstrategicmanagementgeographicalboundarynation-stateglobalmassculturesatellitetelevisionhistoricalrootculturalandsocialalienationcapitalaccumulationmoderntraditionaldichotomydualisticconstruction1.KeywordsFormerlyrestrictedmarketshavenoweagerlyembracedtheprinciplesofmarketeconomies,andthefocusofmanycorporationshasshiftedtotheseemergingmarkets.Astransnationalcorporationsandthe“developed”countriesscrambleforafootholdinthehugeChineseandotherAsianmarkets,itappearsthatthecenterstageforworldtradehasshiftedtotheAsia-Pacifictheater.Rapidadvancesininformationtechnology,increasedcompetitioninglobalmarketsandtheincreasedpermeabilityofnationalboundarieshaveallcontributedtotheever-increasingpaceofglobalizationinvirtuallyallbusinesssectors.Concernaboutforestdepletion,globalwarmingandotherecologicalproblemsisnowuniversal,andif“globalization”isoneofthebuzzwordsofthe1990s,then“sustainabledevelopment”isnotfarbehind.2.PhenomenaofeconomicglobalizationGlobalizationmakesthepromise:increasedaccesstoresourcesandmarkets,tariff-lessgeographicalboundariesandincreasedefficiencyinresourceutilizationwillgeneratewealthforthepoorercountries.Attherootofmostoftheargumentsforglobalizationistheassumptionthatthebenefitsofglobalizationfaroutweighthecosts.Globalenvironmentaldestructionisonesuchcost.3.Benefitsofglobalization4.1Multidomesticmarketing4.2Marketingandstrategicmanagement4.3Sociologyandanthropology4.ConceptsofglobalizationConceptsrelatedtoglobalizationincludeinternationalization,“multidomesticmarketing,”and“multinationalortransnationalmarketing,”suggestingthatthebasiccriterionistransactionsacrossnationalboundaries.4.1MultidomesticmarketingInthemarketingandstrategicmanagementliterature,globalizationisconceptualizedasameanstogaincompetitiveadvantagebylocatingdifferentstagesofproductionindifferentgeographicregionsaccordingtotheparticularregion’scomparativeadvantages.4.2MarketingandstrategicmanagementWatersdefinedglobalizationas“asocialprocessinwhichtheconstraintsofgeographyonsocialandculturalarrangementsrecedeandinwhichpeoplebecomeincreasinglyawarethattheyarereceding.”4.3Sociologyandanthropology5.1Economicaspectsofglobalization5.2Politicalaspectsofglobalization5.3Culturalaspectsofglobalization5.ThreedimensionsofglobalizationTheeconomicaspectsofglobalizationstemfromthespreadofthecapitalistworldeconomyandtheresultingexpansionofgeographicalboundariesfortheproductionandconsumptionofgoodsandservices.Theneedforcheaprawmaterials,cheaplaborandnewmarketssawtheexpansionofthecapitalistworldeconomyfromonethatwasprimarilyEurocentrictoonethatencompassedtheentireworld.Thisprocesswasachievedbyvariousmeansandofteninvolvedovercomingpoliticalresistances(frequentlythroughmilitarymeans)inthenew“markets.”5.1EconomicaspectsofglobalizationThepoliticalaspectsofglobalizationinvolvedestablishingcontrolovermarketsandrawmaterialsthrougheithertheuseofdirectmilitarypowerortheestablishmentofinternationalinstitutions(throughdiplomacy)thatcontrolsuchmarkets.Theriseofthenation-stateisanexampleofthepoliticalaspectofglobalization.5.2PoliticalaspectsofglobalizationTheculturalaspectofglobalizationinvolvestheexpressionofsymbolsthatrepresentfacts,meanings,beliefs,preferences,tastesandvalues.5.3CulturalaspectsofglobalizationGlobalizationisessentiallyaWesternnotioninextricablylinkedwitheconomicdevelopment.ItisaWesternworldviewwhichineconomictermsdefinestheworldasamarketthatcanbeexploitedtogeneratewealth.Worldtradewasthebasisofglobalization,andglobaltraderelationsinthemodernerasetupthedichotomyof“developed”versus“undeveloped”or“developing”countries.Theunderlyingassumptioninalldevelopmentprojectswasthattechnologicaladvancementandindustrializationwouldleadtoeconomicdevelopment.This,inturn,wouldhavepositiveeffectsonthesocial,politicalandculturalarenasofdevelopingcountries.However,developmentwasconstructedprimarilyasaprocessofincreasinggrowthratesmeasuredbyWesternstandards.6.Essenceofglobalization(1)Thenewinformationtechnologyandadvancesintelecommunicationshavetendedtoerodetheheterogeneity（異類）ofnationallifestyles,socialandeconomicvaluesandevencultures.Thisisvisibleinthestandardizationofconsumertastesinfavoroffastfoods(McDonald’s,CokeCola,etc.)andAmericanfilmsandsoapoperas.Butwithfewexceptions,th