用何食材：新型肉類與奶制品替代物有助于抑制對氣候有害的排放-英

What’scooking?An

assessmentofthepotentialimpactsofselectednovelalternatives

toconventionalanimalproducts2023SPECIAL

ISSUE?2023UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeISBN:978-92-807-4103-2Disclaimers?Maps,photosandillustrationsasspecifiedSuggestedcitationThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepart

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DEW/2594/NADOI:/10.59117/20.500.11822/44236UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(2023).Frontiers2023.What’s

Cooking?Anassessmentofthepotentialimpactsofselectednovelalternativesto

conventionalanimalproducts.Nairobi./10.59117/20.500.11822/44236.Thispublicationmaybereproducedinwholeorinpart

andinanyformforeducationalornon-pro?tserviceswithoutspecialpermissionfromthecopyrightholder,

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TheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammewouldappreciatereceivingacopyofanypublicationthatusesthispublicationasasource.NouseofthispublicationmaybemadeforresaleoranyothercommercialpurposewhatsoeverwithoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.Applicationsforsuchpermission,withastatementofthepurposeandextentofthereproduction,shouldbeaddressedto

unep-communication-director@.Mention

of

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or

product

inthisdocumentdoes

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implyendorsement

bytheUnited

Nations

EnvironmentProgramme

ortheauthors.

Theuse

of

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from

thisdocument

for

publicityor

advertising

isnot

permitted.

Trademarknames

and

symbols

are

usedinan

editorial

fashion

with

nointention

on

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of

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or

copyright

laws.Production:Nairobi.URL:/resources/whats-cookingTheviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyre?ecttheviewsoftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.Weregretanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenunwittinglymade.AcknowledgementsIIILeadAuthorsAuthorsCleoVerkuijl,StockholmEnvironmentInstitute(SEI),HarvardLawSchool;RajeswariRaina,ShivNadarUniversity;RobertWatson,UniversityofEastAngliaPloyAchakulwisut,SEIAsia;MichaelCar

ter,TheGoodFoodInstitute(GFI);VarunDeshpande,GFIIndia;DolapoEnahoro,InternationalLivestockResearchInstitute(ILRI);ShaynaFertig,GFI;CarstenGerhardt,Kearney;JonathanGreen,SEIYork;NdaindilaHaindongo,Food

andAgricultureOrganisationoftheUnitedNations(FAO);MarioHerrero,CornellUniversity;AnaMariaLoboguerrero,BioversityInternational-CGIAR;DanielMason-D’Croz,CornellUniversity;

Tsakani

Ngomane,UniversityoftheDistrictofColumbia;KatieNoble,LeverhulmeCentreforAnthropoceneBiodiversity,UniversityofYork

UniversityofYork;

OscarRueda,LeidenUniversity;Laura

Scherer,

LeidenUniversitySubstantiveSupport:UNEPsupport

team,

Early

Warningand

Scienti?cAssessments

Division,

Scienti?c

Assessments

Branch.RachelKosse,AllanLelei,BrigitteOhanga,AdeleRoccato,PinyaSarasas,EdoardoZandriReviewersGenaro

Aguilar,

InstitutoPolitécnicoNacional;IsabelCeliaHomyak,UniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley;PhilipAlbinelli,FAO;

PabloArena,CliopeGroup,UTN/CONICET;

Howard,MichiganStateUniversity;NurulHuda,FacultyMireyAtallah,UNEP;CharlesBartlett,

UNEP;BocklineOmedoBebe,Egerton

University;ClaireBomkamp,GFI;JinfengChang,ZhejiangUniversity/

InternationalInstituteforAppliedSystemsAnalysis(IIASA);MichelleColgrave,CSIRO;AdamDorr,

RethinkX;JanDutkiewicz,PrattInstitute;AndreaHagyo,EuropeanEnvironmentofFoodScienceandNutrition,UniversityMalaysiaSabah;JasonJabbour,

UNEP;SylviaKarpagam,Freelance;JamesLomax,UNEP;IngridYmRuthOdegard,CEDelft;SuzanOelofse,CouncilforScienti?candIndustrialResearch;CeciliaMoraaOnyango,UniversityofNairobi;Martina

Otto,UNEP;JacobRobert

Peacock,RethinkAgency;AnjuChadha,IIT

Jammu;AyakoEbata,Institute

Priorities;JeffSebo,NewYork

University;SergiyofDevelopmentStudies,UniversityofSussex;KunLongJohnEng,A*STAR-AgencyforScience,

TechnologyandResearch;MicheleFontefrancesco,UniversityofSmetana,DILGermanInstituteofFood

Technologies(DILe.V.);

MadhuraSwaminathan,IndianStatisticalInstitute;ElliotSwartz,

GFI;Oliver

Taherzadeh,LeidenUniversity;GastronomicSciences;BruceFriedrich,GFI;CarlosMaria

Hanna

Tuomisto,UniversityofHelsinki;MarianaHaseGonzalezFischer,

CornellUniversity;DominicB

A

Glover,

Ueta,

TechnischeUniversit?tDresden;MarinaVenancio,InstituteofDevelopmentStudies,UniversityofSussex;HughCharlesJonathanGodfray,OxfordMartin

School,UniversityofOxford;AndresGuhl,UniversidaddelosAndes;AndreaHinwood,UNEP;SimoneH?jte,CONCITO;UNEP;HelenaWright,

FAIRR

Initiative;AlvaroGabrielZopatti,UNEPSupportingUNEPDivisionsandOf?cesPartners

andfundersCommunications,Economy,Ecosystems,Law,

PolicyandProgramme,RegionalOf?ce

Financialsupportfrom

TheBelgiumForeignAffairs,Foreign

Trade

andDevelopmentforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,Of?ceoftheChiefScientistCooperationto

producethispublicationisgratefullyacknowledged.Editorial,designandtranslationsupportStephenGraham,ScienceEditor;AmandaLawrence-Brown,ScienceEditor(UNEP);CarlosReyes,GraphicDesignandCoverIllustrationThanksalsotoAngelineDjampou,NicolienDelange,NiklasHagelberg,AndreaHinwood,JasonJabbour,

JianLiu,MaartenKappelle,JaneMuriithi,KellyWest,Yahan

YouListofabbreviationsVIASFAnimalsourcefoodsIPBESIntergovernmentalScience-PolicyPlatformonBiodiversityandEcosystemServicesCCACCIFORCOVID-19EFSAFAOClimateandCleanAirCoalitionCenterforInternationalForestryResearchCoronavirusdiseaseIPCCIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeInternational

PanelofExperts

onSustainable

FoodSystemsLifecycleassessmentIPES-FoodLCAEuropeanFood

SafetyAuthorityFood

andAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsFetalbovineserumNCDNon-communicablediseaseOECDRCTOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentRandomizedcontrolledtrialFBSFCRFeedConversionRatioUNDESAUNEPUNICEFUPFUnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairsUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeUnitedNationsChildren’s

FundFDAFood

andDrugAdministration(USA)Food

StandardsAustraliaNewZealandTheGoodFood

InstituteFSANZGFIUltra-processedfoodGHGGreenhousegasUSDAWHOUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricultureWorld

HealthOrganizationIFADInternationalFund

forAgriculturalDevelopmentInternationalLivestockResearchInstituteILRIVGlossaryAnimalsentienceMacronutrientSometimesrefersto

theanimal’s

capacityforany

Nutrientsthatprovide

caloriesorenergyandaretypeofsubjectiveexperience,andsometimesto

requiredinlargeamountsto

maintainbodyfunc-thecapacityto

havesubjectiveexperienceswitha

tionsandcarryouttheactivitiesofdailylife.

Therepositiveornegativevalence,suchaspainorplea-

arethreebroadclassesofmacronutrient:pro-sure(BrowningandBirch2022).teins,carbohydratesandfats(WHO2023a).AnimalsourcefoodsMicronutrientProducts

sourced

from

animals.In

thisreport,

the

Vitaminsandmineralsneededbythebodyinverytermisused

to

referto

foods

derived

from

animals,

smallamounts.However,

theirimpactonabody’ssuch

as

beef,pork,

mutton,

poultry,

and

dairy.healthiscritical,andde?ciencyinanyofthemcancausesevereandevenlife-threateningcondi-tions.

Theyperformarangeoffunctions,includingenablingthebodyto

produceenzymes,hormonesandothersubstancesneededfornormalgrowthanddevelopment(WHO2023b).AntimicrobialresistanceAglobalpublichealthissuecharacterizedbytheineffectivenessofantibiotic,antiviral,antiparasiticandantifungaltreatmentsstemmingfrom

inap-propriateuseofantimicrobials,oftenasaresultofchemicalandbiologicalpollutionfrom

theMycoproteinpharmaceuticals,agricultureandhealthcaresec-

Afungal-derivedproteinsourcewitha?broustors

andmunicipalwaste(UNEP2023).structure(Ahmadet

al.2022).BiomassfermentationNon-communicablediseaseTheprocessofusingmicroorganismsto

makeNoncommunicablediseases(NCDs),alsoknownprotein-richfood,wherethemicroorganismspro-

aschronicdiseases,arenottransmissibledirectlyducedarethemselvestheprimaryingredient.fromonepersonto

another.

NCDstendto

beoflongdurationandaretheresultofacombina-tionofgenetic,physiological,environmentalandbehaviouralfactors(WorldHealthOrganization[WHO]2023).BiopsyTechniqueto

collecttissuesamplesfrom

livingdonoranimals(Melzeneret

al.2020).CelllinesNovelanimalsourcefoodalternativesProductswithanappearance,taste,smellandtexturesimilarto

orevenindistinguishablefromconventionalASF,

producedthroughnewscienti?capproaches.Populationsofcellsthatcanbemaintainedforanextendedperiod.CultivatedmeatMeatproduceddirectlyfromanimalcells.

Thisisdonebyextractingcellsfrom

alivinganimalandgrowingtheminbioreactors.Cellscanbediffer-entiatedinto

muscle,fatandothercelltypestocreateproductsthathavethesameorsimilarthree-dimensionalstructure,nutritionpro?leandorganolepticpropertiesasconventionalmeat.Novelplant-basedfoodsTheseproductsaimto

replicatethesensoryexpe-rienceofanimalproductsbycombiningplantprotein(typicallyfrom

soyorpea)withfats,vita-mins,mineralsandwater(Figure3.1).OrganolepticexperienceSensorypropertieslike?avour,

aroma,texture,bite,moisture,mouthfeel,appearanceandcolour.CulturemediaContainsthenutrientsandgrowth

factorsneededto

cultivatecellsoutsideananimal’s

bodyandculturethemuscle,fatandconnectivetissuecells

Foodways(O’Neillet

al.2020).Theeatinghabitsandculinarypractices

ofapeople,region,orhistoricalperiod.EntericfermentationAnatural

part

ofthedigestiveprocessinruminant

Functionaldiversityanimalssuchascattle,sheep,goatsandbuffalo.

Animportantcomponentofbiodiversitythatchar-Microbesinthedigestivetract,

orrumen,decom-

acterizesthevariabilityoffunctionaltraits

withinposeandfermentfood,producingmethaneasa

acommunity,landscapeorevenlargespatialby-product(CCAC2023).scales.Itcanin?uenceecosystemprocessesandstability(Maet

al.2019).FeedconversionratioAkeycharacteristicdescribingrequirementsofSpeciesrichnesscropsperunitofendproduct;describestheef?-

Representsameasureofthevarietyofspeciesciencyofturningfeedcropsintoanimalmeatbasedsimplyonacountofthenumberofspeciesproducts(Sinkeet

al.2023).inaparticular

sample(FedorandZvaríková2019).Fermentation-derivedproductsPrecisionfermentationFoodsproducedusingbiomassorprecisionfer-

Usesmicroorganismsto

produceingredients,mentation.Biomassfermentationistheprocess

includingparticularproteins,?avours,vitaminsofusingmicroorganismsto

makeprotein-richfood,wherethemicroorganismsproducedarethemselvestheprimaryingredient.Precisionfermentationusesmicroorganismsto

producespeci?cfunctionalingredients,includingproteins,vitaminsand?avourmolecules.

Thesecanbeusedinnovelplant-basedfoodto

improvetasteortexture,andincultivatedmeatto

enablemoreef?-cientgrowth(Figure3.3).andfats,to

beaddedto

a?nalfoodproduct.Thesecanbeusedinnovelplant-basedfoodtoimprovetasteortexture,andincultivatedmeattoenablemoreef?cientgrowth.ProteinfractionationTheextractionofproteinfromtherestoftheplant.ScaffoldingMaterialsusedto

supportandguidetissuefor-mationfortissue-engineeredconstructsincludesyntheticpolymers,self-assemblingpeptides,extracellularmatrix(ECM)moleculesandplant-orfungus-derivedmaterials(Bomkampet

al.2021).HemeproteinIron-containingproteins,suchasleghemoglobinandmyoglobin,whichgiveplant-basedmeatsatasteandaromasimilarto

thatofconventionalmeat.Sensorypro?leAppearance,taste,smellandtexture.JusttransitionEmphasizesthatlargesocio-economicshiftsincludinginresponseto

climatechangeshouldbeplannedandimplementedinawaythatissociallyfair.

Itsprinciplesencouragegovernmentsto

workwithstakeholdersto

designpoliciesthatwillhelpto

minimizedisruptionsandmaximizebene?tsforstakeholdersaffectedbytransition.ZoonosesDiseasesthatcanspreadbetweenanimalsandpeople,movingfromwildanddomesticatedani-malsto

humansandfromhumansto

animals(UNEP2021b).ContentsVIThis

report

isdesignedto

be

read

onscreens.Some

pages

may

not

print

witha

legible

fontsize

on

a

standard

A4.1.

3.IntroductionNewtechnologicalsolutionsarebeingdevelopedto

provide

analternativetoanimalsourcefoodsAcknowledgements

IIIListofabbreviationsIVGlossaryVForewordKey

?ndingsVIIVIIIAboutthisreport

VIIIExecutivesummary

IX2.Animal

sourcefoodssigni?cantlyimpacttheenvironment,humanhealth,socioeconomicdynamicsandanimalwelfare2.1

Globaldemandforanimalsourcefoodscon-3.1

Novelmeatanddairyalternativesaimto

mimicthetastetinuesto

increase5andtextureofanimalsourcefood172.2

Thecurrentanimalagriculturesystemcon-tributesto

climatechange,pollutionandbiodiversityloss3.1.1

Novelplant-basedmeatusesnewtechnologicalapproachesto

closelyimitatethesensorypro?leofmeat3.1.2

Cultivatedmeatismadefrom

animalcellsgrowninaculturemedium3.1.3

Fermentation-derivedproductsproduceprotein-richfoodusingmicroorganisms17192272.2.1

Greenhousegasemissionsfrom

animalagriculturesigni?cantlycontributeto

cli-matechange72.2.2

Someanimalagriculturesystemscon-3.2

Thereisawiderangeofestimatesformarketshareandtributeto

airandwaterpollutionandsoildegradation2.2.3

Landuse,land-usechange,pollutionandclimatechangeassociatedwithanimalagriculturesystemsareimportantdriv-consumeruptakeofnovelalternatives242783.3

Novelmeatanddairyalternativeshave

potentialenvironmentalbene?tscomparedto

conventionalcounterparts3.3.1

Alternativescouldreducegreenhousegasemissionsanduselesslandandwater3.3.2

Novelplant-basedmeatersofbiodiversityloss9272828312.3

Animal

agricultureisassociatedwithboth3.3.3

Cultivatedmeatbene?tsandharmsforpublichealth113.3.4

Fermentation-derivedproducts3.3.5

Transparency

isimportantforrealizingallpotentialenvironmentalbene?ts2.4

Animal

agricultureoperateswithinbroaderfoodsysteminequalitiesandmeatcancarryimportantculturalandsocial323.4

Alternativescouldreducetheriskofzoonoticdiseases,antimicrobialresistanceandfoodborneillnesses;further

researchonnutritionalimplicationsisneededsigni?cance132.5

Animal

agricultureraisesandkillstensofbillionsofsentientanimalsannually

14323.4.1

Reducedriskofzoonoticdiseases,antimicrobialresistanceandfoodborneillnesses3.4.2

Nutritionalimplications2.6

Interventionshave

beenproposedto

reduce323235theadverseenvironmentaleffectsofthecur-rentanimalagriculturesystem153.4.3

Impactsonworkersandcommunities3.5

Socioeconomicimpactswilldependonthedegreeofuptakeofalternatives;moreresearchisneededto

fullyunderstandtheseimplications353.6

Alternativespromisesigni?cantlyreducedanimalwelfareissues

374.Policy

andregulatoryenvironments

cansigni?cantly

in?uencethe

future

of

alternatives5.Conclusion4.1

Currentpoliciesimpactingnovelmeatanddairyalternatives40434.2

Potentialpoliciesto

supportnovelalterna-tivesto

conventionalanimalsourcefoods4.2.1

Policiestargetingproducers4.2.2

Policiestargetingconsumers4.2.3

Policiesto

supportasustainableandjusttransition4345464.2.4

Policiesto

supportanenablingenvironment484.2.5

Multilateralcooperation49Listofreferences54ListoftablesListof?guresTable

2.1Meatconsumptionpercapita(kgperyear)5

Figure1Scopeofthereportviii6Table

2.2

Greenhousegasemissionsfrom

differentsources7

Figure2.1GlobalmeatsupplyforhumanconsumptionFigure2.2

GloballanduseforfoodproductionTable

2.3

Selectedproposedinterventionsto

reduceadverse9impactsfromanimalagriculture15Figure2.3EnvironmentalimpactsofcurrentmeatproductionFigure2.4HealthandenvironmentalimpactsofdifferentfoodsFigure3.1Novelplant-basedmeat1012182023Table

3.1

Summaryofdifferentlifecycleassessmentsforcultivatedmeat3031Table

3.2Summaryofdifferentlifecycleassessmentsforfermentation-derivedproductsFigure3.2CultivatedmeatTable

4.1PolicyinstrumentstargetingalternativestoFigure3.3Typesoffermentationconventionalanimalproducts4142Figure3.4

Globalalternativesto

conventionalmeatindustryforecastsbyyearTable

4.2

Regulationofnovelfoodsinselectedcountries25Table

5.1

Overviewoftheenvironmental,health,socialandanimalwelfareimplicationsofnovelplant-based,cultivatedandfermentation-derivedalternatives,comparedto

conventionalmeatanddairyproductsFigure3.5

Breakdownofventureinvestmentsbycompany’s

country,technologytypeandtypeofproduct2638Figure3.6Numberofpeopleacowcanfeedforayear53ForewordVIIWearewhatweeat,andthatmakesus:unsustainable.Howweproduceandconsumefoodiscontributingto

Ear

th’s

tripleenvi-ronmentalcrisis:theclimateemergency,natureandbiodiversityloss,andpollutionandwaste,withlivestockproductionandconsumptionplayingakeyrole

inallthree.Animalagricultureholdscriticaleconomic,socialandcultural

value.Itisvitalto

thelivelihoodsofrural

householdsespeciallyindevelopingcountries,andtheglobalanimalagricultureindustryemploysandprovides

healthyandprotein-richfoodformillionsofpeople.Yettheanimalagricultureindustryisalsoasigni?cantcontributorto

emissionsofgreenhousegases–bothdirectanimalemissions,andthoseassociatedwithlandclearingandgrow-inganimalfood.Makingroom

formoreandmorelivestockandfoddercropsisdrivingthelossoftropicalforests,whileexcessanimalmanureandchem-icalfertilizersarepollutingourgroundwater,

riversandseas.Asglobaldemandformeatanddairyproductscontinuesto

rise,theirpro-ductionandconsumptionposesigni?cantchallengesforpublichealthandanimalwelfare.Eatingtoo

muchredandprocessedmeatcontributesto

highrates

ofobesityanddiabetes.Animalagricultureraises

theriskofnewzoo-noticdiseasesandantimicrobialresistance.Manyanimalsareraised

andslaughteredinconditionsthatunderminetheirwelfare.Itisclearthatfoodsystems,includingthemeatanddairysector,

mustbepart

ofthesocialandeconomictransformationsrequiredto

haltandreversethedamagewearein?ictingonEar

th’s

natural

systems.AchievingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals,limitingglobalwarmingundertheParisAgreementandful?llingtheKunming-MontrealGlobalBiodiversityFramework

alldependonit.IngerAndersenExecutiveDirectorUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeTheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme

(UNEP)iscommittedtosearchingforscience-basedsolutionsandusingitsconveningpower.

Thisworkincludesidentifyingandexploringemergingissuesofenvironmentalconcern,includingthroughtheUNEPFrontiersreports.ThisspecialeditionofUNEP’s

Frontiersreport

explorestheavailableevi-denceonnovelplant-basedfoods,cultivatedmeatandfermentation-derivedproductsasalternativesorcomplementsto

conventionalmeatanddairythatcouldpotentiallyleaveamuchsmallerenvironmentalfootprint.Thereport

providesanoverviewofscienti?cknowledgeofthesenovelalter-nativesaselementsofawiderreformoffoodsystems.Itexaminestheimplicationsoftheiruptakefortheenvironmentandhumanhealth,aswellasforsocietaldynamicsandanimalwelfare.However,

thefullextentoftheirenvironmental,socialandhumanhealthimpactsisnotyetfullyunderstood.Drawingonexamplesfrom

aroundtheworld,italsolooksatthestateofpol-iciesandregulationsandidenti?esthetools

thatgovernmentscanusetosteerthedevelopmentofthesector.Thereport

alsoidenti?eswherefurtherresearchisurgentlyneededto

plugknowledgegapsandinformgrowingpublicdebateaboutthepros

andconsofnovelmeatanddairyalternatives.Novelalternativesto

meatanddairycouldplayapositiverole

inatrans-formedglobalfoodsector,

generatingemploymentandtechnologiesthatpowerthesustainableeconomiesofthefuture.Butsuchashiftcouldalsothreatenarange

ofexistingjobsaswellasraise

importantquestionsabouthowitwillaffectdisparitiesbetweentheGlobalNorthandGlobalSouthandrural

andurbancommunities,andfurtherconcentratethemarketpowerofbigcompanies.Policymakershaveaparticularresponsibilityforensuringthatanysuchtransitionsaresociallyfairandwellmanaged,anddonotunderminefoodsecurityorresultinamoreinequitableworldforsocialminorities,includingwomenandIndigenousPeoples.Moreandmorepeopleunderstandthatweneedto

changeourunsustain-ableways.Mappingthefrontiersofourknowledge,includingoftheimpactsofwhatweeatandthepotentialofnewtechnologies,canhelpus?ndthebestpathtowardabetterfuture.VIIIKey

?ndings?

Globally,foodsystemsareresponsibleforabout30percentofthecurrentanthropogenicgreenhousegasemissionsdrivingclimatechange.Animalproducts—includinganimalemissions,feed,changesinlanduseandenergy-intensiveglobalsupplychains—accountforalmost60percentoffood-relatedemissions,foratotal

of14.5–20percentofglobalemissions.?

Impactsofthegrowingdemandforanimalsourcefoods(ASF)takeplaceinacontextofunsustainablefarmingmethodsandoverconsumption,especiallyinmiddleandhigh-in-comecountries.Overall,productionandconsumptionsigni?cantlycontributeto

climatechange,airandwaterpollution,biodiversityloss,andsoildegradation.?

WhileASFareanimportantsourceofnutrition,highintakeofredandprocessedmeatisassociatedwithincreasedriskofnon-communicablediseases.ASFproductionhasalsobeenassociatedwithpublichealthriskssuchaszoonoticdiseaseandantimicrobialresis-tance,andanimalwelfareconcerns.?

Novelplant-basedmeat,cultivatedmeatandfermentation-derivedfoodsshowpotentialforreducedenvironmentalimpactscomparedto

manyconventionalASF.

Theyalsoshowpromiseforreducedriskofzoonosesandantimicrobialresistance,andcansigni?cantlyreduceanimalwelfareconcernsassociatedwithconventionalanimalagriculture.?

Further

research

is

needed

to

understand

the

potential

socioeconomic

and

nutritionalimplications

of

novelASF

alternatives.

Policymakers

could

also

helpmaximize

bene?cialoutcomes

bytakingsteps

to

safeguard

food

security,jobs,livelihoods,social

andgenderequityandculture.?

Thedegreeofuptakeofthesenovelalternativeswilllikelydependontheircost,tasteandsocialandculturalacceptabilityandonhowtheyareregulated.?

Governments

have

numerous

policyoptions

to

explore

and

support

the

potential

of

novelalternatives,

including

support

for(open-access)

research

and

commercialization

and

justtransition

policies.?

Ifsupported

byappropriateregulatoryregimesandgovernanceinstruments,novelASFalternativescanplayanimportant

role,likelywithregionaldifferences,inashifttowardsfoodsystemsthataremoresustainable,healthierandlessharmfulto

animals.Figure1.Scopeofthereport1.Introduction2.Animal

sourcefoodssigni?cantlyimpacttheenvironment,humanhealth,socioeconomicdynamicsandanimalwelfare3.Newtechnologicalsolutionsarebeingdevelopedtoprovide

analternativetoanimalsourcefoods4.Policyandregulatoryenvironmentscansigni?cantlyin?uencethefutureofalternatives5.ConclusionAboutthisrepor

tThisreport

focuses

on

thepotential

environmental,

health,social

and

animal

welfare

impli-cations

oftheuptake

of

novel

meat

and

dairy

alternatives,inparticular

novel

plant-based,fermentation-derived

and

cultivated

products.

A

teamof

interdisciplinaryexperts

has

assessedtheavailable

evidence

on

theimpacts

ofthesealternatives

incomparison

withtheir

con-ventional

counterparts,

identifying

pertinent

considerations

for

policymakers

involved

inregulating,investing

inor

providing

othersupport

for

novel

meat

and

dairy

products

and

high-lighting

research

gaps.Thereport

doesnotexploreindepthhowdevelopingandshiftingto

novelalternativescompareswithotherstrategiesforreducingthenegativeimpactsofthecurrentmeatanddairyindustry,suchassubstitutingmeatanddairywithmoretraditionalvegetarianandveganproducts(e.g.tofu,tempeh),developinginsectsasasourceofhumanandanimalfeed,promotingextensiveandregenerativeanimalagriculture,reducingmeatanddairydemandthroughpricing(e.g.meattaxes)ordirectinterventionsto

reduceanimalemissions(e.g.feedadditives).Neitherdoesthereport

address?shandoth