建筑學(xué)-專業(yè)英語作業(yè)

學(xué)院某學(xué)院班級建筑學(xué)2班姓名某木木學(xué)號XXXXXXXX6課程名稱專業(yè)外語1學(xué)期2023-2023第一學(xué)期成績TadaoAndo1.BriefintroductionTadaoAndoisaJapaneseArchitect,andhewasbornonSeptember,13th,1941,inOsakaCity,Japan.Hedidnotreceivethetraditionalarchitectureeducation,andheonlyhadalittleworkexperienceinanarchitecturecompany.Aftergraduationfromhighschool,hejoinedtheSemiModeSeminar,whichisastudyclasscreatedbytheprofessorsofuniversityandbelongstoaneducationofuniversity.ThegreatmajoritygraduatesofSemiModeSeminarareactiveworkersofthecreativeindustryontheleadingedgeintheworldnow.Afterthat,hestudiedthedesignofinteriorandtheskillofdrawblueprintthroughvariousways.Beforehebecameanarchitect,hedesignedtheinteriorofmanyteahousesandcoffeehouses,mainlyintheKansaiareas.Heusedtobeaflatcardriverandaboxerbeforehebecameaprofessionalarchitect.Usingthemoneyheearnedfromboxingmatch,hetraveledtomanyplacesintheUSA,Europe,AfricaandAsiatoseethelocalarchitectures.Then,heturnedouttobeaprofessionalarchitectwithouttraditionalarchitectureeducation.Atthesametime,hisphotossucceedtobeusedintheLouisI.Kahn'sworks.RoseGarden,whichislocatedinIkutaZone,KobeCityandbuiltat1977,washisfirstarchitecturedesign.HecompleteditwithHamanoCommoditiesInstitutewhichhisbrotherbelongedto.At1969,TadaoAndohadhisownInstitute:TadaoAndoArchitectureResearchInstitute,andhedesignedalotofprivatehousesinthosetime.The"Sumiyoshinonagaya"wasthehighlyappraisaloneamongallhishousedesigns.HispublicarchitecturedesignsandprivatehouseswerealsoadmittedbyArchitecturalInstituteofJapanmanytimes.Fromthenon,TadaoAndosettledhispersonalstylewhichwashighlypraisedintheworld,anddesignedthearchitecturesmainlyastheAs-cast-finishConcreteandthegeometrical.At1980,hedesignedmanyshopmarkets,templesandchurchesintheareasofKansai.After1990,thenumberofpublicarchitecture,artgalleryandthearchitecturedesignsallovertheworldincreasedgreatly.At1995,TadaoAndowonthehighestawardPritzkerArchitecturePrize,andhecontributedtheaward$100,000totheorphansofthegreatearthquakein1995.IdeologicalpointofviewTadaoAndobelievestherearethreeessentialelementstoconstitutearchitecture.Thefirstelementisthedependablematerial,inanotherword,realmaterials.Thoserealmaterialscouldbethepureandsimpleconcreteorthenon-moppingwoodsandsoon.Thesecondelementistheperfectgeometryformwhichprovidesthebaseandframeforthearchitecture,andshowingthemintheworld.Itmaybeanobjectofimagineinmind,anditisalwaysanobjectofthethree-dimensionalstructure.Whenthegeometryformappliestothearchitecture,thepositionofthearchitectureforminthewholenaturalworldcanbeconfirmeddistinctly,theinteractioncouldbeeffectedbetweenthenaturalandgeometry.Thegeometryconstitutestheholisticframe,andbecomethescreenofthesceneryinthesurroundingenvironment.Peoplecanwalk,stay,andmeetbychanceinit,andevencanbuildanintimaterelationshipwiththelightofthenatural.Peoplecanreadtheadministrativelevelsinfewanddensebythedanceofshadow.Throughthedisposethenaturalthearchitecturearenotonlyopposebutalsocoexist.Thelastelementis"theNatural"."TheNatural"isnotthegeneral,originalnature,butitisakindofman-madeunorderednatureorthedesignednaturethatextractandpurityfromtheoriginalnature.ThenatureintheTadaoAndo'swordsisnotthecultivationingeneralmeaning,buttheman-made,architecturalnature.TadaoAndothinksthecultivationisjustonlyawaytobeautifyenvironment.Itisverydespicabletouseonlythegardens’andtheplants'changesoffourseasonsinittosymbolizeways.Thelights,waterandwindintheabstractarethebestwaystoshowthenaturalbaseonarchitectureasmaterialandgeometry.MajorWorksRowHouseinSumiyoshi1976RowHouseinSumiyoshi,SumiyoshiZone,OsakaCity,JapanDesign:January,1974---August,1975Built-uparea:65squaremeterRowHouseinSumiyoshiisthemostfamousworkofTadaoAndo'sarchitecturedesign,anditisthefirstfamousworkofallhisdesigns.Itisarectangularinsertinthreebuildings.RowHouseinSumiyoshiisbasedonthetraditionalJapanesehouseanditalsohasmanymodernelements.Thebuildingmaterialsofthishousearemainlyconcreteandsteel,whichareoriginatedandwildlyusedinwesterncountries,butitalsoshowsthelivinghabitsandnationalcharacteristicsoftheJapanese.TheHousehasaverynotablecharacteristicthatithasnowindowontheoutsidewall.Becausethereisacourtyardinthecenterofthebuilding,theroomsinthehouseareverybright.Visitorswillhaveabigsurprisedforhisamazingtechnique.Youcannotfindthelivingroomwhenyouslideopenthedoor,butwithafurtherturnfromthecorner.Itmakestheeffectsoflightandshadowsstrengthen.RowhouseinSumiyoshiisasymmetryformbasically.Thecourtyardtakesthebuildingsintowsidescareofeachother.Beingasmallhouseofonly65squaremeters,thedesignmakesitabigonewithsignificantvisualeffects.(2)ChurchofLight1989,ChurchofLight,Ibaraki,OsakaCity,JapanDesign:1989Built-uparea:113squaremeterTheChurchofLightismostfamousoneintheChurchTrilogyofTadaoAndo(Churchofwind,ChurchofWaterandChurchofLight).ChurchofLight'scharmisnotit'sexternalbutit'sinside.IthasthesimilarvisualshockofNotreDameduHaut.HowevertheNotreDameduHauttakethequiettopeopleandtheChurchofLighttakethestrongshocktopeople.TheChurchofLighthasnotawellzonetobebuiltandithasnotadequatebudgetbutitisnottakebadinfluenceTadaoAndotocreatthebestarchitectureinhismind.Usingthickconcretetomakeaabsolutelydarkspace.Itmakepeoplefeelhimselftobeisolated.ThereforewhenpeopleseetheLightCross---madebythesunshinewillfeelingholy,pure,clearandshock.TheChurchofLightisveryuniqueintheworksofTadaoAndo.Hemadeitusingtheabstract,pureandgeometryinitsspace.Ittakepeopleaplaceforthemtocleartheirmind.Thechurch'sdesignisverysimpleandabstract.Ithasnospirelikethenormalchurchesbutithasastrongreligionatmosphereinitsinsidespace.Thearrangementinthechurchisdecidedbythepositionofthesunandtheoldchurch.TheChurchofLightmadebyaconcretecubeandawallwhichcrossitas15°.Thereisaballinthecube.Thewalldivisethechurchtotwoparts.Peoplecanfeelsky,sunshineandgreentreespassthroughtheglassvault.Thesunlightinthechurchischangeallthetimebytimepassbyinaday.安藤忠雄安藤忠雄〔1941年9月13日－〕，日本大阪人，日本建筑師。安藤忠雄出生于大阪市。安藤忠雄作品安藤忠雄并未受過正規(guī)的建筑教育，僅在建筑公司工作過一小段時間。在高中畢業(yè)后，參加了SemiMode研究班〔SemiModeSeminar，Seminar是一種由大學(xué)教授創(chuàng)立的研究班，屬于大學(xué)教育的一種〕，畢業(yè)生大多都是目前都在業(yè)界第一線活潑的創(chuàng)意工作者。之后單獨利用各種管道學(xué)習(xí)了室內(nèi)設(shè)計和制圖等技巧。在成為建筑師之前，曾經(jīng)擔(dān)任過以關(guān)西為中心，許多茶館或咖啡廳的室內(nèi)設(shè)計。在成為建筑師前，曾任貨車司機(jī)及職業(yè)拳手，其后在沒有經(jīng)過正統(tǒng)訓(xùn)練下成為專業(yè)的建筑師。利用拳擊比賽贏得的獎金，前往美國、歐洲、非洲、亞洲旅行，也順便觀察各地獨特的建筑。那個時候，他的攝影作品被使用在建筑師路易·康的作品集中。最初的建筑作品－RoseGarden〔玫瑰花園；位在神戶市生田區(qū)〕是在1977年時，與弟弟孝雄所屬的浜野商品研究所一起共同合作。1969年在大阪成立安藤忠雄建筑研究所，設(shè)計了許多個人住宅。其中位在大阪的“住吉的長屋〞獲得很高的評價，大規(guī)模的公共建筑到小型的個人住宅作品，屢次得到日本建筑學(xué)會獎的肯定。此后安藤確立了自己以清水混凝土和幾何形狀為主的個人風(fēng)格，也得到世界的良好評價。1980年代在關(guān)西周邊設(shè)計了許多商業(yè)設(shè)施、寺廟、教會等。1990年代之后公共建筑、美術(shù)館，以及海外的建筑設(shè)計案開始增加。1995年，安藤忠雄獲得建筑界最高榮譽(yù)普利茲克獎，他把10萬美元獎金捐贈予1995年神戶大地震后的孤兒。思想觀點安藤相信構(gòu)成建筑必須具備三要素：第一要素是可靠的材料，就是真材實料；這真材實料可以是如純粹樸實的水泥，或未刷漆的木頭等物質(zhì)。第二因素是正宗完全的幾何形式，這種形式為建筑提供根底和框架，使建筑展現(xiàn)于世人面前；它可能是一個主觀設(shè)想的物體，也常常是一個三度空間結(jié)構(gòu)的物體。當(dāng)幾何圖形在建筑中運用時，建筑形體在整個自然中的地位就可很清楚的跳脫界定，自然和幾何產(chǎn)生互動。幾何形體構(gòu)成了整體的框架，也成為周圍環(huán)境景色的屏幕，人們在上面行走、停留、不遇期的邂逅，甚至可以和光的表達(dá)有密切的聯(lián)系。借由光的影子閱讀出空間疏密的分布層次。經(jīng)過這樣處理，自然與建筑既對立又并存。最后一個因素是〞自然〞；在這兒所指的自然并非是原始的自然，而是人所安排過的一種無序的自然或從自然中概括而來的有序的自然——人工化自然。安藤所謂的自然，并非泛指植栽化的概念，而是指被人工化的自然、或者說是建筑化的自然。他認(rèn)為植栽只不過是對現(xiàn)實的一種美化方式，僅以造園及其中植物之季節(jié)變化作為象征的手段極為粗糙。抽象化的光、水、風(fēng)。這樣的自然是由素材與以幾何為根底的建筑體同時被導(dǎo)入所共同呈現(xiàn)的。主要作品(1)1976住吉的長屋，大阪市住吉區(qū)設(shè)計時間：1974/01-1975/08建筑面積：65㎡住吉的長屋是安藤忠雄的成名作，也是其代表作之一。它是一幢三聯(lián)立住宅中間的一個矩形插入體。住吉的長屋是在日本大阪?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)民居的根底上引入現(xiàn)代住宅的概念，而又在這個利用西方創(chuàng)造的混凝土和鋼材為主要建筑材料的住宅中充分表達(dá)出日本人的生活習(xí)慣和名族特點。長屋最顯著的一個特點就是在建筑的外墻之上沒有任何一扇窗戶。由于有一個中庭的存在，長屋之中的所有房間都非常明亮。參觀者會被這種奇特的手法所驚奇。劃開門之后并不能直接看到起居室，需要額外再轉(zhuǎn)一個轉(zhuǎn)角，這使得建中的光影效果得到了加強(qiáng)。根本上來說長屋是一個對稱的結(jié)構(gòu)。中庭使得兩側(cè)的建筑相互照應(yīng)，而且設(shè)計者利用奇妙的手法是得這個只有65平方米的小建筑有一個比它實際要大得多的視覺效果。(2)1989光之教堂大阪市茨木區(qū)設(shè)計時間：1989年建筑面積：113平方米光之教堂是安藤忠雄的教堂三部曲中最著名的一座(風(fēng)之教堂、水之教堂和光之教堂)。光之教堂的魅力在它的內(nèi)部而非外部。他有著和朗香教堂同樣地震撼效果。但是亮相教堂給人以平靜而光之教堂給人以震撼。光之教堂并沒有建立在最好的地塊也沒有足夠的預(yù)算但是塔仍然實現(xiàn)了安藤忠雄腦中創(chuàng)造的那個建筑。用后市的清水混凝土圍合出絕對的黑暗空間，讓人感受到了強(qiáng)烈的與世隔絕。于是在人們看到那個由光構(gòu)成十字時感受到了強(qiáng)烈的神圣、純潔、清澈和震撼。光之教堂在安藤忠雄的作品中是獨一無二的，他用抽象、純粹和幾何學(xué)的形式構(gòu)建空間。它帶個了人們洗滌靈魂的地方。教堂的設(shè)計非常簡潔和抽象。它并不像一般的教堂擁有尖頂?shù)撬膬?nèi)部空間卻帶個人們強(qiáng)烈的宗教感。教堂的不知取決于太陽的位置以及教堂的原址光之教堂由一個清水混凝土的立方體和一個橫穿過他的一道15°的墻構(gòu)成。立方體的正中有一個球形。那道墻吧教堂分成了兩局部。人們可以透過玻璃穹頂感受天空、陽光以及綠樹。教堂內(nèi)部的光線變化取決于一天中太陽不同的位置。ShinjukuIntroductiontotheRegionShinjukuistheoneofthe23SpecialZonesinTokyo,Japan.ItisalsothemostfamousdowntownbusinessdistrictintheTokyoeveninJapan.ShinjukuislocatedinthecentralwestinTokyoCity.TheShinjukuStationisthemostimportanttransporthubofthewestsideofTokyoCityintheregion.TheShinjukuStationincludesTheJRYamanoteLine,TheJRCentralLineandJRSobuLine.TheheadquartersofPrivateRailwayCompany'sKeioElectricRailwayisintheShinjukuStationtoo.ShinjukuisoneoftheThreeDeputyCapitalswhichShinjuku,Shibuyaandikebukuro.TherearelotsofcorporateheadquartersandgovernmentofficebuildingsinShinjuku.TokyoMetropolitanGovernmentHallislocatedwesternShinjuku.ShinjukuisthenewbusinesscenterandthenewadministrativecenterofTokyoCity.Therearelotsoflargeenterprisesheadquarters'sskyscraperonthesurroundingofShinjuku.ThosesuperhighrisebuildinggroupisthemostfamousmarkofShinjukuandTokyoCity.ForexampletheTokyoStation'ssouthdirectionisthebusinesszoneofintensivedepartmentstoresandcommercialstreets.AndthemostfamousoneisTakashimayadepartmentstorecompany'sflagshipstore---TakashimayaTimesSquareandtheheadquarterofthefamousJapanchainbookstoreKinokuniya.RelativetotheWestShinjukumodernizationandtidy.TheEastShinjukuareathateastofShinjukuStationistheThemostpopularandmostconfusingtraditionalcommercialstreetzone.Amongthem,theKabukimachithatRedLightdistrictoffamousoverseasislocatedintheShinjukuarea. VarioussuperModernskyscrapers,thenewbuilttheatredistrict,rowuponrowofthebigorsmallresortintheShinjuku'sstreetsandroads.Shinjukucansayishaveeverythingthatoneexpectstofind.JRShinjukuStationissaidtobethelargeststationpassengerflowinourworld.EverydayintheShinjukuStationaboardthetrainhighamountsto760000people.DuringtheweekdaymorningwiiltakeyoutoexperiencetheTokyocommuters'stimulation.ShinjukuisthewesterntransportationhubofTokyoanditalsothestartingpointofHakone'sLittleTinyuwaRailwayLine.Hakoneisfamousforthenountainhotspringsandthebeautifulsceniclakes.OntheeasternsideofthestationistetraditionalshoppingandentertainmentcenterandonthewestsideofthestationisthewestofShinjuku.Before1960,hereisanopenfieldbaxically.ButnowitisthelargesthighrisebuildingsonthegroundinJapan.Inseveralhighrisebuildingstherearewatchtowersandmostlyhavethehotelsonthetop.Peoplecanenjoythespectaculatcitynightscene.TheHistoryofRegionShinjukuislocatedintheTokyowestoftheitscenter.ItisabouteightkmawayfromGinza.ItisoneofthemaindowntownareainTokyoCitywhichjustafterGinzaandAsakusaUeno.Enter50s,withthehighspeedofJapaneseeconomy'sdevelopment,thecentralthreearea(Chiyoda,PortandtheCentralZone)asthecapitalofTokyo'soldcentralbusinessdistricthascannotmeettheneedofsituation.Governmentofficebuildings,greatcorporationheadquartersbuildings,nationaleconomicmanagementbuildingsandcommercialservicebiuldingsarecrowdedtogether.Sotrafficandhighbuildingsfallintobigjam.Asacontrol,alleviatetheexcessiveconcentrationofthestatecentralareaandforthedevelopmentofsurroundingarea.At1958thesecondfalfoftheyear,TheTokyoMetropolitanGovernmenttakeatentativeideathatbuilddeputycapital(Shinjuku,ShibuyaandIkebukuro)andbeginfromShinjuku.TrafficHubandPublicPlacesAftertheMeijiReform,Japanesegovernmentrecognizedthepeoplecanfreetochoosethecropsatthetime.Sincethen,thesurroundingareasofShinjukuappearedlogswoodplanting.Besides,thewoodreferredasFourValleyLogsofWoodwasfamousinJapangradually.Thefrequencyandnumberoftransportmoreandmorelargewhentheincreaseofpurchase.ShinjukuStationasatransmissionchannelbecameaimportanttransferstation.ShinjukuStationisbeganfromMeiji18th(1885),itinitiallyonlyconnectedAkabaneandShinagawa.TherailwayistheoriginatypeofYamanoteLine.Afterthen,duringtheMeiji22th(1889),thepredecessorofthenowadaysCentralLinewascompleted(betweenShijukutoTachikawa).ThenopenedthecityelectricrailwaybetweenShinjukuandHanzomon---KeioLine.ShinjukubecametheheartplaceinTokyocentertoconnecteachothers.ShinjukuGyoen,thetravellerswhocometoShinjukuwillalwaysbetakentoShinjukuGyoenthatJapaneseEmperor'sRoyalGardenonce.PeoplecanfeelingthenaturefreshairbelowtotheirfacesandthetracesofhistorywhentheywalkonthestreetsofShinjukuGyoen.AtfirsttheShinjukuGyoenwastheRoyalGardenandprovidebranchcuttingsandseedsforTokyo.HoweverduringmayintheShowa20th(1945),theGardenwasdestroyedinairraid.AtShowa22th(1947),TheJapanesecabinetdecidedthatShinjukuGyoen,ImperialPalaceandKyotoImperialbecamenationalparktogether.ShinjukuCentralPark,itislocatedinwestofShinjuku.Itisalittlegreenincommercialofficezone.Thereisalittlewaterfall,squareandobservatoryinthepark.Peoplewalkinitwillforgetnoiseofnewcapitaltemporary.Thetreesthatgreeninfourseasonsinparkwillmakepeoplecheerful.Thepark'sdesignershowhisingenuityintheallofthedetailsinthepark'shumanizeddesign.Therearesportstrainingestablishmentsandthemusicfountaininthepark.Atthesametime,therearesixfamousstatueswhichChange,Fetter,Lookout,Happen,ClockofPeaceandForeverStatueinthepark.Thayarerealismorabstract.TheFutureDevelopmentofShinjukuBecauseoftheexistenceofpornsitestheShinjukuwasaveryunsafeinthelastfewyears.Thegangappearsonstreetsmakeresidentinsurroundingfeelingdisturbedanddangerousespeciallyintheevening.InthefuturedevelopmentofShinjukuitisasideequallyimportantaseconomic