2024城市建筑光儲(chǔ)直柔系統(tǒng)構(gòu)工程示范

城市建筑光儲(chǔ)直柔系統(tǒng)構(gòu)工程示范2024PAGEPAGE10執(zhí)行摘要一、背景與總體進(jìn)展城市建筑逐步成為能源的消費(fèi)主體。根據(jù)清華大學(xué)建筑節(jié)能研究2022》顯示，202010.6tce，占全國能源消費(fèi)總量比重為21%。202021.8tCO?，其中直接碳27%52%。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，上述比例未來還會(huì)進(jìn)一步提高?！吨泄仓醒雵鴦?wù)院關(guān)于完整準(zhǔn)確全面貫徹新發(fā)展理念做好碳達(dá)峰20602030《中國光儲(chǔ)直柔建筑戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展路徑研究》一期成果表明：目前以煤電為主的電力系統(tǒng)和未來以風(fēng)光電為主的電力系統(tǒng)，均可通過光儲(chǔ)直柔技術(shù)提供柔性負(fù)載解決靈活電源嚴(yán)重不足的問題，且光儲(chǔ)直柔將著力解決電力日平衡需求。因此，本項(xiàng)目擬開展城市建筑光儲(chǔ)直柔以“柔”為主，從系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建方法和示范工程應(yīng)用推廣兩個(gè)方面開展研究工作，具體包括城市建筑光儲(chǔ)直柔技術(shù)方案、光儲(chǔ)直柔工程方案咨詢和工程案例集編制20228202396二、城市建筑光儲(chǔ)直柔技術(shù)方案項(xiàng)目組以形成“只進(jìn)不出”的城市光儲(chǔ)直柔技術(shù)方案為目標(biāo)，首先以城市片區(qū)（配電臺區(qū)）為研究對象，分析了不同片區(qū)建筑規(guī)劃條件下，區(qū)域分布式屋頂光伏的安裝、利用潛力，明確了城市高密度的城市形態(tài)下，區(qū)域屋頂光伏的安裝容量上限和本地消納能力；其次分析了配電臺區(qū)負(fù)荷形態(tài)對配電臺區(qū)一次能源利用效率和配電線路損耗的影響，再次針對某城市規(guī)劃片區(qū)進(jìn)行了案例分析，確定區(qū)域光伏安裝容量和本地自消納能力，確定了區(qū)域配電系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)和需要配置儲(chǔ)能進(jìn)行光伏消納的重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目。通過上述研究，明確了城城市區(qū)域光伏安裝潛力評估高密度城市形態(tài)下屋頂光伏安裝容量受到建筑相互遮擋關(guān)系的影響。整體而言，區(qū)域開發(fā)強(qiáng)度越大，建筑之間的遮擋情況越嚴(yán)重，即建筑容積率和建筑密度越大，屋頂可利用布置太陽能光伏的面積越小。在不同太陽能資源區(qū)域內(nèi)受遮擋影響的程度不同，在全年太陽能總輻射量較大的I2.535%的情況下會(huì)有輕微的影響。對于全年太陽能總輻射量較小的III、IV常顯著。同時(shí)，也發(fā)現(xiàn)在相同太陽能資源區(qū)內(nèi)，屋頂光伏經(jīng)濟(jì)利用比例??!與太陽高度角呈正相關(guān)，即太陽高度角越大，屋頂光伏經(jīng)濟(jì)利用比例??!越高。圖1城市形態(tài)對典型城市屋頂光伏利用潛力影響城市區(qū)域光伏消納能力分析本項(xiàng)目以深圳市為例，采用深圳市典型建筑模型，通過改變規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)得到不同城市區(qū)域的規(guī)劃方案，并對其全年運(yùn)行進(jìn)行模擬，計(jì)算不同城市規(guī)劃方案的光伏自給率與自用率，比較分析城市形態(tài)對可再生能源可利用潛力的影響。整體來看，高開發(fā)強(qiáng)度的區(qū)域太陽能光伏發(fā)電量能夠得到充分的利用，而低開發(fā)強(qiáng)度的區(qū)域通常會(huì)由于區(qū)域建筑用電負(fù)荷同光伏發(fā)電曲線的不匹配導(dǎo)致棄電現(xiàn)象或向電網(wǎng)大量返送電力。其中商業(yè)型區(qū)域的自用率可高達(dá)98%，說明從充分利用光伏發(fā)電的角度來看，商業(yè)建筑具有明顯的優(yōu)勢。其次是居住建筑，居住建筑白天負(fù)荷較為均勻，并不存在白天大量浪費(fèi)光伏發(fā)電的情形，因此自用率較高。相比其他類型區(qū)域，辦公型區(qū)域的光伏自用率只有86%。辦公類型的建筑雖然在天的時(shí)間尺度上用電負(fù)荷同光伏發(fā)電曲線匹配較好，但在周末和節(jié)假日時(shí)間辦公類型的建筑用電負(fù)荷小，因此從全年的角度來看，辦公建筑為主的區(qū)域會(huì)出現(xiàn)明顯光伏棄電現(xiàn)象。圖2城市形態(tài)對辦公型區(qū)域的光伏自給率和自用率城市區(qū)域光儲(chǔ)直柔配置案例本研究以深圳市某片區(qū)面積約1.9平方公里為研究對象，區(qū)域建33741萬㎡，包含國際會(huì)議區(qū)及其高端配套酒店、園林會(huì)議區(qū)和精品會(huì)議樓，南區(qū)總建筑面積296萬㎡，布局高層辦公、特色商業(yè)、酒店、文化、居住及配套設(shè)施。本研究首先對區(qū)域能耗量和負(fù)荷時(shí)空分布情況進(jìn)行了情景分析。根據(jù)各類建筑用電負(fù)荷情況測算得到區(qū)域總體用電量為37432萬kWh，北區(qū)占區(qū)域總用電量13%；中區(qū)占區(qū)域總用電量87%，負(fù)荷呈現(xiàn)北低南高的態(tài)勢。北區(qū)建筑以會(huì)展類建筑負(fù)荷為主，全年波動(dòng)性較大。整體從需求側(cè)角度評估，在包括充電樁負(fù)荷影響下，該片區(qū)尖峰負(fù)荷特征明顯，20%尖峰負(fù)荷運(yùn)行時(shí)間＜100h1.1%，有較大的削峰潛力和儲(chǔ)能應(yīng)用潛力。在建筑光伏安裝利用潛力方面，依據(jù)規(guī)劃情景，綜合考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)性、片區(qū)低碳規(guī)劃要求，可實(shí)現(xiàn)片區(qū)可再生能源利用率5.6%。整體來看，區(qū)域光伏安裝容量占區(qū)域建筑能耗比例較小，光伏發(fā)電都可在本地消納。但區(qū)域內(nèi)會(huì)展類型建筑，由于屋頂光伏安裝容量大，使用不規(guī)律，因此在非空調(diào)季節(jié)會(huì)有現(xiàn)狀的光伏余電。圖3案例片區(qū)負(fù)荷波動(dòng)和建筑光伏消納情況通過對區(qū)域負(fù)荷和光伏發(fā)電的規(guī)律的分析，根據(jù)每個(gè)規(guī)劃單元或地塊的建筑負(fù)荷特征、光伏資源條件、建筑功能特點(diǎn)，綜合考慮電化學(xué)儲(chǔ)能的規(guī)劃布局，提出了交直流混合的區(qū)域新型配電系統(tǒng)方案。方案根據(jù)削峰填谷、容量管理、需求響應(yīng)、備用電源、光伏消納等不同的應(yīng)用目的，規(guī)劃了各規(guī)劃單元或地塊的用戶側(cè)儲(chǔ)能形式和容量配置。根據(jù)深圳市分時(shí)電價(jià)政策，在目前不同儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)成本條件下，靜態(tài)回收期約為7.4年，后繼結(jié)合用戶側(cè)儲(chǔ)能峰谷套利與容量管理，隨著電力輔助服務(wù)市場的逐步成熟，需求響應(yīng)次數(shù)的增加，系統(tǒng)的靜態(tài)回收期將大幅度縮減。圖4案例片區(qū)配電系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃方案三、光儲(chǔ)直柔示范工程方案咨詢本項(xiàng)目依托中國建筑節(jié)能協(xié)會(huì)光儲(chǔ)直柔專委會(huì)組建了行業(yè)專家?guī)臁?研討與論證。針對每一個(gè)工程項(xiàng)目特點(diǎn)及光儲(chǔ)直柔建設(shè)目標(biāo)，在技術(shù)方案設(shè)計(jì)階段定期組織專家評審，識別建筑光伏、建筑儲(chǔ)能、直流配電設(shè)計(jì)、柔性控制策略等技術(shù)應(yīng)用情況與系統(tǒng)方案的適用性、可行性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性等，提出論證意見與方案優(yōu)化建議，推動(dòng)項(xiàng)目建設(shè)方實(shí)現(xiàn)光儲(chǔ)直柔技術(shù)落地實(shí)踐。行業(yè)專家?guī)旖M建2022103352%來自設(shè)計(jì)研究院、18%來自高等院校、18%來自終端設(shè)備廠家、9%來自地產(chǎn)商、3%來自學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)。圖5光儲(chǔ)直柔專委會(huì)智庫專家構(gòu)成光儲(chǔ)直柔工程論證2022102023420237深圳和青島三地召開了光儲(chǔ)直柔工程技術(shù)方案研討與論證會(huì)，分別6建筑、商業(yè)建筑、辦公建筑、居住社區(qū)、實(shí)驗(yàn)建筑和市政設(shè)施等六類城市建筑。推廣宣傳

圖6光儲(chǔ)直柔示范工程論證項(xiàng)目本項(xiàng)目依托直流建筑聯(lián)盟公眾號對光儲(chǔ)直柔工程技術(shù)方案專家論證會(huì)分別進(jìn)行了推送，得到了行業(yè)內(nèi)外的廣泛關(guān)注和支持，對項(xiàng)目落地具有積極的推動(dòng)作用。除此以外，論證會(huì)的成功舉辦激發(fā)了社會(huì)對光儲(chǔ)直柔的關(guān)注和認(rèn)識。這將鼓勵(lì)企事業(yè)單位建設(shè)以“光儲(chǔ)直柔”為主要特征的新型建筑電力系統(tǒng)，發(fā)展柔性用電建筑，推廣可再生能源建筑應(yīng)用，為實(shí)現(xiàn)能源的高效利用和可持續(xù)發(fā)展做出了積極貢獻(xiàn)。四、光儲(chǔ)直柔工程案例集編制20233月面向全國調(diào)研處于已竣工或運(yùn)行階段的光儲(chǔ)直柔工程應(yīng)用案例，了解工程分布情況、光儲(chǔ)直柔技術(shù)應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀；69個(gè)建筑“光儲(chǔ)直柔”案例項(xiàng)目信息。本項(xiàng)目重點(diǎn)選261個(gè)即將完成施工的建筑案例開展文27個(gè)項(xiàng)目的文字介紹資料。綜合考慮項(xiàng)目建筑類型代表性、項(xiàng)目資料完整性、項(xiàng)目運(yùn)行效果及項(xiàng)目特色等多方面因素，2717個(gè)典型案例開展現(xiàn)場調(diào)研考察與數(shù)據(jù)核實(shí)，分析工程案例的技術(shù)特點(diǎn)與應(yīng)用方案等，探討了建筑光儲(chǔ)直柔技術(shù)發(fā)展路徑，同時(shí)開展了項(xiàng)目建設(shè)者及專家訪談，傾聽建設(shè)者及專家對于光儲(chǔ)直柔建筑規(guī)模化發(fā)展的建議，并于完成《建筑光儲(chǔ)直柔技術(shù)與工程案例》編制和出版，并入選住房和城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)領(lǐng)域“十四五”重點(diǎn)培訓(xùn)教材。圖7建筑光儲(chǔ)直柔工程與案例集“光儲(chǔ)直柔”系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用分布分地區(qū)，尤其是太陽能資源很豐富的北方嚴(yán)寒寒冷地區(qū)和太陽能資源豐富的夏熱冬冷（除四川盆地）和夏熱冬暖地區(qū)。從建筑類型和建筑規(guī)模來看，建筑“光儲(chǔ)直柔”系統(tǒng)正在逐步從新建建筑擴(kuò)展到既有建筑，從城市辦公建筑推廣至商業(yè)建筑、校園、產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)及農(nóng)村住宅建筑，從中小型的單體建筑向校園、產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)規(guī)?；瘧?yīng)用發(fā)展。從負(fù)載直流化的成熟度來看，建筑中的照明、空調(diào)、IT類辦公設(shè)備及監(jiān)測展示設(shè)備、家用電器及充電樁可以率先直流化。圖8調(diào)研項(xiàng)目類型和氣候區(qū)分布光伏、儲(chǔ)能技術(shù)應(yīng)用特征調(diào)研的建筑均采用了太陽能光伏技術(shù)，并采用與市政電網(wǎng)并網(wǎng)連接方式，光伏系統(tǒng)形式以BAPV（光伏附著在建筑上）形式為主，BAPV形式光伏組件及安裝成本較低，但隨著光伏技術(shù)的發(fā)展進(jìn)步，光伏組件的效率逐步提高且成本逐漸下降，BIPV(光伏建筑一體化)將成為未來發(fā)展趨勢。光伏組件安裝方式以平面安裝（建筑屋頂或地面停車棚）為主，且多采用高效單晶硅雙面組件，主要是由于水平面上接收到的太陽輻射量大，單晶硅雙面組件效率高，單位面積發(fā)電量較大，且單晶硅組件成本較低，投資收益高。調(diào)研的“光儲(chǔ)直柔”建筑儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)以電池儲(chǔ)能為主，電池類型以磷酸鐵鋰電池為主，其次為鈦酸鋰電池，最后是鉛酸電池和鉛碳電池，說明電化學(xué)儲(chǔ)能已成為建筑儲(chǔ)能的主要形式，磷酸鐵鋰、鈦酸鋰等鋰離子電池是建筑中應(yīng)用較廣泛的電化學(xué)儲(chǔ)能類型。儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)宜根據(jù)儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)目的和應(yīng)用場景不同，綜合考慮儲(chǔ)能電池的技術(shù)性能及經(jīng)濟(jì)性合理選擇電池類型，對于消納光伏、削峰填谷等能量型儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)，宜選擇能量密度高、放電時(shí)間較長的電池，對于參與調(diào)峰調(diào)頻電力輔助服務(wù)等功率型儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)，宜選擇功率密度大、放電時(shí)間較短的電池。圖9光伏、儲(chǔ)能應(yīng)用類型分布直流配電系統(tǒng)技術(shù)特征調(diào)研的建筑直流配電系統(tǒng)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)以單極系統(tǒng)為主，電壓層級以兩層為主，不超過三個(gè)層級。直流配電系統(tǒng)的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)、電壓層級和電壓等級的選擇，與系統(tǒng)接入的直流電源（光伏、儲(chǔ)能）和直流用電設(shè)備的類型、額定功率、工作電壓范圍存在較大的相關(guān)性。當(dāng)建筑直流用電設(shè)備的類型較少、額定功率及電壓范圍差異不大時(shí)，宜選擇單級拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)，反之，可根據(jù)項(xiàng)目實(shí)際情況選擇雙極拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)或根據(jù)實(shí)際情況增加電壓層級?？傮w原則：一是用盡可能少的電壓等級滿足盡可能多的用電設(shè)備需求；二是大功率用電設(shè)備盡可能選擇工作電壓范圍的較大值，降低電流，減小線纜截面積和線路損耗；三是人員活動(dòng)區(qū)域的小功率設(shè)備，盡可能選擇工作電壓范圍的較小值，避免電擊事故可能帶來的人身傷害。(a)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)和電壓層級 （b）不同直流設(shè)備額定電壓圖10建筑直流配電系統(tǒng)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)與電壓分布“光儲(chǔ)直柔”系統(tǒng)容量配置建筑中儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)配置的目的主要是解決日內(nèi)建筑用電負(fù)荷需求與電力供應(yīng)不平衡的問題，主要的優(yōu)化目標(biāo)通常有節(jié)能減排（提高光伏本地消納比例、經(jīng)濟(jì)性（基于分時(shí)電價(jià)削峰填谷運(yùn)行、電網(wǎng)友好性（減小建筑光伏發(fā)電上網(wǎng)對電網(wǎng)的影響，參與電力需求響應(yīng)及輔助服務(wù)提高供電可靠性等。儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，需綜合考慮不同的優(yōu)化目標(biāo)，在進(jìn)行建筑用電負(fù)荷、光伏發(fā)電功率逐時(shí)預(yù)測的基礎(chǔ)上，選取典型日進(jìn)行光伏發(fā)電、用電負(fù)荷、市政電網(wǎng)及儲(chǔ)能充/放電功率四者的能量平衡分析，按照日平衡原則來配置儲(chǔ)能容量。建筑AC/DC變換器容量與建筑光伏發(fā)電量、建筑用電負(fù)荷的關(guān)系及建筑光伏消納方式有關(guān)，對于光伏發(fā)電采用自發(fā)自用、本地消納方式的城市建筑，AC/DC變換器容量需根據(jù)典型日從電網(wǎng)取電功率來配置，對于光伏發(fā)電采用自發(fā)自用、上網(wǎng)輸出為主方式的農(nóng)村建筑，AC/DC變換器容量需根據(jù)典型日光伏發(fā)電上網(wǎng)功率來配置。圖11 電網(wǎng)、光伏、儲(chǔ)能、直流負(fù)載容量配比關(guān)系ExecutiveSummaryOverallReportThisresearchprojectfocusesonthestudyofPEDFsystemsforurbanbuildingsandincludestwoprimaryaspects:systemconstructionmethodologiesandthepromotionofdemonstrationprojects.SpecificprojectactivitiesincludeformulatingurbanbuildingPEDFtechnologysolutionsforurbanbuildings,consultingonPEDFengineeringplans,andcompilingandpublishingPEDFcasestudies.TheprojectisscheduledtorunfromAugust2022toSeptember2023.Atthecurrentstage,wehavesuccessfullycompletedthedevelopmentofPEDFtechnologysolutionstailoredtourbanbuildings,providedconsultationonsixPEDFengineeringplans,andcompletedthecompilationandpublicationofacollectionofPEDFcasestudies.thesupportoftheEnergyFoundationandvariousindustryexperts,theprojecthasprogressedsmoothlyandmetthetasksandtimelinesoutlinedintheprojectbrief.ActivityInterimcompletionfinalcompletionActivity1:PEDFTechnologySolutionsforUrbanBuildingsCompleteregionalPVinstallationandconsumptioncapacityanalysis.CompletedthecaseanalysisofPEDFsystem,andcompletedthepreparationoftechnicalschemes.Activity2:ConsultationsonPEDFEngineeringSolutionsCompletetheestablishmentofexpertdatabase;Completed4projectconsultationsforPEDFsystemsolutions.Completed6projectconsultationsforPEDFsystemsolutions.Activity3:CompilationofPEDFBuildingCaseStudiesCompletethecasecollection,textresearchandsiteinspection;CompletethepreparationofthefirstdraftofthePEDFbuildingcasescollection.CompletethefinaldraftofthePEDFbuildingcasescollection,andcompletethepublication.Activity1:PEDFSolutionsforUrbanBuildings.TheprojectteamaimstodevelopaPEDFtechnologysolutionforurbanbuildingsthatfocuseson'inflow-onlyandwithoutoutflow.'firsttargetedspecificurbandistricts(electricitydistributionsubstationareas)asthesubjectsofourTheanalysisevaluatedtheinstallationandutilizationpotentialofregionaldistributedrooftopphotovoltaicsystemsundervaryingarchitecturalplanningconditionsfordifferentdistricts.determinedtheupperlimitofinstallationcapacitiesandlocalabsorptioncapacitiesforrooftopphotovoltaicsunderhigh-densityurbanforms.thenanalyzedtheimpactofloadpatternsinthedistributionsubstationareaonprimaryenergyuseefficiencyanddistributionlinelosses.Acasestudyfocusingonaspecificurbanplanningdistrictwasconductedtodetermineregionalphotovoltaicinstallationcapacitiesandlocalabsorptioncapabilities,aswellastoidentifykeyprojectsthatrequireenergystorageforphotovoltaicabsorption.Throughtheaboveresearchonthedistributionsubstationlevel,wehaveclarifiedthephotovoltaicabsorptiontargetsofPEDFtechnologysolutionsunderurbanconditionsthatoperateonan'inflow-onlyandwithoutoutflow'principle.Inconjunctionwithactualengineeringprojectplanninganddesign,weconductedsolutionplanningfortheapplicationofregionalPEDFsystems,resultingineconomicallyrationalPEDFconfigurationsolutions.Activity2:ConsultationsonPEDFEngineeringSolutions.TheprojectteamworkedwiththePhotovoltaic,EnergyStorage,DirectCurrent,Flexible(PEDF)CommitteeoftheChinaAssociationofBuildingEnergyEfficiency(CABEE)toestablishamultidisciplinaryexpertthinktank.Bysolicitingindustrialdemonstrationcases,weinvitedexpertsfromthethinktanktodeliberateonthetechnicalsolutions.organizedthreephasesofthe"PEDFEngineeringSolutionExpertReviewMeetings,"wheresixPEDFdemonstrationprojectswerereviewedbyexperts.ThesesixPEDFdemonstrationprojectscoverarangeofbuildingtypes,includingcommercial,educational,residential,andexistingofficebuildingrenovations.Collectively,theseprojectsillustratethechallengesofapplyingPEDFtechnologytodifferentbuildingtypes.Activity3:CompilationofPEDFBuildingCaseStudies.InordertosummarizeandcompiletheresearchandsuccessfulimplementationexperiencesinthefieldofPEDFbuildings,andtoprovidetechnicalsupportandpracticalreferencesforthelarge-scalepromotionofPEDFbuildings,theprojectteam,incooperationwiththePhotovoltaic,EnergyStorage,DirectCurrent,Flexible(PEDF)CommitteeoftheChinaAssociationofBuildingEnergyEfficiency(CABEE),undertookthetaskofcollecting,investigatingandcompilingcasestudiesofPEDFbuildings.Atotalof17exemplarycasestudieswereselectedforthiscompilationthroughanationwidecasecollectionandfocusedon-siteinvestigationsofkeyprojects.ThesecasesrepresentPEDFapplicationsindifferentclimatezonesandbuildingtypes.Thecompilationprocessinvolvedmorethan80participants,includingprojectdevelopersandindustryexperts,ensuringwidespreadimpactandrecognition..PEDFSolutionsforUrbanBuildingsTheprojectteamaimstodevelopaPEDFtechnologysolutionforurbanbuildingsthatfocuseson'inflow-onlyandwithoutoutflow.'firsttargetedspecificurbandistricts(electricitydistributionsubstationareas)asthesubjectsofourTheanalysisevaluatedtheinstallationandutilizationpotentialofregionaldistributedrooftopphotovoltaicsystemsundervaryingarchitecturalplanningconditionsfordifferentdistricts.determinedtheupperlimitofinstallationcapacitiesandlocalabsorptioncapacitiesforrooftopphotovoltaicsunderhigh-densityurbanforms.thenanalyzedtheimpactofloadpatternsinthedistributionsubstationareaonprimaryenergyuseefficiencyanddistributionlinelosses.Acasestudyfocusingonaspecificurbanplanningdistrictwasconductedtodetermineregionalphotovoltaicinstallationcapacitiesandlocalabsorptioncapabilities,aswellastoidentifykeyprojectsthatrequireenergystorageforphotovoltaicabsorption.Throughtheaboveresearch,wehaveclarifiedthephotovoltaicabsorptiontargetsofPEDFtechnologysolutionsunderurbanconditionsthatoperateonan'inflow-onlyandwithoutoutflow'principle.Inconjunctionwithactualengineeringprojectplanninganddesign,weconductedsolutionplanningfortheapplicationofregionalPEDFsystems,resultingineconomicallyrationalPEDFconfigurationsolutions.AssessmentofPVInstallationPotentialinUrbanAreasInhigh-densityurbanconfigurations,therooftopPVinstallationcapacityisaffectedbythemutualshadingbetweenbuildings.Ingeneral,thehigherthedevelopmentintensityofthearea,themoreseveretheshadingconditionsbetweenbuildings.Inotherwords,higherplotratiosandbuildingdensitiesresultinlessrooftopareathatcanbeeffectivelyusedforPVinstallations.Thedegreeofshadingimpactvariesacrossdifferentsolarresourcezones.InZoneI,whereannualtotalsolarirradianceisrelativelyhigh,theeconomicutilizationrateofPVisminimallyaffectedbyshading,butonlyincaseswheretheplotratioexceeds2.5andbuildingdensityexceeds35%.Forzoneswithlowertotalannualsolarirradiance,suchasZoneIIIandtheimpactofshadingissignificantlypronounced.Moreover,itwasalsofoundthatwithinthesamesolarresourcezone,theeconomicutilizationrate??′ofrooftopPVispositivelycorrelatedwiththesolarelevationangle.Thatis,thehigherthesolarelevationangle,thehighertheeconomicutilizationrateofrooftop Turpan Beijing Shanghai KunmingShenzhenZoneIVHarbinZoneIIIUrumqiZoneIIXiningFigure1.ImpactofUrbanMorphologyonthePotentialUseofRooftopPVsinTypicalCitiesAnalysisofPVAbsorptionCapacityinUrbanAreasForthisShenzhenservesastheprimarycase,usingtypicalbuildingmodelsfromtheBychangingtheplanninganddesignparameters,wegenerateddifferenturbanplanningscenariosandsimulatedtheiryear-roundoperation.calculatedtheself-sufficiencyandself-consumptionratesofPVenergyunderthesedifferenturbanplanningschemes,andanalyzedtheinfluenceofurbanmorphologyonthepotentialforrenewableenergyuse.Overall,highdevelopmentintensityareascanfullyutilizesolarPVelectricitygeneration.Incontrast,areaswithlowdevelopmentintensityoftenfaceelectricitycurtailmentorlargeelectricityreturntothegridduetothemismatchbetweenregionalbuildingelectricityloadsandPVgenerationcurves.Incommercialareas,self-consumptioncanbeashighas98%,indicatingasignificantadvantageforcommercialbuildingsinfullyutilizingsolarPVResidentialbuildingsfollowclosely,astheirdailyloadsarefairlyconstantandthereisnosignificantwasteofsolarPVresultinginhighself-consumptionrates.Comparedtootherzonetypes,officespacehasaPVself-consumptionrateofonly86%.WhileofficebuildingsgenerallyfollowPVgenerationcurveswellonadailytimescale,theyexperiencelowerelectricityloadsduringweekendsandholidays.Asaresult,onanannualbasis,zonesdominatedbyofficebuildingsaremorelikelytoexperiencesignificantwastedordiscardedPV 1.00 1.451.90 1.00 1.451.90 2.50(a) 1.00 1.451.90 2.50(b)PVSelf-sufficiencyRate(%)40% 80%PVSelf-sufficiencyRate(%)%光給率%光%光給率%光用率PVSelf-sufficiencyRate(%)20% 40%10% 20%0%0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.33 建筑密度BuildingDensity建筑密度 0.25 0.25 0.280.31 0.35(a)

0%0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.35建筑密度BuildingDensity建筑密度 0.25 0.25 0.280.31 0.35(b)40% 80%%光%光%光%光用率PVSelf-consumptionRate(%)PVSelf-consumptionRate(%)20% 40%10% 20%0%1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 容積率

0%1.00 1.25

1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50容積率FloorAreaRatio(FAR) FloorAreaRatio(FAR)Figure2:ImpactofUrbanMorphologyontheSelf-SufficiencyandSelf-ConsumptionRatesofPVEnergyinOfficeZonesCaseStudiesonPEDFConfigurationinUrbanAreasThisstudyfocusesonaspecificareainShenzhencoveringabout1.9squarekilometers,withatotalbuilt-upareaofabout3.37millionsquaremeters.Thenorthernsectionofthisareahasabuilt-upareaofabout410,000squaremeters,whichincludesinternationalconferencezones,high-endsupportinghotels,gardenconferenceareas,andboutiqueconferencebuildings.Thesouthernsectionhasabuilt-upareaofabout2.96millionsquaremeters,housinghigh-riseoffices,specialtycommercialspaces,hotels,culturalvenues,residentialareasandsupportingfacilities.Thisstudyfirstconductedascenarioanalysisofthearea'senergyconsumptionandthespatiotemporaldistributionoftheelectricalload.Accordingtotheloadprofileofvariousbuildingtypes,thetotalelectricityconsumptionfortheareaiscalculatedtobe374.32millionkWh,withthenorthernsectionaccountingfor13%ofthetotalandthecentralsectionaccountingfor87%.Theloaddistributionshowsalowerpatterninthenorthandahigherpatterninthesouth.Thenorthernsectionconsistsmainlyofbuildingswithexhibition-relatedloads,whichshowsignificantfluctuationsthroughouttheAnoverallassessmentofthedemandside,includingtheimpactofelectricvehiclechargingstations,showsthatthisareahassignificantpeakloadcharacteristics-20percentofthepeakloadoperatesforlessthan100hours,orabout1.1percentofthetotalannualtime,revealingsignificantpeakshavingandenergystoragepotential.30%ofpeakloadaccountsfor5.5%ofthetotalannualtime.20%ofpeakloadoperatesfor94hours,accountsfor1.1%ofthetotalannualtime.5%ofpeakloadoperatesfor17hours,accountsfor0.2%ofthetotalannualtime.Loads(MW)RegardingthepotentialforPVinstallationinbuildings,underplanningscenariosthatconsiderbotheconomicfeasibilityand30%ofpeakloadaccountsfor5.5%ofthetotalannualtime.20%ofpeakloadoperatesfor94hours,accountsfor1.1%ofthetotalannualtime.5%ofpeakloadoperatesfor17hours,accountsfor0.2%ofthetotalannualtime.Loads(MW)Figure3.LoadFluctuationandPVAbsorptionintheCaseAreaThroughananalysisofregionalloadpatternsandPVgenerationtrends,anovelregionalpowerdistributionsystemthatemploysahybridofalternatingcurrent(AC)anddirectcurrent(DC)hasbeendeveloped.Thisdesignistailoredtothespecificarchitecturalloadcharacteristics,solarresourceavailability,andfunctionalattributesofeachplanningunitorparcel.Itincorporateselectrochemicalenergystorageplanningandisversatile,aimedatmultipleapplicationobjectivessuchaspeakshaving,capacitymanagement,demandresponse,backuppowersources,andPVabsorption.BasedonShenzhen’stime-of-useelectricitypricingthestaticpaybackperiodofthestoragesystemsundercurrentcostconditionsisestimatedtobeabout7.4years.Inthefuture,asuser-sidestorageisusedforpeak-valleyarbitrageandcapacitymanagement,andasancillaryelectricityserviceMoyuanStationXiangmiLakeStation Transformer MunicipalTransformerRooftopPV System1PhotovoltaicandHeatingMoyuanStationXiangmiLakeStation Transformer MunicipalTransformerRooftopPV System1PhotovoltaicandHeatingStorageSystem4PVStorageStationChargingPileDistributedEnergyStorageMunicipalPVSystem5MunicipalSafeElectricityUsageMunicipalStreetLightsMunicipalPVSystem6DCFlexibleInterconnectionVirtualPowerPlantAggregationPlatformVirtualPowerPlantManagementCenterXiangmiLakeHybridAC/DCDistributionSystemRooftopPVDistributedEnergyKeyLoadRooftopPVDistributedEnergyStorageChargingPileSystem2PeakShavingandValleyilling/EmergencyGuaranteeSystem3PVStorageDirectFlexibility/Vehicle-gridInteractionFFigure4.PowerDistributionSystemPlanningSchemefortheCaseAreaFConsultingonPEDFDemonstrationEngineeringSolutionsThisprojectreliesonanexpertdatabaseassembledbythePhotovoltaic,EnergyStorage,DirectCurrent,Flexible(PEDF)CommitteeoftheChinaAssociationofBuildingEnergyEfficiency(CABEE).Drawinguponresearchandinvestigationintoreal-worldapplicationsofPEDFengineering,sixtechnicalsolutionsweredevelopedanddiscussed.FortheuniquecharacteristicsofeachengineeringprojectandtheobjectivesofPEDFconstruction,expertreviewsareregularlyorganizedduringthetechnicalsolutiondesignphase.Thesereviewsexaminethesuitability,feasibility,andcost-effectivenessofbuildingphotovoltaicinstallations,architecturalenergystoragesolutions,DCpowerdistributiondesign,andflexiblecontrolstrategies.Expertopinionsandsuggestionsforsystemoptimizationareprovidedtofacilitatethereal-worldimplementationofPEDFtechnologiesbyprojectdevelopers.FormationofIndustryExpertDatabaseThefirstphaseofthePEDFIndustryExpertDatabasewascompletedinOctober2022.Theinitialcadreconsistsof33experts,ofwhich52%arefromdesignandresearchinstitutes,18%fromhighereducationinstitutions,18%fromend-userdevicemanufacturers,9%fromrealestatedevelopers,and3%fromacademicassociations.AcademicAssociationAcademicAssociationRealEstates:3%Developers:9%DeviceManufactureDesignandResearchInstitutes:52%rs:18%HigherEducationInstitutions:18%Figure5.CompositionofExpertsinthePEDFSpecialCommitteeThinkTankPEDFEngineeringEvaluationTaikooLiSanlitun,BeijingXijiCountyElementarySchool,NingxiaTaikooLiSanlitun,BeijingXijiCountyElementarySchool,NingxiaHaierDemonstrationLabFutureCity,JiadingFutianPowerSupplyBureauOfficeBuildingShenzhenQiankengPlantFigure6.ExpertEvaluationProjectforthePEDFDemonstrationEngineeringPromotionandPublicityUsingtheOfficialAccountoftheDirectCurrentBuildingsAlliance直流建筑聯(lián)盟),thisprojectdisseminatedinformationabouttheexpertevaluationmeetingonthePEDFengineeringtechnicalsolutions.Thisgarneredextensiveattentionandsupportbothwithinandoutsideoftheindustry,whichactivelypromotedtheproject'simplementation.Inadditiontothis,thesuccessfulconductoftheexpertmeetinghasraisedpublicawarenessandunderstandingofPEDFsystems.ThiswillencouragebusinessesandpublicinstitutionstoconstructnewbuildingpowersystemsthataremainlycharacterizedbyPEDF,promoteflexibleelectricityconsumptioninbuildings,expandtheapplicationofrenewableenergyinarchitecture,andmakeapositivecontributiontotheefficientuseofenergyandsustainabledevelopment.CompilationofPEDFEngineeringCaseStudiesInMarch2023,thisprojectconductedanationwidesurveytoinvestigatecompletedoroperationalapplicationsofPEDFengineeringprojects.ThegoalwastounderstandthedistributionoftheseprojectsandthecurrentstatusofPEDFtechnologyapplications.Thesurveycollectedinformationon69buildingprojectsthatfeaturePEDFsystems.Thisprojectspecificallyselected26operationalbuildingcasesandonebuildingcasenearingconstructioncompletionfordetailedresearch.Documentationforthese27projectswascollected,includingtextualdescriptions.Aftercomprehensiveevaluationofvariousfactorssuchastherepresentativenessofthebuildingtypes,completenessoftheprojectdata,operationalperformance,anduniquefeatures,17exemplarycaseswereselectedforon-siteresearch,verification,anddataanalysis.Thisallowedforadetailedexplorationintothetechnicalcharacteristicsandapplicationschemesoftheseengineeringcases.Furthermore,interviewswereconductedwithboththedevelopersandfieldexperts.TheinterviewsaimedtogatherinsightsandrecommendationsconcerningthescaleddevelopmentofPEDFbuildings.Uponcompletionofthisphase,thisprojectcompiledandpublishedabooktitled"PEDFTechnologyandEngineeringCaseStudiesinBuildingApplications,"whichhasTechnologicalandProjectCaseStudiesinPEDFBuildingFigure7.CompilationofPEDFEngineeringandCaseStudiesinBuildingsDistributionofPEDFSystemApplicationsFromtheperspectiveofsolarenergyresourceutilization,PEDFsystemsareprimarilysuitableformostregionsinChina,especiallyinthenorthernregionswithharshcoldclimatesabundantinsolarresources,aswellasinareaswithhotsummersandcoldwinters(excludingtheSichuanBasin)andhot-summerandwarm-winterareas.Intermsofbuildingtypesandscales,PEDFsystemsaregraduallyexpandingfromnewconstructionstoexistingbuildings,andfromurbanofficebuildingstocommercialproperties,educationalcampuses,industrialparks,andruralresidentialarchitecture.Theapplicationisalsogrowinginscalefromindividualmediumandsmall-sizedbuildingstolargercampusesandindustrialparks.RegardingthematuritylevelofDCload,buildingsystemssuchaslighting,airconditioning,ITofficeequipment,monitoringanddisplaydevices,homeappliances,andchargingstationscanbeamongthefirsttobeconvertedtodirectcurrent(DC).NewConstructionNewConstructionRenovationFigure8.DistributionofSurveyedProjectTypesandClimateZonesCharacteristicsofPhotovoltaicandEnergyStorageApplicationsAllofthebuildingssurveyedinthisstudyutilizesolarphotovoltaictechnologyandaregrid-connectedtomunicipalelectricitynetworks.ThepredominantformofphotovoltaicsystemisBuilding-AttachedPhotovoltaics(BAPV),primarilyduetoitscost-effectiveinstallationandcomponentcosts.However,asadvancementsinphotovoltaictechnologycontinuetopushtheefficiencyofsolarmoduleshigherwhiledrivingcostsdown,Building-IntegratedPhotovoltaics(BIPV)arepoisedtobecomethefuturetrend.Themaininstallationmethodsforsolarmodulesareflatsurfaceinstallations,suchasbuildingrooftopsorground-levelcarports.Themodulesemployedaremainlyhigh-efficiencymonocrystallinesiliconbifacialpanels.Thischoicewasdrivenbythegreateramountofsolarirradiancereceivedonhorizontalsurfaces,coupledwiththehigh-efficiencyandcost-effectivenessofmonocrystallinesiliconcomponents,leadingtohigherreturnsoninvestment.RegardingtheenergystoragesystemsinthesePEDFBuildings,batterystorageisprimarilyemployed.Ironphosphatelithiumbatteriesarethemostcommonlyused,followedbylithiumtitanatebatteries,andlastlylead-acidandlead-carbonbatteries.Thisindicatesthatelectrochemicalenergystoragehasbecomethemainformofenergystorageinbuildings.IronphosphatelithiumandlithiumtitanateareamongThinPolycrystMonocrysFlatLithiumIronPhosphatInstallationSystemTypeLocationComponentTypethemostextensivelyappliedelectrochemicalstoragetypesinbuildings.Whendesigningenergystoragesystems,considerationsofthebattery'stechnicalperformanceandeconomicviabilityshallbethoroughlyevaluatedbasedonthepurposeandapplicationscenario.Forenergystoragesystemsintendedtoabsorbexcessphotovoltaicoutputandmanagepeakshaving,batterieswithhighenergydensityandlongerdischargetimesarepreferable.Forpower-basedThinPolycrystMonocrysFlatLithiumIronPhosphatInstallationSystemTypeLocationComponentTypeFigure9.DistributionofPhotovoltaicandEnergyStorageApplicationTypesCharacteristicsofDirectCurrent(DC)DistributionSystemsTheDCdistributionsystemsinthebuildingssurveyedpredominantlyemployunipolartopologies,withvoltagelevelsprimarilysetattwotiersandnotexceedingthreetiers.Thechoicesregardingtopology,voltagetiers,andvoltageratingsoftheDCdistributionsystemarestronglycorrelatedwiththetypesofDCsources(photovoltaics,energystorage)andDCloadequipmentintermsoftheirtypes,ratedpower,andoperatingvoltagerange.WhenthevarietyofDCloadequipmentinthebuildingislimited,andthereislittledisparityinratedpowerandvoltagerange,aunipolartopologyisrecommended.Conversely,abipolartopologyoradditionalvoltagetierscanbeconsideredbasedontheproject'sspecificrequirements.Theoverallguidingprinciplesareasfollows:Utilizeasfewvoltageratingsaspossibletomeetthedemandsofasmanyelectricaldevicesaspossible;forhigh-powerloadequipment,optfortheupperrangeoftheoperatingvoltagetoDeviceTypeVoltage(a)TopologyandVoltageTiers (b)RatedVoltageofDifferentDCDevicesFigure10.TopologicalStructureandVoltageDistributioninBuildingDCDistributionSystemsCapacityConfigurationofthePEDFSystemTheprimarypurposeofenergystoragesystemconfigurationwithinbuildingsistoresolvetheimbalancebetweenintradaybuildingelectricityloaddemandandelectricityKeyoptimizationobjectivestypicallyincludeenergysavingsandemissionreduction(byincreasingthelocalabsorptionrateofphotovoltaicpower),economicconsiderations(peak-shavingoperationsbasedontime-of-useele