英國文學(xué)第六講司各特

Lecture4

WalterScott

(1771—1832)

瓦爾特·司各特

EarlyLifeIn1771,BorninCollegeWyndintheOldTownofEdinburgh,thesonofasolicitorIn1773,liveinruralBordersregionathisgrandparents'farm(taughttoreadbyhisauntJenny)In1778,ScottreturnedtoEdinburghforprivateeducationtopreparehimforschoolLateLife

In1786hebegananapprenticeshipinhisfarher'soffice.Duringthewinterof1786–87the15-year-oldScottsawRobertBurns.In1789–90hewenttotheuniversitytostudylaw,firsttakingclassesinMoralPhilosophyandUniversalHistory.Aftergraduated,hebecamealawyerinEdinburgh.In1805.AfterScotthadfoundedaprintingpress,hispoetrybroughthimfame,beginningwithTheLayoftheLastMinstrelIn1813hewasofferedthepositionofPoetLaureate.Hedeclined,andthepositionwenttoRobertSouthey.Beginningin1825,Scottagainwentintofinancialtroublesashisprintingcompanynearlycollapsed.Hediedathisresidencein1832.founderandgreatmasterofthehistoricalnovelII.Scott’sWorks

1.MinstrelsyoftheScottishBorder,《蘇格蘭邊區(qū)歌謠集》,whichhehadcollectedamongtheScottishpeopleformanyyears.2.TheLayoftheLastMinstrel,《最末一個(gè)行吟詩人》3.

Marmion《瑪密恩》(描寫弗洛登戰(zhàn)役)4.

TheLadyoftheLake《湖上夫人》(敘述中世紀(jì)蘇格蘭國王及騎士冒險(xiǎn)業(yè)績

)InthesepoemsScott,apatriotofhiscountry,sangofthepast,especiallythefeudalandchivalricpast,aswellasthescenicbeautyofScotlandScott’s

CreationofHistoricalNovels

1)tribalmodeoflifeprevailingthemountainsortheHighlands2)preservationoffeudalcustomsintheestatesofthelarge

landowners3)earlydevelopmentofcapitalisminthebigcities

fromtheMiddleAgestothe18thcentury(1)historyofScotland,

(2)Englishhistory,

(3)historyofEuropeancountries.BackgroundTypes

Waverley《威弗利》firsthistoricalnovelGuyMannering

《蓋曼納合》OldMorality

《清教徒》RobRoy《羅布·羅伊》,thebestofthegroup5.TheHeartofMidlothian《彌德洛西恩的心》,OftheScottishhistory

1.Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》,NormanConquest

thebestofthegroup2.Kenilworth,《肯納爾沃思堡》duringtheTudordynasty3.TheFortunesofNigel,《尼格爾的家產(chǎn)》Stuartrule4.Woodstock《皇家獵宮》TheEnglishRevolution5.PeverilofthePeak《貝弗利爾·皮克》theRestorationOftheEnglishhistory1.QuentinDurward

《昆丁·達(dá)沃德》,thebest-knownnovelonFrenchhistory.2.Talisman《驚軍英雄記》3.CountRobertofParis《巴黎的羅伯特伯爵》OftheEuropeancountriesSt.Ronan’sWells《圣·羅南之泉》,theonlyone,dealingwithhiscontemporarylife(當(dāng)代生活小說).III.FeaturesofScott’sNovels1.Scotthasanoutstandinggiftofvivifyingthepast.2.Inhisnovels,historicaleventsarecloselyinterwovenwiththefatesofindividuals.3.Inhishistoricalnovels,heconcernsboththelivesanddeedsofthehigherclassandthatoftheordinarypeople.4.Heisaromantic.(imagination+detailedstudyofhistory)Scott’shistoricalnovelspavedthewayforthedevelopmentoftherealisticnovelsofthe19thcenturyandmarksthetransitionfromromanticismtorealisminEnglishliteratureofthe19thcentury.5.HeisaTory,aconservativeinpolitics.(compromise)

RobRoyFirstpublishedin1817,RobRoyisanunforgettableportraitofoneofScotland’sgreatestheroes.

RobRoy

FrankOsbaldistone(thenarrator)

quarrelswithhisfather

senttostaywithanuncle

FrankfallsinlovewithDiana(hisuncle’sniece)Frank’senemyRashleigh(Frank'scousin)attempstodestoryFrankandhisfather

SeveraltimesFrankgetshelpfromthemysteriousandpowerfulfigureRobertRoyMacGregor,knownasRobRoywitnessthebattleandgetDiana.IVANHOE(1820)1.HISTORICALCONTEXT12thcenturyEnglandKingRichardtheLionheart’sreignTheclashbetweentheAnglo-SaxonsandtheNormans

2.Setting

TheactiontakesplaceinEnglandinthesummerof1194,whenthenation'swarriorking,RichardI,returnstohishomelandfromtheThirdCrusadeintheHolyLand.

3.Ivanhoe—thePlotIvanhoe,anAnglo-Saxonnobleman,isinlovewithRowena,whoreturnshislove.Hisfathercontraststheirlove,disinheritsandbanisheshim.IvanhoejoinsKingRichardIattheCrusades.WhenhereturnshefindsthecountryinastateofoppressionduetotheNormaninvadersandtoRichard’sbrother,PrinceJohn.TheNormansareledbytheevilTemplarknightBois–Guilbert.Bois-GuilberthasfalleninlovewithRebeccaaJewishgirl,daughterofamoney-lender.RebeccaisaccusedofwitchcraftandIvanhoedefendsherinatournamentinwhichBois-GilbertdiesIvanhoewiththehelpofRichardI(disguisedastheBlackKnight)andLocksley(RobinHood)defeatstheNormans.TheAnglo-SaxonsandtheNormanslearntolivetogether;IvanhoeandRowenaareunited;RebeccaleavesEnglandwithherfather.4.Characters

WilfredofIvanhoe–thecharacterisstrong-willed,exhibitingallthevirtuesassociatedwithchivalry.Cedric–descendedfromanoldSaxonfamily,CedricstandsfortheancientorderandthenobilityoftheEnglish.HerebelsagainsttheignominyofNormanruleandlongsforareestablishmentofSaxonrule.Heisrepresentativeofthefranknessandstraighttalking.

Rowena–thefemaleheroine.Shehasmorecharacterthanhermalecounterpart,Ivanhoe.Rowenaispureandfullofgoodhumour.

Rebecca–thedaughterofIsaactheJew.SheisbeautifulandpassionatelyinlovewithIvanhoetothedisgustofheradmirerBriandeBois-Guilbert.Sheisblessedwiththegiftofhealingbutusesitindiscriminately,causinghertobeaccusedofwitchcraft.IsaactheJew–likeShylockinTheMerchantofVenice,IsaacistypicaloftheportrayalofavariciousJewsinliterature.Helovesmoneyandhisdaughter,muchlikeShylock,butdoesnotshowthelatter’sruthlessness.PrinceJohn–asinShakespeare’splayKingJohn,Johnisamanipulativeandevilcharacter,trustingandtrustedbynoone.KingRichard–thekingisseenbyallasafocusfortheirloyalty,astheultimateaimoftheirchivalry.Heisforgivingofhisbrother’smisdeedsandseemsoccasionallyilltemperedandlacksjudgement.Hedoes,however,commandtheloveandrespectofhissubjectsandshowstheabilitytogetalongwithallmembersofhisrealm,fromthelowerclassestothenobility.5.Conflicts

Thenovelcentersonthe(1)generalconflicttheNormanrulersofEnglandandthenativeSaxonsand(2)specificconflictsbetweenindividuals,notablytheconflictbetweenIvanhoeandhisfather.ThenarratorreportsthestatusofrelationsbetweenNormansandSaxonsinChapter1:Fourgenerationsarenotenough

toblendthehostilebloodoftheNormansandAnglo-Saxons,ortounite,bycommonlanguageandmutualinterests,twohostileraces,oneofwhichstillfelttheelationoftriumph,whiletheothergroanedunderalltheconsequencesofdefeat.ThepowerhadbeencompletelyplacedinthehandsoftheNormannobility,bytheeventofthebattleofHastings,andithadbeenused,asourhistoriesassureus,withnomoderatehand.6.Climax

Theclimaxofanoveloranotherliterarywork,suchasashortstoryoraplay,canbedefinedas(1)theturningpointatwhichtheconflictbeginstoresolveitselfforbetterorworse,oras(2)thefinalandmostexcitingeventinaseriesofevents.TheclimaxofIvanhoeoccurs,accordingtothefirstdefinition,whentheSaxonarmy,withthehelpofKingRichard(indisguiseastheBlackKnight),defeattheNormansatTorquilstone.Accordingtotheseconddefinition,theclimaxoccurswhenIvanhoefightsanddefeatsBriandeBois-Guilbertinthetrialbycombat.7.Themes

1).DivisionandReconciliation

FromthebeginningofIvanhoetotheend,thenovelcentersoneffortstomaintainoreliminatedivisions.ThesedivisionsincludetheriftsseparatingIvanhoefromhisfather,NormansfromSaxons,andChristiansfromJews.Ivanhoeandhisfathereventuallyreconcile,enablingIvanhoetomarryRowena,andtheSaxonsacceptNormanruleundertherighteousNormanking,RichardI.However,althoughRebeccatriesmightilytohealdivisionsbetweenChristiansandJews,mostoftheChristiansattheendofthenovelrefusetoregardJewsastheirequals.Consequently,RebeccaandherfatherleaveEnglandforSpain.

2).TriumphofGoodOverEvil

Ivanhoe,KingRichard,RobinofLocksley,andothervirtuousanduprightcharactersinthenovelpre