2022年-專升本《英語》真題答案解析4

公共英語真題卷

題號IIIIIIIVVVI總分

402040201020

考前須知：

答題前，考生務(wù)必將自己的、考場號、座位號、考生號涂寫在答題卡上。本卷

的試題答案應(yīng)答在答題卡上，答在卷上無效。

PartIVocabularyandStructure(1x40)

Directions:Thereare40incompletesentencesinthispart.Foreachsentencetherearefourchoices

markedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheONEthatbestcompletesthesentence,andthenmarkthe

correspondingletterontheAnswerSheet.

1.Janehadn'tbeentoLondonbefore,hadherhusband.

A.NeitherB.EitherC.SoD.Or

2.NosoonerhadhearrivedinRomeheheardofthegoodnews.

A.whenB.thanC.thenD.until

3.Tmforthesuggestionthataspecialboardtoexaminetheproblem.

A.besetupB.willbesetupC.mustbesetupD.hastobeset

up

4.Thedisabledchildrenneedmanythings,but,theyneedlove.

A.firstofallB.notatallC.afterallD.allinall

5.ThecoalindustryinthenorthofChinaisnowbarelyhalfitssize.

A.formalB.formerC.latterD.later

6.Thefootballplayerishopingto____toanotherteamsoon.

A.transferB.transportC.transplantD.transact

7.____thegarden,theoldmanwanttohavearest.

A.HavingbeenwateredB.WateringC.HavingwateredD.Being

watered

8.Her____tothejobleftherwithverylittlefreetime.

A.devotionB.faithC.trust0.interest

9.Thechildrenhavebeen____sincetheirfatherleft.

A.outofstyleB.undercontrolC.outofcontrolD.instyle

10.Itisreported____greatchangeshavebeenmadewiththeapplicationofthenewpolicy.

A.whichB.thatC.whileD.what

11.Themanagerpromisedtokeepme____ofhowtheprojectwasgoingon.

A.beinformedB.informedC.infbrmD.informing

12.Heannouncedthatthecompanyhadbeentransferredto____city.

A.anotherB.othersC.theotherD.oneanother

13.Agreatcheerwentupfromthecrowedastheycaught____ofthehero.

A.visionB.viewC.sightD.glance

14.PhysicsmyfavoritesubjectwhenIstudiedintheuniversity.

A.wereB.wasC.isD.are

15.____wecansucceedornotdependsonhowwellwecooperatewithothers.

A.ThenB.ThusC.WhatD.Whether

16.Iwilllendyouthebook_youreturnittomeintime.

A.onconditionthatB.IncaseC.inorderthatD.sothat

17.Mr.Brownissupposedto____forItalylastmonth.

A.beleavingB.haveleftC.leaveD.havebeen

left

18.—DidyouenjoytheTVprogramlastnight-No,____not.

A.particularlyB.obviouslyC.surprisinglyD.normally

19.Wearedisappointedyesterdaybecauseitwasn'tsuchagooddinner____shehadpromisedus.

A.likeB.asC.whichD.what

20.Shewalkedalongthepath,_____herdaughterclosebehind.

A.followingB.followC.tofollowD.was

followed

21.Sheinsistedthattheseatsinthetheaterinadvancetoinsureabetterview.

A.bookedB.bebookedC.arebookedD.weretobook

22.Wearesometimes____ofselfishnessinourlives,thoughwearemostlygenerousinpersonality.

A.miserableB.greedyC.guiltyD.sorry

23.Theteacherdoesn'tallowhisstudents____ontheexam.

A.cheatedB.cheatingC.cheatD.tocheat

24.Thereisalotofevidence____tomuchstressispartlyresponsibleforthedisease.

A.whatB.whichC.asD.that

25."____everyone'shere,“shesaid,"let'sbegintodiscussthesolutiontotheproblemswehave

found.”

A.AsfarasB.NowthatC.SofarD.Byfar

26.Mostcomputerusersarethreatfromcomouterviruses.

A.withinB.uponC.towardsD.under

27.Nomatterhow,it'simpossiblethathehasneverlostmoney.

A.abusinessmansmartisB.abusinessmanissmart

C.smartisabusinessmanD.smartabusinessmanis

.Davidtoldthetruthtoannoyher,andshewasangryforbeingbetrayedbyhergoodfriend.

A.onpurposeB.inneedC.indetailD.atall

29.Theclassroomisquiteclean____somewastepaperonthefloor.

A.exceptforB.besideC.except0.without

30.Thebadweather____buildingprogrambyseveralweeks.

A.wentonB.putonC.setbackD.builtup

31.Theynaturallyhopethattheirchoiceoftheplaywillbe____withtheschoolandparents.

A.pleasingB.welcomeC.kindD.popular

32.Thesetwopicturesareso___thatifsverydifficulttotelithemapart.

A.exactB.familiarC.likelyD.similar

33.Theseticketsfortheperformanceare____untiltheendofthemonth.

A.acceptableB.availableC.advisableD.applicable

34.Please____thewaterlapwhenyohavefinishedyourwashing.

A.turnonB.turnoffC.turnoutD.turnover

35.Don'tassociatewithbadboys____yourwholelifewillberuined.

A.orB.butC.andD.sothat

36.Ishallhaveacompanioninthehouseafterallthese___years.

A.aloneB.lonelyC.singleD.simple

37.You_____ifyouhadhadhigherscoreintheexamination.

A.musthavescholarshipB.wouldhavescholarship

C.shouldgetscholarshipD.hadgotscholarship

38.Thebankhasestablished___inmanybigcitiesintheworld.

A.partsB.twigsC.benches0.branches

39.Whilestudyingabroad,hefinanciallydepended____hiswife.

A.onB.ofC.toD.from

40.Onlyinthisway_____outoftheplan.

A.youcantalkhimB.canyoutalkhim

C.himyoucantalkD.himcanyoutalk

PartIICloze(1x20)

Directions:Thereare20blanketsinthefollowingpassages.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked

AfB,C,andD,YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2,

WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdid

thecriticslikethenewplay41aneventtakesplace,newspapersareonthestreets42the

details.Wheneveranythinghappensintheworld,reportedareonthespotto43thenews.

Newspapershaveonebasic44,togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssource,from

thosewhomakeittothosewhowantto45it.Radio,telegraph,television,and46

inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspapers.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandother

meansofcommunication.47,thiscompetitionmerelyspuiTedthenewspaperson.They

quicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe48andthusthe

efficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare49andreadthaneverbefore.

Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.

Besideskeepingreaders50ofthelatestnews,today'snewspapers51and

influencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspaperinfluence

readers'economicchoice52advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingfortheirvery

53.Newspapersaresoldatapricethat54evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.

Themain55ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The56in

sellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper'svaluetoadvertisers.This57intermsofcirculation.

HowmanypeoplereadthenewspaperCirculationdepends58ontheworkofthecirculation

departmentandontheservicesorentertainment59inanewspaper'spages.Butforthemost

part,circulationdependsonanewspaper'svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation60the

community,city,country,state,nation,andworld?一andevenouterspace.

41.A.JustwhenB.WhileC.SoonafterD.Before

42.A.togiveB.givingC.givenD.beinggiven

43.A.gatherB.spreadC.carryD.bring

44.A.reasonB.causeC.problemD.purpose

45.A.makeB.publishC.knowD.write

46.A.AnotherB.otherC.oneanotherD.theother

47.A.HoweverB.AndC.ThereforeD.So

48.A.valueB.ratioC.rateD.speed

49.A.spreadB.passedC.printedDpleted

50.AinformB.beinformedC.tobeinformed□.informed

51.A.entertainB.encourageC.educateD.edit

52.A.onB.throughC.withD.of

53.A.formsB.existenceC.contentsD.purpose

54.A.triestocoverB.managestocoverC.failtocover0.succeedsin

covering

55.A.sourceB.originC.course□.finance

56.A.wayB.meansC.chance0.success

57.A.measuresB.measuredC.ismeasuredD.was

measured

58.A.somewhatB.littleC.much0.something

59.A.offeringB.offeredC.whichofferedD.tobeoffered

60.A.byB.withC.atD.about

PartIIIReadingComprehension(2x20)

Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsor

incompletestatements.Foreachofthemthereare4choicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshould

decideonthebestchoice,andmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet,

Passage1

Manypost-80scouplesarecomplainingthatgoingtothemovies,shoppingorattendingparties

havebecomeimpossiblesincetheirkidswerebom.Thafsthewaymostparentsarelivingtheir

lives,noweekendsoftheirown,notimetovisitfriends,notevenachanceofpromotionintheir

jobs.

Askinghelpfortheirparentsmightbeaway,butproblemsarethatsomeagingparentsarenot

strongenoughtotakecareofthekids,andtheirkidsmayalsobecometoospoiledbytheir

grandparents.

Then,herecomesasolution:familieswithkidscanformasmallgroup,andparentsofeach

familycantaketurnstolookafterallthekidsinthisgrouponweekends.Thus,otherparentscan

havesomequiettimeandfeelfreetodosomethingthey'vebeenplanningforalongtime.Atthe

sametime,thekidscanmakenewfriendsandwon'tbehangingaroundtheirparentsalldaylong.

Thisisbaby-pooling.

61.Manypost-80scouplescan'tgotothemovies,shoporattendpartiesbecause.

A.theyhavetolookaftertheirkidsB.Theyhavetolookaftertheirparents

C.TheyarebusywiththeirworkD.Theyhavenomoney

62.Inparagraph2,〃awayout〃means_.

A.outofdateB.asolutionC.withoutquestionD.acomplaint

63.Accordingtothelastparagraph,thesolutiontotheproblemofpost-80scouplesisthat.

A.familieswithkidsfromasmallgroup

B.theyasktheiragingparentsforhelp

C.theygiveuptheirjobs

D.theytaketheirkidswherevertheygo

64.Whatis(are)theadvantage(s)ofbaby-pooling

A.Theparentscanhavemuchmorefreetime

B.Thekidscanmakenewfriends.

C.Thekidswon'tbehangingaroundtheirparentsalldaylong.

D.Alloftheabove

65.Thepassagemainlydiscusses.

A.post-80scouplesandtheirfriendsB.Post-80scouplesandbaby-pooling

C.Post-80scouplesandtheirparentsD.Kidsandtheirgrandparents

Passage2

Itisaterribleillustrationofman'sweaknesstonature,andthetsunami(海嘯)thatstruckthat

JapaneseinMarch,2022hasillustratedthedifficultyoffightingagainstnaturaldisasters,evenfora

prosperousnation.

Totallypreventingtsunami-damageisimpossible.Butthereismuchthatcanbedoneto

minimizedamageandlossoflife.Measuresthatcanbetakenincludedesigningsolidbuildings,and

developingearly-warningsystem,publiceducationprogramsandevacuation（疏散）strategies.

Moreover,theapproachofatsunamiispossiblypickedupbythesensorsofcomplicated

internationalwarningsystem.Countriescanuseradioandtelevisionbroadcastsaswellas

loudspeakernetworkstowarnthepublic.

Butanearlywarningsystemdependsonhowfarthetsunamistrikes,ifit'scloseby,thewarning

systemisnotgoingtobeveryeffective.Whenpeoplearefacedwithanunstoppedforcelikea

tsunamithemassivewavescreatedbyeventslikeunderwaterearthquakes,thebestcourseofaction

forthemistogetinlandandtothehighergroundasquicklyaspossible.

66.Thefirstparagraphtellsusthat.

A.mancaneasilydefendthenature

B.TsunamitakesplaceonlyinJapan

C.Man'sabilitytocopewithnaturaldisasterislimited

D.Thetsunami-damageinJapanisnotsoterrible

67.Topreventthetsunami-damage,thefollowingmeasurescanbetakenEXCEPT.

A.designingfirmbuildings

B.developingearly-warningsystem

C.developingevacuationstrategies.

D.keepingthepublicunawareoftheseriousnessoftsunamis

68.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcancausethetsunami

A.StormsB.Massivewaves

C.underwaterearthquakesD.floods

69.Whenatsunamihappens,thebestcourseofactionforpeopleisto.

A.Listentoradioandtelevisionbroadcastsforinformation

B.Getinlandandtothehighergroundasquicklyaspossible

C.Staywheretheyare

D.Relyonthewarningsystem

70.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage

A.Thetotalpreventionoftsunamiispossible

B.Richcountriesarelessaffectedbytsunamisthanpoorcountries

C.Approachingtsunamiscanpossiblybepickedupbysensors

D.Anearlywarningsystemidseffectivewhenatsunamiiscloseby

Passage3

Globalwarmingiscausingmorethan300,000deathsandabout$125billionineconomiclosses

eachyear,accordingtoareportbytheGlobalHumanitarianForum,anorganizationledbyAnnan,

theformerUnitedNationssecretarygeneral.

Thereport,tobereleasedFriday,analyzeddataandexistingstudiesofhealth,disaster,

populationandeconomictrends.Itfoundthathuman-influencedclimatechangewasraisingthe

globaldeathratesfromillnessesincludingmalnutrition（營養(yǎng)不良）andheated-relatedhealth

problems.

Butevenbeforeitsrelease,thereportdrewcriticismfromsomeexpertsonclimateandrisk,

whoquestioneditsmethodsandconclusions.

Alongwiththedeaths,thereportsaidthatthelivesof325millionpeople,primarilyinpoor

countries,werebeingseriouslyaffectedbyclimatechanges.Itprojectedthatthenumberwould

doubleby2030.

RogerPielkeJr.apoliticalscientistattheUniversityofColorado,Bouder,whostudiesdisaster

trend,saidtheForum'sreportwas"amethodologicalembarrassmenl“becausetherewasnoway

todistinguishdeathsoreconomiclossesrelatedtohuman-drivenglobalwarmingamidthemuch

largerlossesresultingfromgrowthinpopulationsandeconomicdevelopmentinvulnerable（易受

傷害的）regions.Dr.Piekesaidthatclimatechangeisanimportantproblemrequiringour

utmostattention.Butthereport,hesaid,“willharmthecauseforactiononbothclimatechange

anddisastersbecauseitissodeeplyflawed（有瑕疵的）.〃

However,SorenAndreasen,asocialscientistatDalbergGlobalDevelopmentPartnerswho

supervisedthewritingofthereport,defendedit,sayingthatitwasclearthatthenumberwererough

estimates.Hesaidthereportwasaimedatworldleaders,whowillmeetinCopenhageninDecember

tonegotiateanewinternationalclimatetreaty.

Inapressreleasedescribingthereport,Mr.Annanstressestheneedforthenegotiationtofocus

onincreasingtheflowofmoneyfromrichtopoorregionstohelpreducetheirvulnerabilityto

climatehazardswhilestillcurbingtheemissionsoftheheat-trappinggases.Morethat90%ofthe

humanandeconomiclossesfromclimatechangeareoccurringinpoorcountries,accordingtothe

report.

71.WhatisthefindingoftheGlobalHumanitarianForumA.Global

temperatureaffecttherateofeconomicdevelopment.

B.RatesofdeathfromillnesshasrisenduetoGlobalwarming.

C.Malnutritionhascausedserioushealthprobleminpoorcountries.

D.Economictrendshavetodowithpopulationandnaturaldisasters.

72.WhatdowelearnabouttheForum'sreportfromthepassage

A.Itwaschallengedbysomeclimateandriskexperts.

B.Itarousedalotofinterestinthescientificcircles.

C.Itwaswarmlyreceivedbyenvironmentalist

D.Itcausedabigstirindevelopingcountries

73.WhatdoseDr.PielkesayabouttheForum'sreport.

A.itsstatisticslookembarrassing.

B.Itisinvalidintermsofmethodology.

C.Itdeservesourclosestattention.

D.Itsconclusionispurposelyexaggerated.

B.Itisvulnerabletocriticismifthestatisticsarecloselyexamined.

C.ItwillgiverisetoheateddiscussionsattheCopenhagenconference.

D.Itsroughestimatesaremeanttodrawtheattentionofworldleaders.

75.WhatdoseKofiAnnansayshouldbethefocusoftheCopenhagenconference

A.Howrichandpoorregionscanshareresponsibilityincurbingglobalwarning.

B.Howhumanandeconomiclossesfromclimatechangecanbereduced.

C.Howemissionsofheat-trappinggasescanbereducedonaglobalscale.

D.Howrichcountriescanbetterhelppoorregionsreduceclimatehazards.

Passage4

ReachingnewpeaksofpopularityinNorthAmericanisIcebergWater,whichisharvestedfrom

icebergsoffthecoastofNewfoundland,Canada.

ArthurvonWiesenberger,whocarriesthetitleWaterMaster,isoneofthefewwatercriticsin

NorthAmerican.Asaboy,hespenttimeinthelargercitiesofItaly,FranceandSwitzerland,where

battledwaterisconsumeddaily.Eventhen,hekeptawaterjournal,nothingthebrandshelikedbest,

“mydogcouldtellthedifferencebetweenbottleandtapwater,“hesays.

ButisplaintapwaterallthatbadNotatall.Infact,NewYork'smunicipalwaterformore

thanacenturywascalledthechampagneoftapwateranduntilrecentlyconsideredamongthebest

intheworldintennsofbothtasteandpurity.Similarly,amagazineinEnglandfoundthattapwater

fromtheThamesRivertastedbetterthanseveralleadingbrandsofbottlewaterthatwere400times

moreexpensive.

Nevertheless,soft-drinkcompaniesviewbottledwaterasthenextbattle-groundformarketshare—

-thisdespitethefactthatover25percentofbottledwaterfromtapwater.PepsiCero'sAquafinaand

Coca-Cola'sDasaniarebothpurifiedtapwaterratherthanspringwater.

Asdinersthirstforleadingbrands,bottlersandrestaurateurssalivate（垂涎）overtheprofits.

Arestaurant'stypicalmark-uponwineis100to150percent,whereasonbottledwaterit'soften

300to500percent.Butsincewaterischeaperthanwine,andmanyofthefancierbrandsaren't

availableinstores,mostdinersdon'tnoticeorcare.

Asaresult,somerestaurantsareturningtothepressuretosellbottledwater.Accordingtoan

articleinTheStreetJournal,someofthemoreshamelesstacticsincludeplacingattractivebottles

onthetableforavisualdell,listingbrandsonthemenuwithoutprices,andpouringbottledwater

withoutevenaskingthedineriftheywantit.

Regardlessofhowit'ssold,thepopularityofbottledwatertapsintoourdesireforbetterhealth,

ourwishtoappearcultivated,andevenalongingforlostpurity.

76.WhatdoweknowaboutIcebergWaterfromthepassage

A.ItisakindoficedwaterB.itisjustaplaintapwater

C.itisakindofbottledwaterD.itisakindofmineralwater.

/__________

77.Bysaying“mydogcouldtellthedifferencebetweenbottleandtapwater(line4para2)Von

Wiesenbergerwantstoconveythemessagethat_.

A.plainwateridcertainlyunfitfordrinking

B.bottledwaterisclearlysuperiortotapwater.

C.bottledwateroftenappealsmoretodogstaste

D.dogscanusuallydetectafinedifferenceintaste.

78.The-fancierbrands(line3pare5)refersto.

A.tapwaterfromThamesRiver.

B.famouswinesnotsoldinnordinarystores.

C.PepsiCo'sAquafinaandCoca-Cola'sDasani

D.expensivebottledwaterwithimpressivenames.

79.Whyaresomerestaurantsturningtothepressuretosellbottledwater

A.Bottledwaterbringsinhugeinterest.

Bpetitionfromwineindustryisintense.

C.Mostdinersfindbottledwatersaffordable.

D.Bottledwatersatisfieddiner'sdesiretofashionable

80.Accordingtopassage,whyisbottledwatersopopular

A.Itismuchcheaperthanwine.

B.Itisconsideredhealthier.

C.Itappealstomorecultivatedpeople.

D.Itismorewidelypromotedinthemarket.

PartIVTranslation(2x10points)

Directions:Thereare10sentencesinthissection.Pleasetranslatesentences81-85fromChinese

intoEnglish,andtranslatesentences86-90fromEnglishintoChinese.Writeyouransweronthe

AnswerSheet.

81.只要明天天氣好，我們就和同學(xué)一起去游泳。

82.有這么多人的關(guān)心，在國外的最初幾個(gè)月里，她感到非常的幸福。

83.新圖書館比以前的大兩倍(或者翻譯為“新圖書館是以前的三倍

大〃)84.這張照片讓我想起了在上海度過的快樂時(shí)光。

85.地震中，許多房屋受損嚴(yán)重，成千上萬的人無家可歸。

86.Professionalhair-careproductsindicatesthatconsumersarepayingasmuchattentiontotheir

hairastotheirskin.

87.Womenwoulddoubletheirriskofsufferingfromlungcanceriftheywereexposedto40ormore

yearsofhouseholdtobaccosmoke.

88.Thoughtechnologicallyquiteadvancedtoday,theInternetisfarfrombeingpopularwithaverage

householdusersinsomedevelopingcountries.

89.Youhavesoldsowellbutforalotofadvertisementweputonthetelevision.

90.TheregulationmakeitsaferforyoutouseyourcreditcardforshoppingontheInternetorover

Directions:Thereare10sentences.Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedparts

markedA,B,CandD.Youarerequiredtoidentifytheincorrectpart,thenwritethecorresponding

letterandthecorrectanswerontheAnswerSheet.

91.Mr.Black,agoodfriendofme,likesdrawinghorses.

ABCD

92.Don'tstayathome.Youhadbettertogooutfoeawalk.

ABCD

93.Inthegirls'100?metersrace,LilyfromClassiranveryfast.

ABCD

94.Thereisapeopleintheroom,butnobodyknowswhoitis.

ABCD

95.WewillholdasportsmeetingnextMondayifitwon'train.

ABCD

96.TheboycalledTomwasbominthemorningofMay2nd,1990.

ABCD

97.MotheraskedmeiftheBlacksweregoingtomoveherelongbefore.

ABCD

98.TodayisSeptemberthetenth.HappyTeacher'sDaytoyou.Thankyouforteachussowell.

ABCD

99.JimismuchclevererthananyolherstudentsinGrade3,buthedoesn'tworkhard.

ABCD

100.Look!Twohundredsstudentsarewatchingafootballmatchontheplayground.

ABCD

PartVIWriting(1x20points)

Directions:Forthispart,you'rerequiredtowriteacompositionwithatleast120wordsonthetopic

TheAttitudetowardsCrisis.PleaseentitleandwriteitontheAnswerSheet.

TheAttitudetowardsCrisis.

2022年河南省普通高等

?？飘厴I(yè)生進(jìn)入本科階段學(xué)習(xí)考試

公共英語真題卷

【參考答案】

PartIVocabularyandStructure(1x40)

1.【答案】A

【考點(diǎn)】倒裝

【解析】考察半倒裝中的反復(fù)倒裝，so用于肯定答復(fù)。neither用于否認(rèn)答復(fù)：“也”倒”確

實(shí)"不倒；根據(jù)題干意思，表示“也”這個(gè)含義，需要倒裝，形式為：neither助動詞+

主，表示“也不..."，BCD均不符合題意，應(yīng)選Ao

2.【答案】B

【考點(diǎn)】狀語從句固搭

【解析】nosooner...than...,hardly...when../4—…就..."ACD均不符合題意，應(yīng)選

Bo3.【答案】A

【考點(diǎn)】虛擬語氣

【解析】suggestion后跟that從句，從句用should+v原，should可省。BCD均不符合題

意，應(yīng)選Ao

4.【答案】A

【考點(diǎn)】詞匯辨析

【解析】A.firstofall首先，第一B.notatall一點(diǎn)也不C.afterall畢竟，終究D.allinall總

之

BCD均不符合題意，應(yīng)選A。

5.【答案】B

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【解析】A.formal正式的B.fonner前者的，原先的C.latter后者，后來的D.later后

來的，稍晚的；之后。ACD均不符合題意，應(yīng)選B。

6.【答案】A

【考