英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作課件

議論文英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作ContentsWhatisargumentationandpersuasion何為論證與說(shuō)服Strategiesforusingargumentationandpersuasion使用論證與說(shuō)服的策略英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作WhatArgumentationIs所謂論證就是Itisalogicalwayofessaydevelopmentbywhichthewritertriestoconvincereadersorotherpeopleofthesoundnessofaparticularopiniononacontroversialissue.Ittriestomakethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,andtoapproveapolicyoracourseofactionthatitproposes.英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作Speechesonpolicies,editorialsofnewspapers,articlesonpoliticalortheoreticalquestions,andvariousproposalsareoftenargumentative.有關(guān)政策的演講，報(bào)紙的編輯，政論或者理論問(wèn)題的文章，及各種建議通常是要進(jìn)行議論的。英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作ArgumentationThepurposeofargumentation議論的目的Persuadereasonablepeopletoagreewiththeopinion說(shuō)服理性的人們同意（作者的）觀點(diǎn)Defendanopinion,toestablishitsvalidityevenifotherscannotbepersuadedtoagree守護(hù)一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，即使其他人不能被說(shuō)服同意的時(shí)候也能建立該觀點(diǎn)的效力Attacksomeopinionyoubelievetobemisguided,untrue,orevil,withoutnecessarilyofferinganalternativeofyourown攻擊你確信是誤導(dǎo)的，不真實(shí)的或者邪惡的某一觀點(diǎn)，這時(shí)沒(méi)有必要提供你自己的替代觀點(diǎn)（論證他錯(cuò)就OK至于正確的是什么樣子可以不管）英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作Agoodargumentation好的議論Adebatablepoint有爭(zhēng)論的點(diǎn)Sufficientevidence充足的論據(jù)Goodlogic良好的邏輯Anhonestandfriendlyattitude誠(chéng)實(shí)友好的態(tài)度英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作AdebatablepointMerestatementsoffacts僅僅評(píng)論事實(shí)Statementsofpersonalpreference個(gè)人經(jīng)歷的評(píng)論Viewpointsthataregenerallyacceptedorcanbeeasilyverified觀點(diǎn)可以大提升被接受或者容易闡述英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作Organizingyourargument組織你的議論文Title題目Introduction導(dǎo)論Thesisstatement理論闡述BodyParagraphs正文段落ConstructingTopicSentences構(gòu)造主題句BuildingMainPoints構(gòu)建主要論點(diǎn)CounteringtheOpposition反對(duì)相反的的觀點(diǎn)Conclusion結(jié)論英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作Title--whydoyouneedone?題目——你為什么需要題目呢？Introducesthetopicofdiscussiontotheaudience向讀者介紹討論的主題Generatesreaderinterestintheargument激發(fā)讀者對(duì)論文的興趣英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作Whatisathesisstatement?

什么是論點(diǎn)闡述？TheMOSTIMPORTANTSENTENCEinyourpaper你文章中最重要的那句話Letsthereaderknowthemainideaofthepaper使讀者了解文章的主旨Answersthequestion:“WhatamItryingtoprove?”回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題：我要試圖證明什么？Notafactualstatement,butaclaimthathastobeproventhroughoutthepaper不是事實(shí)闡述，而是通篇要證明的結(jié)論英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作Roleofthethesisstatement

論點(diǎn)闡述的角色Thethesisstatementshouldguideyourreaderthroughyourargument.論點(diǎn)句應(yīng)該通過(guò)議論來(lái)引導(dǎo)讀者Thethesisstatementisgenerallylocatedintheintroductionofthepaper.論點(diǎn)句通常在文章的引言部分Athesisstatementmayalsobelocatedwithinthebodyofthepaperorintheconclusion,dependinguponthepurposeorargumentofthepaper.也可以唯一正文或者結(jié)論當(dāng)中，這取決于文章議論的目的英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作StrategiesforArgumentation

議論的策略Consideringtheaudience考慮受眾Thinkinglogically邏輯思考英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作ConsiderYouraudienceAsupportiveaudience支持你的受眾Youdon’tneedahighlyreasonedargumentfilledwithfacts,examples,andstatistics.Youcanrelyprimarilyonastrongemotionalappeal---toreinforcereaders’commitmenttoyourviewpoint.你不必以滿是事實(shí)、事例、統(tǒng)計(jì)資料的高度理性的論證。你可以注意靠強(qiáng)烈的情緒呼吁——來(lái)強(qiáng)化讀者對(duì)你觀點(diǎn)的認(rèn)同（如果呼吁力強(qiáng)就直接忽悠就成了）英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作AudienceAwaveringaudience搖擺不決的聽(tīng)眾Trytocreatecredibilityandreliabilitybyfocusingonprovidingunified,coherent,accurateandsufficientfacts,statistics,examplesandauthoritativestatementstosupportyourviewpoint.通過(guò)聚焦于已有的統(tǒng)一的一致的精確的充足的事實(shí)，統(tǒng)計(jì)，事例和權(quán)威性表述來(lái)試圖建立信任和可靠度來(lái)支撐你的觀點(diǎn)Ahostileaudience敵意的聽(tīng)眾Trytorelyonlogicalreasoningandhard-to-disputefacts.盡力依靠邏輯推理和無(wú)可爭(zhēng)辯的事實(shí)英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作ThinkLogicallyInductionReasoningfromtheparticulartogeneral從特殊到一般的推理（歸納）Example例子---1stgrape:sour,2ndgrape:sour3rdgrape:sour….葡萄酸---Conclusion:Therestofthegrapeswereprobablysourtoo.結(jié)論：其余的葡萄可能也是酸的英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作ThinkLogicallyDeduction演繹Reasoningfromthegeneraltoparticular(syllogism)從一般到特殊

Example:例如：---Majorpremise:Nodogshavefeathers---Minorpremise:Snowballisadog---Conclusion:Snowballdoesnothavefeathers.大前提：狗都沒(méi)有羽毛；小前提：雪球是條狗；結(jié)論：雪球沒(méi)有羽毛英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作LogicalFallacies邏輯謬誤

Hastygeneralization草率的泛化（輕率的得出一般結(jié)論）Falseanalogy錯(cuò)誤的類(lèi)推Personalattack人身攻擊Questionableorfaultyauthority可疑或者錯(cuò)誤的印證Circularreasoning循環(huán)推理Slantedlanguage帶偏見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)言

Faultycauseandeffect錯(cuò)誤的因果關(guān)系Evadingtheissue回避問(wèn)題英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作Modelessay范文Opinionsummarization觀點(diǎn)摘要ArecentstudyshowsthatpeoplelivingonthecontinentofNorthAmericasuffer9timesmorechronicfatigueand31timesmorechronicdepressionthandopeoplelivingonthecontinentofAsia.Interestingly,Asians,onaverage,eat20gramsofsoyperday,whereasNorthAmericanseatvirtuallynone.Itturnsoutthatsoycontainsphytochemicalscalledisoflavones,whichhavebeenfoundtopossessdisease-preventingproperties.Thus,NorthAmericansshouldconsidereatingsoyonaregularbasisasawayofpreventingfatigueanddepression.最近的研究表明生活在北美大陸的人們比亞洲大陸的人們多出9倍的長(zhǎng)期疲勞和31倍多的慢性抑郁。有意思的是，亞洲人，平均每天吃20克大豆，而北美人幾乎不吃。已經(jīng)證明大豆含有叫做異黃酮的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，發(fā)現(xiàn)其具有防止疾病的特性。因此，北美人應(yīng)該考慮經(jīng)常性的食用大豆作為預(yù)防長(zhǎng)期疲勞和慢性抑郁的一種方式英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作ModelessaySelf-refutedopinionpresentation自我反駁的觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)Inthisargument,thearguercitesastudyshowingthatNorthAmericanssufferfromanamazinglyhigherrateofchronicfatigueandchronicdepressionthanpeoplelivinginAsia.Fromanunknownsource,thearguerstatesthatAsianseatmuchmoresoythanNorthAmericans,whoeatalmostnone,andthatsoycontainsdisease-preventingproperties.ThearguerthenconcludeshisorherargumentbystatingthatNorthAmericansshouldconsiderregularlyeatingsoyasameansofbattlingfatigueanddepression.Thisargumentsuffersfromatleastfourcriticalfallacies.本文中，作者引用了一項(xiàng)研究表明北美人患上慢性抑郁和慢性疲勞的比例比亞洲人出奇的高。從一個(gè)位置的源頭，作者表達(dá)了亞洲人大豆比北美人吃得多（根據(jù)何在呢？沒(méi)有），北美人幾乎不吃，而大豆具有防病屬性。作者然后得出了他的結(jié)論就是北美人應(yīng)該經(jīng)常吃大豆。該文章至少有四處嚴(yán)重謬誤。英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作ModelessayCounterevidence:hypothesis

反對(duì)論據(jù)：假設(shè)Forthesakeofthisargument,wewillassumethatthestudiesandthestatisticsaboutNorthAmericans'andAsians'soyeatinghabitsarecorrect,andthatisoflavoneshavebeenfoundtohavedisease-fightingproperties.Giventhat,thereisstillaproblemwiththearguerdirectlycorrelatingtheeatingofsoywiththepreventionofdiseaseanddepression.針對(duì)這一論述，我們假定關(guān)于北美和亞洲大豆飲食習(xí)慣的研究與統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)是正確的，而且異黃酮也確實(shí)有抗病功效。即便如此，作者將大豆的抗病功能與抗抑郁的功能直接聯(lián)系到一起仍然是有問(wèn)題的。英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作ModelessayEvidence1論據(jù)1Firstofall,simplybecausesoymayhavedisease-preventingproperties,thatdoesnotmeanthatitcanthereforefightchronicfatigueandchronicdepression.Fatigueanddepressionmaynotactuallyevenbeconsideredas"diseases",thereforeevengiventhefactthatsoyhasdisease-fightingproperties,itwouldhavenoeffectonthe"nondiseases"offatigueanddepression.Secondly,evenassumingthatfatigueanddepressionarediseases,theyarenotspecificallymentionedasdiseasesthatsoyorisoflavonesareabletoprevent.Perhapssoycanhelppreventosteoporosis(boneloss),mumpsorevenchickenpox,butthatdoesnotmeanthatitcanspecificallyaddresstheproblemsofchronicfatigueandchronicdepression.Thesetwocriticalweaknessesalonemaketheargumentunconvincing.首先，簡(jiǎn)單的根據(jù)大豆可能有防病功能，那不意味著它就可以對(duì)抗慢性疲勞和慢性抑郁。疲勞和抑郁或許實(shí)際上不能被看做疾病，因此即使建設(shè)大豆確有抗病功效，那么也不會(huì)對(duì)疲勞和抑郁這些非疾病有效。其次，就算假定疲勞和抑郁確實(shí)是疾病，它們也沒(méi)有作為大豆或者異黃酮能夠防范的具體疾病中提到。或許大豆可以有助于防止（骨質(zhì)疏松），但這不意味著大豆可以具體解決疲勞和抑郁的問(wèn)題。僅僅這兩個(gè)嚴(yán)重的缺陷就使這一論證不令人信服。英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作ModelessayEvidence2論據(jù)2Furthermore,thearguer'sconclusionisbasedontheideathatdietalonecanpreventfatigueanddepressionbycomparingthedietsofNorthAmericansandAsians.Itishighlyunlikelythatdietaloneisresponsibleforthetremendousdifferenceintheratesoffatigueanddepressionbetweenthetwopopulations.Otherfactorssuchaslifestyles,occupations,residenceincityorruralareasandlevelsofstressmayplayamuchbiggerfactorthandiet.Additionally,thearguerstatesthatsoycontainsphytochemicalscalledisoflavones,whichsupposedlyhavedisease-preventingproperties.并且，作者的結(jié)論是基于通過(guò)對(duì)比北美和亞洲人的飲食得出單靠飲食就可以防止疲勞和抑郁這一觀點(diǎn)得出的。然而單一的飲食因素就能夠解釋兩大人群中疲勞和抑郁的比例巨大差異是很不可能的。其他因素如生活方式、職業(yè)、城市還是郊區(qū)居住以及壓力水平可能影響更大。此外，作者描述了大豆含有異黃酮的植物化學(xué)物質(zhì)，該物質(zhì)假定有防病功效。英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作ModelessayEvidence3論據(jù)3Whatisnotstated,however,iswhethertheseisoflavonesarecontainedinaforminsoythatisusablebythehumanbody.Itispossiblethattheparticularconfigurationofthephytochemicalsfoundinsoyproductsisnotusablebythehumanbody,therebyproducingnobeneficialeffectsbypeopleeatingmoresoyproducts.Inandofthemselves,isoflavonesmaypreventcertaindiseases,butperhapsthosefoundinsoyareofnobenefittohumans.Byfailingtoaddressthesepossibilities,thearguerhaspresentedanunconvincingargument.然而還有一點(diǎn)沒(méi)有提及，就是以大豆形式存在的異黃酮是否可以被人體利用。可能在大豆產(chǎn)品中找到的植物化學(xué)物質(zhì)的具體配置不能被人踢利用，那么人們使用更多的豆制品沒(méi)有一處。英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作Conclusion結(jié)論Insummary,theargumentfailsduetofourmajorflawsin