新課標(biāo)高考英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法范例歸總十三類(lèi)

./新課標(biāo)高考英語(yǔ)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法范例第一周派生詞在新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷的語(yǔ)法填空題中,有涉及單詞的形式變化的題目。此外,新考綱要求考生掌握3000多個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。因此,掌握常用派生詞的構(gòu)詞方法不僅能幫助同學(xué)們做好語(yǔ)法填空題,還能幫助同學(xué)們擴(kuò)大詞匯量,為同學(xué)們?cè)诟呖贾蟹€(wěn)操勝券奠定基礎(chǔ)。一、名詞后綴1．動(dòng)詞＋-ion/-tion/-sion→名詞<表示動(dòng)作或動(dòng)作過(guò)程>correctv．改正；糾正correctionn．改正celebratev．慶祝celebrationn．慶祝；慶祝會(huì)concludev．完成；結(jié)束conclusionn．結(jié)論；結(jié)束2．動(dòng)詞＋-er/-or→名詞<表示從事某種職業(yè)或進(jìn)行某種活動(dòng)的人>drivev．駕駛開(kāi)車(chē)；驅(qū)趕drivern．司機(jī)；駕駛員gatherv．聚集；采集gatherern．收集者；采集者conductv．指揮；管理conductorn．指揮；售票員3．動(dòng)詞＋-ment→名詞punishv．懲罰punishmentn．懲罰4．動(dòng)詞/形容詞＋-th→名詞warmadj.溫暖的warmthn．溫暖growv．生長(zhǎng)growthn．生長(zhǎng)5．形容詞＋-y→名詞difficultadj.困難的difficultyn．困難honestadj.誠(chéng)實(shí)的honestyn．誠(chéng)實(shí)6．形容詞＋-ness→名詞kindadj.善良的kindnessn．善良7．動(dòng)詞＋-ance→名詞annoyvt.使煩惱annoyancen．生氣；煩惱8．-ship結(jié)尾的名詞<表示身份；關(guān)系；資格>membern．成員；會(huì)員membershipn．會(huì)員資格professorn．教授professorshipn．教授身份9．-ing結(jié)尾的名詞gardenn．花園gardeningn．園藝greetv．打招呼；問(wèn)候greetingsn．問(wèn)候[針對(duì)訓(xùn)練]語(yǔ)篇填空<用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式完成下列短文>AFromthe1.expression<express>onMary’sface,heknewheleftabad2.impression<impress>onherandifshewonthe3.election<elect>tobecomechairmanoftheEnvironment4.Organization<organize>,hecouldnotgether5.permission<permit>tojoinitalthoughhewaswillingtodohisbittoridtheworldof6.pollution<pollute>andtohelppeopleenjoyabetterearth.Whenhewaswonderinghowtochangethisembarrassingsituation,hegot7.inspiration<inspire>fromhiswife’swords.Yes,heshouldtryhisbesttowintheelectionandbecomechairmanhimselfwithhis8.determination<determine>toworkfortheorganization."Mydear,youarereallyawonderful9.helper<help>！I’msureIwillbethe10.winner<win>oftheelection."Hesaidtohiswifeexcitedly.BItwasreallyahardtimewhenLiPingfirstcametotheUnitedStates.His1.earnings<earn>couldhardlycovertheexpenses,sowhenhiswifegave2.birth<bear>totheirseconddaughter,theycouldnotaffordenoughnutritionfood.Soon,poornutritioncausedthe3.death<die>ofthepoorbaby.4.Loneliness<lonely>wasanotherproblembecausetheyhadno5.relations<relate>orfriendsthere.Thankstohis6.bravery<brave>and7.perseverance<persevere>,hemanagedtogainthe8.citizenship<citizen>oftheUnitedStatesandintheendhehadhispermanent9.settlement<settle>．Healwaystellshischildrenlikethis:Perseveranceleadsto10.happiness<happy>andsuccess.二、形容詞后綴1．常見(jiàn)形容詞后綴<1>名詞＋-al→形容詞<表示"有……屬性","與……有關(guān)">agriculturen．農(nóng)業(yè)agriculturaladj.農(nóng)業(yè)的<2>動(dòng)詞＋-ive→形容詞decidev．決定；下決心decisiveadj.決定性的；關(guān)鍵的<3>動(dòng)詞＋-able→形容詞<表示"能夠","適于","值得">changev．變化；兌換changeableadj.易變的；變化無(wú)常的<4>名詞＋-ful→形容詞caren．小心；關(guān)心carefuladj.小心的；仔細(xì)的<5>名詞＋-less→形容詞<意思與原名詞相反>caren.小心；關(guān)心carelessadj.粗心的<6>名詞＋-ly→形容詞friendn．朋友friendlyadj.友好的<7>名詞＋-y→形容詞dirtn．污物；臟物dirtyadj.臟的<8>名詞＋-ous→形容詞dangern．危險(xiǎn)dangerousadj.危險(xiǎn)的2．復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成<1>形容詞＋-ing分詞easy-going隨和的<2>形容詞＋名詞＋-edkind-hearted善良的；好心的<3>名詞＋-ed分詞water-covered被水覆蓋的<4>副詞＋-ed分詞well-written寫(xiě)得好的<5>數(shù)詞＋名詞＋-edthree-legged三條腿的[針對(duì)訓(xùn)練]Ⅰ.閱讀下列句子,寫(xiě)出畫(huà)線單詞的意思1．Itfeelslikeanunbelievablestrokeofluck—offate,really.<2012·XX高考閱讀C><>2．Thegoodworkingconditioninthiscityisattractive.<>3．Youcanrelyonhimbecauseheisreliable.<>4．Herwordsstruckfearintoherheartsothatshewassleeplessallnightlong,afraidofbeingkilledunexpectedlysomeday.<>5．Itwasafrostycoldmorningwhenhesetofffortheremotevillage.<>答案：1.不可思議的；難以置信的2.吸引人的3.可依賴的；靠得住的4.沒(méi)有睡覺(jué)的；不眠的5.有霜的Ⅱ.語(yǔ)篇填空A：用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式完成下列短文Lmunicative<communicate>．Sheis2.active<act>inansweringtheteachers’questionsandfromtimetotimeherclassmatesfindheranswersquite3.impressive<impress>and4.acceptable<accept>.Ofcourse,noteverystudentlikesher,butshehasmanyfriendswhothinkLucyisa5.creative<create>and6.helpful<help>girl.Forexample,sheonceleda7.homeless<home>childtoherhomeandmadethechildheryoungersister.Besides,shespent8.countless<count>hourscaringforasickneighboruntilshewaswellagain.Sheis9.friendly<friend>tothosewhohavedifficultywiththeirsubjects.Allinall,Lucyisthemost10.famous<fame>girlinherschool.B：運(yùn)用所學(xué)構(gòu)詞知識(shí)完成下列短文Ourjourneywasfar-reachingamongstsnow-covered/capped<雪封的>mountainswherenoEnglish-speaking<說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的>peoplelive.Thelocalpeoplearegood-looking<相貌好看的>,easy-going<隨和的>andhard-working<勤勞的>．Ourhostesswasold-aged<年老的>,white-haired<白發(fā)蒼蒼的>andsun-burnt<被太陽(yáng)曬傷的>．Shegavemehome-made<自家做的>yaksmilkcake,lookingself-satisfied<自足的>asIenjoyedthisraretreatalthoughverywell-known<著名>andwide-spread<廣泛流傳>aroundhere.IwasexhaustedwhenIfellintotheready-made<準(zhǔn)備好了的>bedshepreparedforme.三、動(dòng)詞詞綴1．前綴-en＋形容詞→動(dòng)詞enrichv．豐富enlargev．變大；增大；擴(kuò)大2．形容詞＋-en→動(dòng)詞shortenv．縮短widenv．加寬3．-fy結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞simplifyv．簡(jiǎn)化classifyv．歸類(lèi)4．-ize結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞realizev．認(rèn)識(shí)到popularizev．普及[針對(duì)訓(xùn)練]Ⅰ.閱讀下列句子,寫(xiě)出畫(huà)線部分的意思1．Extracurricularactivitiesenablethestudentstoknowhowtoapplytheknowledgelearnedinthetextbooks.<>2．Thetwocountriesaretryingtheirbesttonormalize_their_relationship.<>3.Somethinkthatstudyingabroadcanbroaden_their_horizons.<>4．Youwillhorrifythebabyifyouspeaktooloudly.<>答案：1.使能夠2.使關(guān)系正常化3.拓寬視野4.使驚懼Ⅱ.用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1．Tryyourbesttomemorize<memory>thesenewwords.2．Thequestionmustbesimplified<simple>sothatwecanfindoutasolutiontoit.3．Itcostsalotofmoneyifweplantopurify<pure>thewastewater.4．Hequickened<quick>hisstepstoarrivehomeearlier.5．Youcanenlarge<large>yourvocabularyifyoukeeponmemorizingsomenewwordseveryday.四、否定詞綴1．表示否定意義的前綴un-不,非unable不能夠unlucky不幸的dis-不,非dishonest不誠(chéng)實(shí)的discontinuous不連貫的in-不,非inactive不活躍的incorrect不正確的im-不,非impatient不耐煩的impossible不可能的ir-不,非irregular不規(guī)則的irresponsible不負(fù)責(zé)任的il-不,非illogical不合邏輯的illegal非法的non-不,非nonexistent不存在的nonstop直達(dá)的；連續(xù)不斷的mis-錯(cuò)誤mislead誤導(dǎo)misunderstand誤解dis-＋動(dòng)詞<意義相反>dislike不喜歡disagree不同意un-＋動(dòng)詞<意義相反>uncover揭開(kāi)undress脫衣服2．表示否定意義的后綴名詞＋-less→否定意義的形容詞usen.用處；用途uselessadj.無(wú)用的hopen.希望hopelessadj.沒(méi)有希望的；絕望的homen．家homelessadj.無(wú)家可歸的[針對(duì)訓(xùn)練]Ⅰ.閱讀下列短文,寫(xiě)出畫(huà)線單詞的意思A1.misconceptionwasthatthehightemperaturecausedthebigfire.However,MissWangknewitwasnotthetruestory.Sosheinsistedthatthegovernmentshouldmakethetruthknowntothepublic.WhenMissWangknewthatherappealwas2.disallowed,_shefeltrather3.disappointed.Shedecidedto4.disclosethetruth:itwashumanerrorsthatweretoblamefortheterribledisaster.Shewantedtotellthepublicaboutthecoldnessofsomeofficials.Shebelievedthatthetruthmustbe5.uncoverednow.1．____________2.____________3.____________4．____________5.____________答案：1.錯(cuò)誤觀念2.駁回；不準(zhǔn)許3.失望的；沮喪的4．揭露5.揭露；揭發(fā)Ⅱ.語(yǔ)篇填空<用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式完成下列短文>Thespeechseemedtobe1.nonstop<stop>andthelistenersbecamevery2.impatient_<patient>．Whenthespeakersaidthatoilwas3.non-renewable<renew>andthatthebestwaytosolvetheproblemwasnottomakecarsandbusestoforcepeopletogotoworkorschoolonfoot,theaudiencethoughtitwas4.impractical_<practice>and5.unbearable_<bear>tolistentohimanylonger.They6.disbelieved_<believe>thattheworldwouldgosmoothlywithoutthesemoderntransportations.Theyalsothoughtthatthespeakerwas7.irresponsible<responsible>tomakesuchastatementwithoutthinkingitcarefullyandhisspeechwouldcausesome8.misunderstandings<understand>．Somostofthelistenerschosetoleave,shoutingloudlyandangrily.五、正確使用派生詞1．動(dòng)詞、介詞、冠詞、物主代詞等詞類(lèi)后一般接名詞或動(dòng)名詞。如果所給單詞是其他詞類(lèi),就要將其改為名詞,并注意名詞數(shù)的變化。<1>Doyouknowthedepth<deep>oftheriver?<2>Hiscarelessness<careful>resultedintheterribleaccident.<3>Heisoneofthescientists<science>whosupportthistheory.2．動(dòng)詞、介詞后一般接名詞或動(dòng)名詞。所給單詞為動(dòng)詞,就要看該動(dòng)詞是否有名詞形式。如果有名詞形式,就用其名詞形式。如果該動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有名詞形式,就用其動(dòng)名詞形式。此外,如果所給動(dòng)詞有名詞形式,就要看其后有無(wú)賓語(yǔ)。如果后有賓語(yǔ),用動(dòng)名詞形式；后無(wú)賓語(yǔ),則用名詞形式。<1>Pleasepayattention<attend>toyourhandwriting.動(dòng)詞attend本身有名詞形式attention,所以不用動(dòng)名詞attending。<2>Hisarrival<arrive>madethesituationworse.動(dòng)詞arrive本身有名詞形式arrival,所以不用動(dòng)名詞arriving。<3>Theteacherwasangryatmycoming<come>late.動(dòng)詞come沒(méi)有名詞,所以用動(dòng)名詞coming。<4>Thankyouforyourhelp<help>．Thankyouforhelping<help>me.<5>Iwashappybecauseofhisappreciation<appreciate>．Iwashappybecauseofhisappreciating<appreciate>myspeech.上面兩組句子中,helping與appreciating后都帶有賓語(yǔ),故用動(dòng)名詞。help與appreciation后沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ),故用名詞形式。3．動(dòng)詞前后、形容詞前后可有副詞。如果所需詞為副詞時(shí),還要考慮副詞級(jí)的變化。<1>Theboyranquickly<quick>toschool.<2>"What’sthat？"Fathershoutedangrily<angry>．<3>Thelittlegirlisextremely<extreme>eagertoknowtheresultoftheexam.<4>Yourcompositionisbadly<bad>organized.Pleasedoyourwritingexercisemoreattentively<attend>nexttime.<5>You’redrivingtoofast.Canyoudriveabitmoreslowly<slow>?4．名詞前面一般可有形容詞修飾語(yǔ)。如果所需詞為形容詞時(shí),還要考慮形容詞級(jí)的變化。<1>What’sthewidest<width>riverintheworld?<2>Thestronger<strength>webecome,themoremodestweshouldbe.[針對(duì)訓(xùn)練]Ⅰ.用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1．Marywasverysadatthenews,soshelookedsadlyatherhusband,hereyesfullofsadness.<sad>2．Heplayedfootballverywellandhewasoneofthebestplayersinyesterday’sfootballmatch.<play>3．Look！HowhappilyKateislaughing！Sheseemstobethehappiestgirlintheworld.<happy>4．Tooursatisfaction,_theheadmasterwasverysatisfiedwithourreport.<satisfy>5．Edisonwasagreatinventor.Duringhislifehehadmanyinventions.<invent>6．Ishouldsimplifymytaskandmakeitsimpler/simpletofinishit.<simple>7．Theboyhavingtheappearanceofbeinghalfstarveddisappeared,_nevertobeseenagain.<appear>8．ThepolicediscoveredthepotanduncoveredaplotagainstthePresident.<cover>9．Youaresokindtohelpme.Thankyouforyourkindness.<kindly>10．Everythingisbecomingmore_expensivethanbeforeandmanycollegestudentshadtoworktomakesomemoneyfortheircollegeexpenses.<expend>Ⅱ.語(yǔ)篇填空<用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式完成下列短文>AgroupofrobbersdugtheirwayintothebasementofabankinParisandemptiedalmost200private1.safes<safety>．TheyenteredtheCreditLyonnaisbranchusingbuilding2.equipment<equip>todigholesanddestroywallsonSaturdaynight.Theytiedupa3.security<secure>guardandspentthenextninehoursrobbingthebank.One4.investigator<investigate>describedthe5.robbery<rob>asa"6.professional<profession>job"．Therobberscameinatabout22：00onSaturdayandleftat7：00onSunday.Theyenteredthroughthebasementsofthe7.neighbouring<neighbour>building,diggingthroughaseriesoftunnelsandmakingaholeintoawallof80cmthicktogetintothebank,whichwashavingbuildingworksatthetime.Whentheyleft,therobberssettheplaceonfireto8.remove<move>anytraceofevidence,switchingontheanti-firesystemandfloodingthebuilding.9.Fortunately<fortune>,theguardescaped10.unharmed<harm>．Itisdifficulttoestimatethetotalvalueofwhatwasstolenasonlythebank’sclients<儲(chǔ)戶>knowthecontentoftheirprivatesafes.第二周動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)一、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)1．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)<1>表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作和現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征。句中常用often,usually,everyday等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。Worksofpopularwritersoftenhavealotofreaders.<2013·北京高考>OnMondaymorningsitusuallytakesmeanhourtodrivetoworkalthoughtheactualdistanceisonly20miles.<2013·XX高考><2>表示客觀事實(shí)、普遍真理或自然現(xiàn)象,無(wú)論在什么情況下都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示。"Lifeislikewalkinginthesnow,"Grannyusedtosay,"becauseeverystepshows."<2012·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷>—Sowhatistheprocedure?—Alltheapplicantsareinterviewedbeforeafinaldecisionismadebytheauthority.<2013·北京高考><3>在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中,用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。MyparentshavepromisedtocometoseemebeforeIleaveforAfrica.<4>表示按計(jì)劃、時(shí)刻表規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,但限于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞。如begin,come,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,return,open,close等。Theflighttakesoffat2：30everyWednesdayandFriday.2．一般過(guò)去時(shí)<1>表示過(guò)去的事情、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用<或上下文語(yǔ)境有暗示>；用于表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣；表示說(shuō)話人原來(lái)沒(méi)有料到、想到的事。Ididn’trealizethen,butbecomingapilotmakesmeabettersurgeon.<2013·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅱ>Michael’sfatheralwayshelpedthepoorashebelieveditmadeeveryonehappier.<2013·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅱ>Iwaslucky:Ibecameapilotin1970,almosttenyearsbeforeIgraduatedfrommedicalschool.<2013·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅱ><2>注意句型：was/wereabouttodo...when...中when后從句的動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式。Iwasabouttogotobedwhenthetelephonerang.3．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：sofar,recently,lately,once/twice/three...times,before,ever,bynow,inthelast/pastfewyears,overalongtime,uptonow,yet,already,just,since等。主要用于以下幾種情況：<1>表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果?！狶ook!Somebodyhascleanedthesofa.—Well,itwasn’tme.Ididn’tdoit.<2012·XX高考><2>表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。Theyhavebeengoodfriendssincetheymetatameeting.Shakespeare’splayHamlethasbeenmadeintoatleasttendifferentfilmsoverthepastyears.<2013·北京高考><3>下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。①I(mǎi)tis<hasbeen>＋一段時(shí)間＋since從句This<That/It>isthefirst<second...>time＋that從句Thisisthefirsttimewehaveseenafilminthecinematogetherasafamily.<2009·XX高考>②在條件、時(shí)間、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示將來(lái)某時(shí)以前已完成的動(dòng)作?！猈henshallwerestartourbusiness?—Notuntilwehavefinishedourplan.<2010·XX高考>4．過(guò)去完成時(shí)<1>過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作前已完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間,還可能持續(xù)下去。常與for,since等構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。Hewasunhappywhenhesoldhisguitar.Afterall,hehadhaditforaverylongtime.<2013·XX高考>Wefirstmetonatrainin2010.Webothfeltimmediatelythatwehadknowneachotherforyears.<2>有些動(dòng)詞有時(shí)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：hope,plan,mean,expect,intend,suppose,want,think等。Ihadhopedtobebacklastnight,butIdidn’tcatchthetrain.<3>在特殊句式hardly/scarcely...when...;nosooner...than...中,主句常用過(guò)去完成時(shí),該句式意為"一……就……；剛……就……"。Hardly<Nosooner>hadIgothomewhen<than>therainpoureddown.5．將來(lái)完成時(shí)將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間,某一動(dòng)作將會(huì)完成,常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為"by＋將來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)間"?！狪hearthatJasonisplanningtobuyacar.—Iknow.Bynextmonth,hewillhavesavedenoughforausedone.<2012·上海高考>6．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在發(fā)生著的一個(gè)動(dòng)作；表示現(xiàn)階段但不一定是發(fā)生在講話時(shí)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作；表近期特定的安排或計(jì)劃；go,come等表示起止動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。Youarealwaysstudyinginthelibrary.Whynothaveapicnicthisafternoon?7．過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)<1>過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或某動(dòng)作在某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生?！狣idyoucatchwhatIsaid?—Sorry.Iwasansweringatextmessagejustnow.<2012·XX高考>—HaveyoufinishedreadingJaneEyre?—No,Iwasdoingmyhomeworkalldayyesterday.<2010·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷><2>某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)另一動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,其中的持續(xù)性動(dòng)作用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),短暫性動(dòng)作用一般過(guò)去時(shí)?！狪don’tunderstandwhyyoudidn’tgotothelectureyesterdayafternoon.—I’msosorry.ButIwasdoingmyhomework.<2013·XX高考>8．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)<1>表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作,并且現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)行。Thegirlhasagreatinterestinsportandhasbeentakingbadmintonclassestwiceaweekoverthelastthreeyears.<2013·XX高考><2>表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作,在說(shuō)話時(shí)剛剛結(jié)束。Wherehaveyoubeen？Wehavebeenlookingforyoueverywhere.9．將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)可用于表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或者將來(lái)某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)常與一些標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。這些常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)志性狀語(yǔ)有：atthistimetomorrow/thedayaftertomorrow,from1：30to4：30tomorrow/thedayaftertomorrow。—CanIcallyoubackattwoo’clockthisafternoon?—I’msorry,butbythenIwillbeflyingtoBeijing.Howaboutfive？<2012·XX高考>二、動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)英語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。做有關(guān)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的題目可以分兩步走：第一步確定正確的時(shí)態(tài),第二步確定正確的語(yǔ)態(tài)。判斷用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)還是用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的根據(jù)是看主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系：如果是主謂關(guān)系則用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),如果是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系則用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成<以write為例>時(shí)間一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在am/is/arewrittenam/is/arebeingwrittenhas/havebeenwritten過(guò)去was/werewrittenwas/werebeingwrittenhadbeenwritten將來(lái)shall/willbewritten1.get＋過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)Theygotmarriedlastweek.Hefellandgothurt.2．主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義<1>系動(dòng)詞look,feel,sound,smell,taste,seem,appear,go,prove,turn等＋形容詞/名詞。Thedishtastesdelicious.Hisplanproved<tobe>practical.<2>表示主語(yǔ)的某種屬性的詞：read,write,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,shut等,其主語(yǔ)往往是物?！猈hataboutthebooks?—Booksofthiskindsellwell.Thedoorwon’topen.Thepenwritessmoothly.<3>beworth后常接動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。Alotofsmalltownsintheareaaredefinitelyworthvisiting.<4>need,want,require,deserve等動(dòng)詞后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。Mosthouseplantsrequireregularwatering.[針對(duì)訓(xùn)練]Ⅰ.用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1．<2013·XX高考>I’mcallingabouttheapartmentyouadvertised<advertise>theotherday.Couldyoutellmemoreaboutit?2．<2013·北京高考>—DoyouthinkMomandDadwill_be<be>late?—No,SwissAirisusuallyontime.3．<2013·北京高考>Hurryup!MarkandCarolare_expecting<expect>us.4．<2013·XX高考>"Whatdoyouwanttobe？"askedMrs.Crawford."Oh,Iwill_be<be>president,"saidtheboy,withasmile.5．<2013·XX高考>Aroundtwoo’clockeverynight,Suewillstarttalkinginherdream.Itsomewhatbothers<bother>us.6．<2013·XX高考>Ifnothingis_done<do>,theoceanswillturnintofishdeserts.7．<2013·XX高考>—Haveyouheardabouttherecentelection?—Sure,ithas_been<be>theonlythingonthenewsforthelastthreedays.8．<2013·XX高考>Generally,students’innermotivationwithhighexpectationsfromothersis<be>essentialtotheirdevelopment.9．<2013·XX高考>—CouldIuseyourcartomorrowmorning?—Sure.Iwill_be_writing<write>areportathome.10．<2013·XX高考>"Neverforasecond,"theboysays,"did<do>Idoubtthatmyfatherwouldcometomyrescue."11．<2013·XX高考>—Whataboutyourself-drivetripyesterday?—Tiring!Theroadisbeingwidened,andwehad<have>aroughride.12．<2013·XX高考>Iwas_coming<come>tovisityoulaterthatday,butIhadtophoneandcancel.13．<2013·XX高考>Atnotimedid<do>theyactuallybreaktherulesofthegame.Itwasunfairtopunishthem.14．<2013·XX高考>Weareconfidentthattheenvironmentwill_be_improved<improve>byourfurthereffortstoreducepollution.15．<2013·XX高考>Ididn’tthinkI’dlikethemovie,butactuallyitwas<be>prettygood.16．<2013·XX高考>Jimwas_watching<watch>alate-nightfilmathomewhen,rightinthemiddleofathrillingscene,thetelevisionwentblank.17．<2013·上海高考>Bobcalledtotellhismotherthathecouldn’tenterthehouse,forhehad_left<leave>hiskeyatschool.18．<2013·上海高考>Theschoolboardismadeupofparentswhohave_been_elected<elect>tomakedecisionsaboutschoolaffairs.19．<2013·XX高考>Hurryup,kids!Theschoolbusis_waiting<wait>forus!20．<2013·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅱ>Wewere_leaving<leave>veryearlysowepackedthenightbefore.21．<2013·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅰ>Ifwedon’t_act<notact>nowtoprotecttheenvironment,we’lllivetoregretit.22．<2013·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅰ>WhenIfirstmetBryanIdidn’tlikehim,butIhave_changed<change>mymind.23．<2013·XX高考>Duringthelastthreedecades,thenumberofpeopleparticipatinginphysicalfitnessprogramshas_increased<increase>sharply.24．<2013·XX高考>IfeltverytiredwhenIgothome,andIwent<go>straighttobed.25．<2013·XX高考>AMidsummerNight’sDreamopens<open>attheTheatreRoyalon19thJune,andthentoursthroughoutScotland.Ⅱ.語(yǔ)篇填空<用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式完成下列短文>AItwasgettingdarkwhenI1.got<get>home.ItwascoldandI2.was_wearing<wear>acoat.Iwalkeduptothedoorandputmyhandintomypockettotakeoutthekey,butIcouldn’tfindit.IsuddenlyrememberedthatI3.had_left<leave>itonmydeskintheoffice.Itreallydidn’tmakeanydifference.Iknewmywife4.was<be>athomeandthechildrenmusthavecomebackfromschoolbynow,soI5.knocked<knock>atthedoor.Therewasnoanswer.I6.continued<continue>knockingatthedoorforsometime.I7.was_getting<get>angry.ThenIrememberedsomethingtheofficeboy8.had_told<tell>meatnoon.Hesaidthatmywife9.had_phoned<phone>sayingthatshe10.would_go<go>shoppingintheafternoonwiththechildren.Itseemedthatnothing11.could_be_done<cando>andI12.would_be_shut<shut>outofmyhouse.BWelcometoourschool.I’dliketointroduceplansforourschooltoyou.Alotofwork1.has_been_done<do>inthepastfewyears.Thelibrary2.has_been_completed<complete>andisreadyforuse.Butwe’llstillhavetodomorework.Anewbiologylab3.is_being_built<build>thisyear.Butwedon’thaveenoughmoneyfortheequipment.Studentsinallgrades4.are_collecting<collect>money.Themoneywhichiscollected5.will_be_spent<spend>onnewequipment.Atpresent,aplan6.is_being_made<make>forapartyattheendoftheterm,atwhichwonderfulperformances7.will_be_put<put>on.Thegardensoftheschool8.are_being_improved<improve>thisyear.Newtrees9.are_being_planted<plant>whichwillsoongiveshadeinsummer.Thewholeschool10.is_going_to_be_painted<paint>duringthesummerholidays.Infact,ourschoolisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.第三周情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1．can和could的用法<1>表示"能力"。Evenachildcanoperatethecomputer,letaloneanadult.<2>表示驚訝,常用在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。Howcouldyoudosuchasillything?<3>表示可能。ItisusuallywarminmyhometowninMarch,butitcanberathercoldsometimes.<4>cannot...too/enough表示"無(wú)論……也不過(guò)分"；"越……越好"。Ican’tthankyoutoomuchforallyourhelptomysonwhilewewereawayfromhome.<2012·XX高考>2．may和might的用法<1>may和might表示"許可、可能性、祝愿"等意義。①在給予別人許可時(shí),常用can,但有時(shí)也用may。不能用might?！狹ayItakethebookout?—I’mafraidnot.<2010·XX高考>②"mayaswell＋動(dòng)詞原形"意為"最好；倒不如"。Wemayaswellstaywhereweare.<2>may作"可以"講時(shí),其否定式常用"mustn’t"表示"禁止"；must作"必須"講時(shí),其否定式是"needn’t",表示"不必"?！狹ayItakethisbookoutofthereadingroom?—No,youmustn’t.Youreaditinhere.<2010·XX高考>3．must的用法<1>表示禁止<用于否定句>。Thenewlawstatesthatpeoplemustn’tdriveafterdrinkingalcohol.<2012·上海高考><2>表示"偏執(zhí)；固執(zhí)"。Ifyoumustgo,atleastwaituntilthestormisover.<2011·XX高考>4．shall的用法<1>用于第一、第三人稱疑問(wèn)句中,表示說(shuō)話人征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)和向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)示。—WhattimeshallIpickyouupatyourhousetomorrow,sir?—Ihaven’tdecidedonthetime.ButIwillcallyou.<2>用于第二、第三人稱陳述句中,表示說(shuō)話人給對(duì)方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅。NodrivingelectricmotorbikesinsomeareasisarulethatyoushallobeyinFuzhou.5．will和would的用法作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的will,would與作助動(dòng)詞的will,would的各種形式相同。<1>表示自愿做或主動(dòng)提出做什么,如意志、愿望或決心等。would用于過(guò)去的情況。—Goodbye,John.Comebackagainsometime.—Sure.Iwill.<2012·XX高考>—Whydidn’tyoucometoSimon’spartylastnight?—Iwantedto,butmymomsimplywouldnotletmeoutsolateatnight.<2011·XX高考><2>will可以表示一種習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,有"總是"或"總要"之意。Everymorninghewillhaveawalkalongthisriver.<3>would可以表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,比usedto正式,但沒(méi)有"現(xiàn)已無(wú)此習(xí)慣"的含義。Whenweworkedinthesamefirmseveralyearsago,wewouldoftengotothecinematogether.6．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have＋過(guò)去分詞<1>can/couldhavedone表示"本來(lái)可以做,而實(shí)際上未做"或者"過(guò)去可能",疑問(wèn)或否定形式表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為表示懷疑或不肯定,其中can’thavedone多用于語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)烈的否定,意為"不可能做過(guò)"。—DoyouknowwhereDavidis？Icouldn’tfindhimanywhere.—Well.Hecan’thavegonefar—hiscoat’sstillhere.Icouldhavesavedthepoorrabbit,butIdidn’thavetherightdrugswithmeatthatmoment.<2>may/mighthavedone表示對(duì)過(guò)去行為的推測(cè),意為"可能做過(guò)"。might所表示的可能性比較弱,語(yǔ)氣較委婉。此外mighthavedone可表示"本可能做而實(shí)際上未做"。Sorry,I’mlate.Imighthaveturnedoffthealarmclockandgonebacktosleepagain.<3>musthavedone表示對(duì)過(guò)去行為的推測(cè),意為"一定；想必",語(yǔ)氣十分肯定。Jackdescribedhisfather,whomusthavebeenabraveboymanyyearsago,asastrong-willedman.<2010·XX高考><4>shouldhavedone表示過(guò)去本來(lái)應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上卻沒(méi)有做；shouldn’thavedone表示過(guò)去本來(lái)不應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上卻做了。這一用法往往含有責(zé)備的意味。Ishouldn’thavewatchedthatmovie—it’llgivemehorribledreams.<2010·XX高考><5>oughttohavedone表示過(guò)去本來(lái)應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上卻沒(méi)有做；oughtnottohavedone表示過(guò)去本來(lái)不應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上卻做了。這一用法與should相同,也往往含有責(zé)備的意味。Yououghttohavecometothepartyyesterday,butwhydidn’tyoucome?<6>needn’thavedone表示本來(lái)不必做某事而實(shí)際上卻做了。Markneedn’thavehurried.Afterdrivingattopspeed,hearrivedhalfanhourearly.<2010·天津高考>二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣1．非真實(shí)條件句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法if條件從句從句的謂語(yǔ)形式主句的謂語(yǔ)形式表示現(xiàn)在情況動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式<be的過(guò)去式用were>should/would/could/might＋動(dòng)詞原形表示過(guò)去情況had＋過(guò)去分詞should/would/could/might＋have＋過(guò)去分詞表示未來(lái)情況should＋動(dòng)詞原形should/would/could/might＋動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式wereto＋動(dòng)詞原形IfIhadtime,Iwouldattendyourparty.WewouldhavecalledataxiyesterdayifHaroldhadn’tofferedusaridehome.<2012·天津高考>Ifitsnowed/weretosnow/shouldsnowtomorrow,wewouldtakephotos.[名師指津]若條件句中有were,had,should,可把if省略,而把were,had,should放在主語(yǔ)前,形成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),這種結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)中。HadIknownaboutthiscomputerprogram,ahugeamountoftimeandenergywouldhavebeensaved.<2010·XX高考>Shoulditraintomorrow,wewouldhavetocancelthefootballmatch.2．錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬條件句Ifyouhadworkedhard,youwouldbeverytirednow.<從句指過(guò)去,主句指現(xiàn)在>3．含蓄虛擬語(yǔ)氣有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不用條件從句表達(dá),而是由otherwise,but,or,without,butfor等來(lái)引導(dǎo)。Iwassobusythen,otherwiseIwouldhavegonetohelphim.IwouldhavecomesoonerbutIdidn’tknowthattheywerewaitingforme.<2011·天津高考>4．某些從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法<1>表示命令、建議、要求、愿望等含義的動(dòng)詞后賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,形式為：<should＋>動(dòng)詞原形。常這樣用的動(dòng)詞有：advise勸告,demand要求,desire渴望,command命令,insist堅(jiān)決要求,prefer寧愿,urge主張,order命令,recommend勸告；建議,request要求,require要求,suggest建議,以及這些詞的名詞形式。Teachersrecommendparentsnotallowtheirchildrenunder12toridebicyclestoschoolforsafety.<2010·XX高考><2>wish后跟賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)：wish＋主語(yǔ)＋動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式<be用were>對(duì)過(guò)去情況的假設(shè)：wish＋主語(yǔ)＋had＋過(guò)去分詞對(duì)將來(lái)情況的假設(shè)：wish＋主語(yǔ)＋would＋動(dòng)詞原形—Howmuchoftheforeignexpert’sspeechhaveyouunderstood?—Nexttonothing.IwishIhadworkedharderatEnglish.<3>wouldrather后跟從句時(shí)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示愿望,意為"寧愿；但愿"。Georgeisgoingtotalkaboutthegeographyofhiscountry,butI’dratherhefocusedmoreonitsculture.<2010·XX高考><4>在"Itis<about/high>time＋that從句"中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用過(guò)去式或"should＋動(dòng)詞原形"表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。Itishightimethatpeoplelearnt/shouldlearnEnglish.<5>在asif從句中,看語(yǔ)境是否與事實(shí)相反而選擇是否使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.Shetalkedaboutitagainandagainasifshewouldneverend.<6>ifonly引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中,用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示愿望。Lookatthetroublewe’rein.Ifonlywehadtakenourteacher’sadvice![針對(duì)訓(xùn)練]Ⅰ.在下列各句中填入適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞1．<2013·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅱ>Sincenobodygavehimanyhelp,hemusthavedonetheresearchonhisown.2．<2013·XX高考>—Whyareyoureyessored?Youcan’thavesleptwelllastnight.—Yeah,Istayeduplatewritingareport.3．<2013·XX高考>Mymomsuggeststhatweshouldeatoutforachangethisweekend.4．<2013·XX高考>Hecouldn’tsleep,althoughhetriedto,whenhegotonsuchahuntforanideauntilhehadcaughtit.5．<2013·XX高考>Itcouldn’tbethevocabularythatcausedyoutheproblemintheexercisebecauseyouknowalotofwords.6．<2013·XX高考>—WhatareyoudoingthisSaturday?—I’mnotsure,butImightgototheRollingStonesconcert.7．<2013·XX高考>WhenIwasachild,IcouldwatchTVwheneverIwantedto.8．<2013·北京高考>—Youneedn’ttakeanumbrella.Itisn’tgoingtorain.—Well,Idon’tknow.Itmightdo.9．<2013·XX高考>Harryisfeelinguncomfortable.Hemust_have_drunktoomuchatthepartylastnight.10．<2012·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ>I’mgoingtoEuropeonvacationtogetherwithJohnifIcanfindthemoney.11．<2012·XX高考>Oneofourrulesisthateverystudentshallwearschooluniformwhileatschool.12．<2012·XX高考>—Mustyouinterruptnow?Can’tyouseeI’monthephone?—SorrySir,butit’surgent.13．<2012·XX高考>Dayslater,mybrothercalledtosayhewasallright,butwouldn’t<not>saywherehewas.14．<2011·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷>Theyshouldhavearrivedatlunchtimebuttheirflightwasdelayed.15．<2011·XX高考>Weneedn’t<not>haveboughtsomuchfoodnowthatSuziewon’tbewithusfordinner.16．—How’syournewbabysitter?—Wecouldn’t<not>askforabetterone.Allourkidslovehersomuch.17．<2011·XX高考>Icouldn’t<not>havegonethroughthatbitterperiodwithoutyourgeneroushelp.18．<2012·XX高考>IgotcloseenoughtohearthemspeakingChinese,andIsaid"NiHao,"justasImightdoinChina.19．<2011·上海高考>Ineedn’t<not>worryaboutmyweekend—Ialwayshavemyplansreadybeforeitcomes.20．Thereshouldn’t<not>beanydifficultyaboutpassingtheroadtestsinceyouhavepracticedalotinthedrivingschool.Ⅱ.用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1．<2012·XX高考>Gracedoesn’twanttomovetoNewYorkbecauseshethinksifshewere_to_live<live>there,shewouldn’tbeabletoseeherparentsveryoften.2．<2012·北京高考>Wecould_have_faced<face>thedifficultytogether,butwhydidn’tyoutellme?3．<2012·XX高考>Jackisagreattalker.It’shightimethathedid<do>somethinginsteadofjusttalking.4．<2012·XX高考>Welostourwayinthatsmallvillage,otherwisewewould_have_visited<visit>moreplacesofinterestyesterday.5．<2012·XX高考>Hadtheyknownwhatwascomingnext,theymight_have_had<have>secondthoughts.6．<2012·北京高考>Don’thandlethevaseasifitwere<be>madeofsteel.7．<2012·XX高考>Sorry,Iamtoobusynow.IfIhad<have>time,Iwouldcertainlygoforanoutingwithyou.8．<2011·北京高考>—Wherearethechildren?Thedinner’sgoingtobecompletelyruined.—Iwishtheyweren’t<notbe>alwayslate.9．Heinsistedhe<should>_be_sent<send>tothecity.10．Hisexpressionsuggestedthathehad_passed<pass>thetest.Ⅲ.語(yǔ)篇填空<用適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞完成下列短文>MissFang1.couldn’t<not>readforverylongwithoutgettingaheadache.Hermothertoldherthatshe2.shouldgototheHealthServiceandseeadoctor."You3.shouldseeadoctorassoonaspossible,"shesaid."You4.mightneedglasses."WhenMissFanghadfreetime,shewenttotheHealthService.Theappointmentclerksaidthatthedoctor5.couldseeherat3：30.MissFangrepliedthatshe6.wouldnotbeabletobethereat3：30becauseshehadaclassthen."Thedoctor7.mighttakeyouatabouttentofour,"theappointmentclerksuggested."8.ShallIputyoudownfortentofour,or9.wouldyourathercometomorrow？"MissFangthoughtshe10.shouldn’t<not>wasteanymoretime.Theteacher11.shouldn’tbeunhappyifsheaskedforpermissiontoleavetheclassalittleearly,ashewasalwayssokindtoeveryone.Andshereplied,"IthinkI12.canmakeitattentofour."MissFangwenttotheclass.Sheaskedherteacher,"13.May/CanIleaveat3：45today？I14.musthaveaneyeexamination."Asexpected,theteachersaid,"Yes,ofcourseyou15.can."第四周非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一、動(dòng)詞的-ed形式1．動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)<1>動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語(yǔ),進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其邏輯主語(yǔ)通常就是句子的主語(yǔ)。Usedwithcare,onetinwilllastforsixweeks.<2012·北京高考>TranslatedintoEnglish,thesentencewasfoundtohaveanentirelydifferentwordorder.<2011·天津高考><2>某些動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化,此時(shí)這些過(guò)去分詞表示一種狀態(tài)。這樣的詞<組>常見(jiàn)的有：lost<迷路的>,seated<坐>,hidden<躲>,stationed<駐扎>,lost/absorbedin<沉溺于>,dressedin<穿著>,tiredof<感到厭倦>等。Absorbedinhisbook,hedidn’tnoticemeentertheroom.2．動(dòng)詞-ed形式作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-ed形式<短語(yǔ)>作定語(yǔ)與它所修飾的名詞之間在邏輯上存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系,并表示該動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)或完成。TsinghuaUniversity,foundedin1911,ishometoagreatnumberofoutstandingfigures.<2011·XX高考3．動(dòng)詞-ed形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-ed形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),句中的賓語(yǔ)往往就是其邏輯主語(yǔ),該動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。MichaelputupapictureofYaoMingbesidethebedtokeephimselfremindedofhisowndreams.<2011·XX高考>4．動(dòng)詞-ed形式作表語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-ed形式作表語(yǔ)時(shí),大多數(shù)是已經(jīng)形容詞化的過(guò)去分詞。如：seated,disappointed,stuck,excited等。InApril,thousandsofholidaymakersremainedstuckabroadduetothevolcanicashcloud.<2010·XX高考>二、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式1．動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)<1>動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)表示在進(jìn)行一動(dòng)作的同時(shí)所進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作,它對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞起修飾和陪襯的作用。動(dòng)詞的-i