不良地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象及防治

第五章不良地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象及防治第一節(jié)Collapse（崩塌）一、Introduction

Thecollapseisconsideredasaprocessofhugerockblockrollingalongmountainslopandstoppingattheslopefoot.Thedamageofcollapse:

①buildingisdamaged

②highwayorrailwayisburied,sothetrafficis

intermitted

③blockingtherivercourse二、happeningconditionsandinfluencingfactors

1)

deepslope

2)

hardrockandsoftrockdistributinginturn.

Agreatmanyjointsexistingneartheslopesurface

軟硬巖層相間不利的結(jié)構(gòu)面組合巖性、節(jié)理與崩塌的關(guān)系三

Preventionmethod

1)

clearingtherockwhichiseasydroppedusing

explodingandwedging

2)

Injectingcementmortartostabilizethe

dangerous

rockbody

3)

Tobuildprotectivewalltopreventfallingrock

崩塌的防治方法擋墻護(hù)坡支撐垛鋼軌插別鋼軌攔石網(wǎng)防崩塌明洞崩塌的防治第二節(jié)

landslide（滑坡）

一.Thedefinitionoflandslide

Thesoilorrockbodyslidedownalongthefixedslidingsurfaceontheactionofgravity.

Thehappeningoflandslidemaycausethedamageofbuilding,endangerhumanlife,alsocausetheartificalearthquake.

滑坡形態(tài)描述滑坡體Slidingbody滑坡床Slidingbed滑坡壁cliff滑坡面Slidingsurface扇形張裂縫Fan-haped

tensivecracks滑坡舌鼓脹裂縫Swellingcracks

剪裂縫Shearcracks

滑坡周界滑坡臺(tái)階二.ThefeatureofdifferentpartoflandslideTensioncracks三.Theclassificationoflandslide

1.

Accordtothematerialsdifferenceofslidingbody

2

Accordingtothemechanicscondition3accordingtothelandslidescalesize劃

分依

據(jù)名稱類型滑坡的特征按滑坡物質(zhì)組成成分覆蓋層滑坡粘性土滑坡粘性土本身變形滑動(dòng)，或與其他成因的土層接觸面或沿基巖接觸面而滑動(dòng)黃土滑坡不同時(shí)期的黃土層中的滑坡，井多群集出現(xiàn)，常見(jiàn)于高階地前緣斜坡上碎石滑坡各種不同成因類型的堆積層體內(nèi)滑動(dòng)或沿基巖面滑動(dòng)風(fēng)化殼滑坡風(fēng)化殼表層間的滑動(dòng)。多見(jiàn)于巖漿巖(尤其是花崗巖)風(fēng)化殼中基巖滑坡均質(zhì)滑坡發(fā)生在層理不明顯的泥巖，頁(yè)巖，泥灰?guī)r等軟弱巖層中，滑動(dòng)面均勻光滑切層滑坡滑動(dòng)面與層面相切的滑坡，在堅(jiān)硬巖層與軟弱巖層相互交替的巖體中的切層滑坡等順層滑坡沿巖層面或裂隙面滑動(dòng)，或沿坡積層與基巖交界面或基巖間不整合面等滑動(dòng)特殊滑坡如融凍滑坡、陷落滑坡等按滑坡體厚度淺層滑坡滑坡體厚度在6m以內(nèi)中層滑坡6～20m左右深層滑坡20～30m左右超深層滑坡超過(guò)30m以上按滑坡規(guī)模大小小型滑坡滑坡體體積小于3萬(wàn)m3中型滑坡3～50萬(wàn)m3大型滑坡50～300萬(wàn)m3巨型滑坡超過(guò)300萬(wàn)m3按形成年代新滑坡由于開(kāi)挖山體所形成的滑坡古滑坡久已存在的滑坡，其中又可分為死滑坡、活滑坡、及處于極限平衡狀態(tài)的滑坡按力學(xué)條件牽引式滑坡滑坡體下部先行變形滑動(dòng)，上部失去支撐力量，因而隨著變形滑動(dòng)推動(dòng)式滑坡上部先滑動(dòng)、擠壓下部引起變形和滑動(dòng)表6-1滑坡類型及其特征表

四、Theanalysis

influencefactorsofsliding

Theinfluencefactorcanbeconsideredasthefactorswhichhavethecontributiontothechangeofsafetyfactor(K)

①

slopeappearance

slophigh;slopeangle,slopeshape②

rockandsoilsproperties

softrock(shale,sandrock)

soilwithmontmorillonitewhichiseasytoabsorb

waterandexpanding.③

structure

theconditionofstrataplane,joint,fault,(dipangle,dipdirection)

④

water

tosoftrockandsoil

⑤

earthquakes

tostimulatetheliquefaction(液化)

toproducetheinertiaforcetorockorsoilbody

⑥

artificialfactors

impropercuttingslope

puttingon(piling)(overlapping)soilorbuildingstructure

五、Themechanicsanalysisandinfluencingfactor土層均勻時(shí)：BACK滑坡力學(xué)平衡示意圖折線滑面的滑坡穩(wěn)定計(jì)算示意圖六、thecontrol(harness)oflandslipping

Controlprinciple(防治原則)

firstprevention;secondharnessThecontrollingmeasure（方法）

◆Dischargingwater(surfacewaterandgroundwater）LandslidegroundWaterDrainageWorksDeepfoundationworkswouldbeenforcedaccordingtothethrustofthelandslideanddepthoftheslidingsurfaceundersuchconditionsthatordinarypileswouldnotworkwellenough.IntheKamenosearea,theseworkshavebeencarriedoutmainlywithferroconcretepilesof3.5x4.0metersindiameterand30x60metersinlength.Atpresent,theworksareenforcedwithlargerstructuresof6.5metersindiameterand100metersinlength.PrestressedAnchorsAnchoredWallsforLandslides擋土墻抗滑樁錨固工程樹(shù)枝狀排水系統(tǒng)地下排水滑坡的支擋加固第三節(jié)mudflow（泥石流）泥石流：是一種由水充分浸潤(rùn)飽和的大量泥、沙、石塊等固體物質(zhì)沿著沖溝向下流動(dòng)的特殊洪流。這種洪流突然爆發(fā)，歷時(shí)短暫，來(lái)勢(shì)兇猛，具有強(qiáng)大破壞力。泥石流的形成條件：1、大量的碎屑物質(zhì)：山區(qū)：崩落、洪積