初中英語語法知識總結(jié)

./答：下面是初中英語語法總結(jié),你可參考學(xué)習(xí),或許有不全面的地方,歡迎你有不懂的問題再具體提問。另外,我個人認為猜題對于提高考試成績沒有多大作用和意義,并不可取,建議你進行全面復(fù)習(xí),打下扎實的基礎(chǔ)知識,以不變應(yīng)萬變。順祝復(fù)習(xí)順利!語法總復(fù)習(xí)第一節(jié)名詞與代詞名詞可分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩類。而普通名詞又可分為個體名詞、集體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞。其中,個體名詞和集體名詞為可數(shù)名詞,而物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞。名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成通常是在其后加—s；但以-s,-x,-ch,-sh和大部分以o結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es；以"輔音字母+y"結(jié)尾的名詞把"y"變成"i",再加-es。有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成是不規(guī)則的,有其特殊形式。有些名詞在不同的情況下,屬不同的名詞詞類,因此有時為可數(shù),有時則為不可數(shù)：名詞的格可分為主格<作主語>,賓格<作賓語>和所有格<表示所有關(guān)系>。代詞可分為人稱代詞,物主代詞,反身代詞,相互代詞,不定代詞,指示代詞,關(guān)系代詞,連接代詞和疑問代詞等九類。名詞的用法可數(shù)名詞除非前面有冠詞或表示單數(shù)的限定詞,否則要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式,例如：Ifapersondisobeystheorder,hewillbepunishedseverely．Theteacherfirstlydividedhisstudentsintofourgroups．Thereferencebookcanbeusedtoanswerquestions,tosolveproblemsortoobtaininformationonaparticulartopic．Thesecoursesareespeciallydesignedforseniorstudents．有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成是不規(guī)則的,如：child-children,foot-feet。goose-geese,mouse-mice,man-men,ox-oxen,tooth-teeth,woman-women等。例如：Everyfallgeesef1yoverthehouse．Thedentisttoldhimthatseveralteethofhisneedtobefilled．Mrs.Smithhasthreechildren,andTonnyistheyoungestone．Ithinkwe'vegotmiceinthekitchen．有些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式是一樣的,如：Chinese,Japanese,Burmese<緬甸>,Spanish<西班牙>,Lebanese<黎巴嫩>,Portuguese<葡萄牙>,Swiss<瑞士>．sheep,deer,swine<豬>,fish,carp<鯉魚>,salmon<鮭>,means,series,species,aircraft,spacecraft等。例如：Thebestfisharenearthebottom．WhentheygottotheNewWorld,SpanishconstructedtheirhouseswithMoorisharchitecturalfeatures．Isawawhitesheeprunningdowntheroad．Judgingbyhislanguage,hemustbeaJapanese．在表示一類事物時,介詞of后的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Beethovenisofthegreatestmusiciansintheworld．TheAnimalArtFestivalisbeingheldatShanghaizoo,whichisoneofthemostwelcomefestivalsinthecity.Asoneofthecountriesthatbearresponsibilityfortheincident,GermanChancellorSchroederholdsthattheorganizationshouldapologizetoChinesegovernmentunconditionally.SheisoneofthethreemartyrswhowerekilledinNATO'sbombingontheChineseEmbassyinYugoslavia.大多數(shù)集體名詞可作單數(shù),也可作復(fù)數(shù),如：army,audience,class,committee,crew<全體船員,乘務(wù)員>,crowd,faculty,family,governmentgrouporchestra,public,team,union等。但有些雖然是單數(shù)形式,卻用作復(fù)數(shù),如：cattle〔牡畜〕mankind<人類>,militia<民兵>,people,police,poultry<家畜>,staff<全體職員>等。例如：ThepresidentsaidtheChineseGowrnmentispayingcloseattentiontodevelopmentsinthismatter,andcontinuestoreservetherighttotakefutureaction.Thecattle,weregrazingonthemeadownearthefarm.Theaudiencewereamusedbyhishumorousstories.Myfamilyisfarawayfromtheschool.有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式,而且也只用作復(fù)數(shù),如：clothes,glasses,spectacles,pants,arms<武器>,belongings<所有物>,customs<海關(guān)>,goods<貨物>,suburbs<郊區(qū)>,papers<文件>等；而有些名詞形式為復(fù)數(shù),卻用作單數(shù),如：electronics<電子學(xué)>,mathematics<數(shù)學(xué)>,optics<光學(xué)>,politics,statistics<統(tǒng)計學(xué)>等。例如：Theshortshewearsaremadeofleather.Linguisticsisadifficultsubjecttostudy.Heusedtostudyelectronicswhichisn’thisfavoritesuject．Ilovetoliveinthesuburbsthatareconclusive．有些名詞一般情況下以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),表示總體。但如果表示若干、多次或幾種時,則要用其復(fù)數(shù)。這類詞有：hair,fruit,pollution,rain,difficulty,success,wind,failure,favour等。例如：ThebarberhadbeencuttinghumanhairfortwoyearsbeforehecametoLosAngeles．Motherboughtoranges,bananasandotherfruits.Thesecavescollapseeasilyinheavyrains,andgreatwinds．He’shavingfinancialdifficulties．有些名詞一般只有單數(shù)形式,它們通常是表示物質(zhì)和抽象概念的不可數(shù)名詞,像：advice,baggage,bread,corn,clothing,equipment,education,fun,furniture,food,fruit,garbage,grass,happiness,homework,housework,humanity,information,knowledge,landscape,1aughter,machinery,mankind,merchandise,money,music,nonsense,nature,population,progress,scenery,smoke,sweat,strength,traffic,thunder,ink,jewellery,damage,mail,work,soap,sugar,gold,chalk,cloth,anger,applause,cake,chocolate,poverty等。例如：Imustseektheadviceofaspecialistinthematterofthetransferofpropertyrights．Headacheisthemostcommondiseaseofhuman.Ireallygetalotoffunfromreadinginleisuretime.ThepopulationofShanghaiisverybig.有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的含義不同,使用時要根據(jù)上下文的意思進行選擇。這類詞包括：communication<通訊>—communications<通訊系統(tǒng),通訊工具>,cloth<布>--clothes<衣服>,content<內(nèi)容>--contents<目錄>,convenience<便利>--conveniences<便利設(shè)備>,humanity<人類>--humanities<人文科學(xué)>,necessity<需要>-necessities<必需品>,wood<木材>-woods<樹林>,pain<疼痛>—pains<辛勞>,ruin<毀滅>-ruins<廢墟,遺跡>,sand<沙子>--sands<沙灘>,work<工作>--works<工廠,著作>等。例如："Hometown"isoneofLuXun’smostfamousworks．Theinsurancecompanypaid$98,700indamagesfortheaccident．Mychildenjoysplayingonthesands．Nopains,nogains．有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：fundamentals<基本原則>,goods<貨物>,means<方法>,shorts<短褲>,sweets<歡樂>,valuables<貴重物品>等。ThefundamentalsaremadetoguaranteethesocialstabilityDon’ttakeanyvaluablesthereforthesakeofsafety.Thegoodswerepurchasedfromhimaren’texpensive.Ithinkourproblemcanbesolvedbymeansofnegotiation.名詞做定語時,不能用作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Pleasecheckyourexaminationpapercarefullyafterfinishing。TheChina'sCentralTelevisionStationsuppliesweatherreporteveryday,You'dbetterinformmyfamilymembersbeforeleavingforBeijing．TheUnitedStatesandGermanyaretwomemberstatesofNATO.復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)只把其中所包含的主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)。如：looker<s>--on,runner<s>-up,son<s>-in-law,editor<s>-in-chief,passer<s>-by,grand-child<ren>,armyman<armymen>,room-number<s>,shoelace<s>,dinnerplate<s>,bloodtype<s>等。如果沒有主體名詞,就在最后一個詞上加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾。如：go-between<s>,drawback<s>等。注意以man,woman構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞,全部變成復(fù)數(shù)。如：man-servant—men-servants,woman-soldier—women-soldiers。例如：Wouldyoubringmesomedinnerplates?Wehadawonderfultalkwithsomewomen-soldiers．Don’tregardyourselvesaspassers-byundersuchcircumstances．Weareofdifferentbloodtypes．名詞的所有格一般在詞尾加’s,已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s的,只加’。例如：Wemustworkhardtofulfilthecountry’splans．Theschooliswithinastone’sthrow．Nearbyareherrelatives’houses．CouldyoutellmetheSmiths’saddres?名詞所有格有時還可以和of構(gòu)成短語,有以下兩種情況：1>它所修飾的詞前面有一個表示數(shù)量的詞,如：a,two,several,some,any,no,few等。2>它所修飾的詞前面有+個指示代詞,使句子表示某種情緒。例如：SeveralstudentsofLaoYang’sactedintheplay．WesawaplayGuoMoro's.Atbirth,theheadofababyisextremelylargeinrelationtotherestofthebody。IhavesomerecordsofNaYing's.2．代詞的用法1>人稱代詞有主格人稱代詞,在句中充當(dāng)主語：I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they和賓格人稱代詞,在句中充當(dāng)賓語：me,you,him,her,it,us,you；them。例如：Wehaven'tseeneachotherforalongtimesincehewentabroad．Letyouandmehaveanappointmentforthenextweekend.Haveyougotanyideaaboutthisissue?Telluswhateveryou'veheard.2>物主代詞可在句中作定語,有指人的：my,our,your,his,her和their；有指物的:it,his或her<指國家或輪船>。名詞性物主代詞作表語、主語、賓語,與of連用可作定語：yours,ours,theirs,mine,her,his,its。例如：Tonnyisanoldfriendofmine．Mydormitoryisnexttoyours,andMary'sisonthethirdfloor．Titanicsankwithherseveralthousandpassengers．Nexttimeit'sonmytreat．3>反身代詞亦稱自身代詞,可作賓語、表語,作主語或賓語的同位語,還與某些動詞連用,與介詞連用構(gòu)成成語。有：myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves。例如：Thesechildrenaretooyoungtotakecareofthemselves．Don'tworry,hewillbehimselfagainsoon．AlthoughUncleGeorgeisabad-temperedman,Ithinkheisakindmaninhimself．Youshouldberesponsibleforyourself．4>相互代詞表示相互關(guān)系,有：eachother<兩者之間>和oneanother<多者之間>。例如：ImetMissScottthismorning,andwegreetedeachother．Weshouldlearnfromoneanotherandmakeprogresstogether,5>指示代詞在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語和定語,有：this,that,these,those。Such也是指示代詞,可作定語、主語和表語,修飾可數(shù)名詞時要與a連用。例如：NowadaysTVprogramsaremuchmorecolorfulthanthoseOfthepast．Themoneyspentonentertainment,accordingtosomeauthorities,hasexceededthatspentonpublichealth．Iwanttoknowthis：areyoutalkingabouttheaccidentIencounteredyesterday?Hisfutureiscloselyboundwiththatofthecompany。Youshouldn'ttrustonsuchapersonwhoneverkeepshispromise．6>疑問代詞有who,whom,whose,whatwhich。who可作主語和表語；whom作賓語,whose,what,which可作主語、表語、賓語和定語,其中作主語時,要看所代表的人或物是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù),如果不清楚,則動詞一般用單數(shù)。Whowillseetothismatter?Whomhaveyouchosentoberesponsibleforthework?Itishardtodecidewhoseisbetter.What’sonyourschedule?Whichuniversitydidheenteratlast?

7>關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,that,which。which代表事物,that代表人或物；在非限制性定語從句中,不能用that,而用who<m>代表人,用which代表物,或代表主句所說的全部內(nèi)容。在帶有a11,something,nothing,anything,much等的句子中不能用which,而用that。例如：Ourfootballteamwasdefeatedagain,whichshowsourplayersneedmuchmoreeffort．Thefactorynowhasover1,000workers,halfofwhomarewomen．Hepromisedtotellusallthatheknew．Whoseturntomakepresentationisbcyondme.8>連接代詞有：what,who,whonl,whose,which,用來連接主語從句、賓語從句和表浯從句。Whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever為復(fù)合代詞。例如：Ididn'tknowwhattodoatthatverymoment．ThegovernmentsellpublichousestowhoeverprovidesenoughamountOfmoney．WhomeverIworryaboutisnoneofyourbusiness．Takewhicheveryoulike,please．第二節(jié)形容詞與副詞形容詞和副詞在語法結(jié)構(gòu)上都有比較級和最高級,它們的構(gòu)成方法基本上一樣,都與音節(jié)多少有關(guān),有些形容詞和副詞有特殊的比較級和最高級形式。二者基本分為同級比較、比較級和最高級三種形式。1．形容詞與副詞的用法形容詞中有詞形相近的,也有詞義相近的,應(yīng)注意區(qū)別。如：1>behind<在后的>hind<后部的>,considerate<周到的,體貼的>considerable<應(yīng)考慮的>,eminent<聞名的>--imminent<緊迫的>,gracious<親切的>graceful<優(yōu)雅的>,like<有生命的>alive<活的>,industrious<勤勞的>--industrial<工業(yè)的>,like<同樣的>alike<同樣的,僅作表語>,opposite<相對的>opposing<反對的>,perspective<透視的>respective<各自的>,sensitive<傷感的>sensible<明顯的>,etc,。例如：WedidenjoyyourstayinginBeijing,andMrs.Yanisreallyconsiderate．ProfessorLihasmanyworld-famousinventions,andheisrespectabletous．Asanyoneknowsthatweuseourfrontteethforbitingandourhindteethforchewing．It’saconsiderablesuccessforhim．2>elemental<初步的>--fundamental<基本的>,eligible<合格的>--capable<能干的>,flexible<靈活的>--changeable<可改變的>,initial<最初的>--preliminary<初步的,預(yù)備的>,slack<松弛的>--lazy<懶惰的>,valueless<無價值的>--priceless<無價的>,vivid<生動的>一living<活的>,etc．。例如：Henry’sspeechwassovividthathisaudienceapplaudedagainandagain,Itiseasiertoadapttonewsituationsifonehasaflexibleattitude．Wehavefinishedthepreliminaryexam．Yoursuggestionispriceless,and1willconsidercarefully．3>有些詞尾為-ly的并非副詞,而是形容詞,如：lovdy,likdy,deadly,earthly<現(xiàn)世的>,leisurdy<空閑的>,weekly,yearly,manly<丈夫氣概的>,brotherly,friendly等。例如：WhatalovelygirlJennyis．Sheisalwaysreadytohelpothers．ChinaDailyisofcourseadailynewspaperbutnotaweeklyone．Heisaveryfriendlyyoungman．Ashedidn'thaveanyexperience,hewaslikelytohaveproblems．以下情況形容詞常用于后置：1>形容詞短語,即形容詞+副詞,介詞短語或不定式。2>一些表語性形容詞要后置,如：present,available,involved,concerned,etc,。3>形容詞修飾不定代詞something,anything,everything時要后置。例如：Therewassomethingniceaboutmyfeelingthatsheknewa11．Forthisreason,aswellastheadditionalcostinvolved,flowforcecompensationisgenerallynotdesirable．Icameacrossanotherquestionhardtoanswerthen．Iwonderediftherewasaroomavailable．副詞的位置為：修飾哪個詞就放在哪個詞前面；放在系動詞和助動詞之后,行為動詞和分詞之前。例如：Ihadonlyfive-dollarbillwithmewhenlboardedthetownwardtrain．Theoldlawwereinstitutedtoprotectthelongneglectedrightsofchildren.Icanhardlybelievethatheisthemurderer．Althoughhehasadvantages,itisstilltooearlytosaythatheissuretowin．2．比較級與最高級的基本形式和用法形容詞的比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成為：單音節(jié)詞一般在詞尾加-er和-est。如果以-e結(jié)尾,僅加-r和-st；如末尾僅有一個輔音字母,須雙寫詞尾冉加-er和-est；如果以y結(jié)尾的,把y變i,加-er,-est；多音節(jié)單詞和雙音節(jié)詞<其中包括由分詞和分詞演變而來的形容詞,如：known,worn,wounded,shocking,striking,interesting,ect,則在其前加more和most；有些形容詞的比較級和最高級是不規(guī)則的,如：good<well>-better-best,bad<ill>-worse-worst,many<much>-more-most,little-less-least,far-farther<further>-farthest<furthest>。有些形容詞沒有比較級形式,如：absolute,chief,entire,eternal,excellent,fatal,final,foremost,inevitable,infinite,main,naked,perfect,possible,primary,right,sufficient,supreme,universal,utter,vital,whole,wooden,etc,例如：Maryisthebeststudentintheclass．Furthernegotiationwillbeconductednextmonth．Thefoodwehaveissufficient.Needlesstosay,heisstrongerthanhisopponent．一般副詞的比較級和最高級與形容詞一樣,單音節(jié)的以在詞尾加-er和-est構(gòu)成,多音節(jié)的以加more和most的方法構(gòu)成；有些比較特殊,如：well—better-best,badly-worse-worst,much-more-most,little-less-least。以-ly結(jié)尾的副詞,在其前面加more,most,例如：Tonnyrunsmostquicklythananyotherstudentsintheclass．Whichdoyoulikebest,ThornBirds,GoneWiththeWindOrGreatExpectation?Ipreferlesssugarinthemilk．Shegetsmoreincomeeverymonththanherhusband．形容詞和副詞的原級比較由"as+形容詞或副詞<或后跟名詞或短語>+as"構(gòu)成,"as…as’’前可加not,just,almost,nearly,quite,twice,severaltimes等詞修飾。否定式中not后面的as可改為so。例如：Runningforfifteenminuteswillburnasmanycaloriesaswalkingforthirtyminutes．HenanprovinceisseveraltimesaslargeasShanghai．Jimmyhasasnervousawayspeakingashisfather．Gettingridofabadhabitisn'tsosimpleastakingitup．形容詞和副詞的比較級形式為："形容詞<副詞>比較級+than+…",應(yīng)注意than前后相比較的人或物要一致。比較級前可以跟even,much,still等副詞修飾比較級,表示強調(diào)。例如：Motherworriedmuchmoreaboutmyyoungerbrotherthanshedidaboutme．SoundtravelsfasterthroughwaterthanthroughIair．TheeconomicdevelopmentinSouthChinaisfasterthanthatinNorthChina．MybooksaremuchmorethanLiPing's．形容詞和副詞的最高級的形式分別為："the+形容詞最高級十名詞+X圍表達"和"副詞最高級+名詞+X圍表達",副詞的比較級和最高級不需要加the。例如：Ourforeignexchangereservedidn'tdeclinedespitetheworstfloodinsixtyyears．Ifinisbedtheworkmoresuccessfullythanhehadexpected．應(yīng)注意以下表達式的含義：thesame…as<和……一樣>,nolessthan<不少于>,notlessthan<只有>,hadbetter<最好>,lessthan<不到>,moreorless<或多或少>,otherthan<除了>,ratherthan<而不是>,themore…themore/less<越……就越……>例如：Iamsurethattheamountofmoneyusedinrepayingaloanwouldhavethesamevalueastheamountofmoneyborrowed．Youhadbetterfinisllyourhomeworktodayfortheteacherwillcollectittomorrow．Wehavereceivedtendozenofpersonalcomputerswhicharelessthantheamountweordered．Thevisltorstotheexhibitionwerenotlessthanthreehundred,whichdisappointedthemverymuch．第三節(jié)從句從句分為定語從句,狀語從句和名詞從句三大類。定語從句又分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種,由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo),修飾主句的某個成分。狀語從句分為時間、結(jié)果、讓步、原因、條件與行為方式狀語從句。名詞從句包括主語、賓語、表語和同位語從句與therebe句型。1．定語從句限定性定語從句中that可代表人和事,而which只代表事；二者在從句中作主語或賓語。that作賓語時?？墒÷?which則不能,而且其后的"不與物動詞+介詞’’中的介詞不能省略。which作賓語時,先行詞與which之間的介詞不能省。例如：Thefirstdollthatcouldsay"mama"wasinventedin1830．Thesecondhalfofhisvoyagewasbyfarthemoredangerouspart,duringwhichhesailedroundtheCapeHorn．代表a11,anything,something,nothing,much等詞時,用that而不用which,that作賓語可省略。例如：Icareanythingthathassomethingtodowithit．You'dbetterdosomethinghepreferstodotopleasehim．Thatisthelasttimewemeteachother．Icameacrossthewomanyoutoldmeaboutyesterday．who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人,分別作從句的主語和賓語。where是關(guān)系副詞,用于表示地點的定語從句,而when用來表示時間。whose是關(guān)系代詞,修飾名詞作定語。例如:HenryFordisthepersonwhoismostresponsiblefordevelopingtheideaofmassproduction．Thekneeisthejointwherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg．Thenextmorning,whenshecamedowntobreakfast,Marywasbeamingwiththepleasureofanew,greatdiscovery．Thevisitingprofessorisafamousscientistwhosesonstudiesinmydepartment．在下列情況,限定性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞可以省略：1>當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語或表語；或它們在從句中作介詞的賓語,而該介詞又在句末時；2>當(dāng)先行詞是that,all,only,everything,something,nothing等代詞時,或先行詞前有一個最高級形容詞修飾時；3>當(dāng)先行詞前有only,any,all,first,no,last等修飾時,或先行詞就是time,moment,way<anyway>,direction,distance等名詞時,關(guān)系代詞即可省略。例如：Thedelegationwehadbeenwaitingforfinallyarrived．Imetthewomanyoutoldmeabout．Shegavemeallshecouldafford．WithTVwecanseethingshappenalmostattheexactmomenttheyarehappening．非限定性定語從句,其作用為：對所修飾的成分作進一步的說明,它與主句用逗號隔開。此類從句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定語從句中,which可代表前面的整個句子；代表人時只能用who,whom,而不能用that；as也可用作關(guān)系代詞。例如:Thetelephone,asweknow,wastheinventionofAlexanderGrahamBell．TheLittleWhiteHouseinWarmSpringswastheGeorgiahomePresidentFranklinD．Roosevelt,whodiedthereonApril12,1945．Livinginadamphouseforalongtimeisharmfultoone’shealth,whichisknowntoeveryone．2．狀語從句狀語從句可分為：時間狀語從句<主要由when,whenever,after,before,a5,slnce,once,assoonas,Until,while等連詞引導(dǎo)>,結(jié)果狀語從句<由so…that和such…that連接>,讓步狀語從句<由though,although,nomatter,evenif,however,whatever等詞引導(dǎo)>,原因狀語從句<由as,because,since和for引導(dǎo)>,條件狀語從句<由if,whether,aslongas,providedthat等詞引導(dǎo)>,地點狀語從句<由where引導(dǎo)>,行為方式狀語從句<由as引導(dǎo)>。有時條件狀語從句中,主句不可以用將來時,而用一般時代替。例如：ThesmallgreenishflowersoftheelmtreeappearintheSpring,longbeforetheleavesgrow.QiongYao'snovelsusedtobesopopularthatherbooksappearedonbest-sellerlists.Gasballoonislesssafethanhotballoonbecauseitmaycatchfire.Uniformacceleration<同樣的加速>occursiftherateofchangeremainsthesameoversuccessiveequalintervalsoftime．ThousandsofChinesecollegestudentswenttotheUSConsulateShanghai,wheretheyprotestedNATO'sbombingatChina'sEmbassyinYugoslavia.狀語從句中的"主語+be"可以省略,前提是：從句主語和主句主語一致,且從句謂語"be"省略后的結(jié)構(gòu)為"連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞／過去分詞介詞短語／形容詞／名詞短語"。>例如：Whenwellfitted,glassescancorrectmostsightdefectsinhealthyeyes．Ifnecessary,Iwouldliketoseeyouinyouroffice.Althoughseriouslywounded,henevercomplained．3．名詞從句名詞從句包括主語從句、賓語從句,其中有介詞與形容詞的賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。主語從句主語從句常出現(xiàn)在itis+名詞、形容詞、分詞+主語從句"的形式中。例如：ItisreportedthatTaiwanesepopsingerMengTingweiwillholdasoloconcertinShanghaisomedaythismonth．Itmustbepointedoutthatyouhavefailedtomeetthedeadline．ItusuallyhappenedthatIwaslatebecauseoftrafficjams.主語從句還可用when,where,how,why,whether等連接副詞,和who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever等連接代詞來引起。例如：Howtoarrangethemeetingisnotyourtask．Whosecandidatewillwintheelectionisthequestionbothpoliticalpartiesareasking．WhenIleaveismyowndecision.Whoeverwillgotothepartywon'tchangemymindofstayingathome．2>賓語從句賓語從句可由that,疑問代詞或副詞how,why和where等引出。例如：Topostponetheconferenceuntilnextmonthindicatedthattheywereunprepared．Nearlya11thestaffagreedwithwhatIsaid．Everyoneworriedaboutherbecausenoonewasawareofwhereshehadgone．Couldyouoffermoredetailsexceptthatithappenedatnight?由what,whether,how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可用在介詞后,而由that引導(dǎo)的從句只跟but,besides,except,in,save之后。例如:Icanhardlybelieveinwhattheyhavedone.Hedoesn’tknowmyphonenumberexceptthatthecitycodeis021.一些表語性的形容詞,如：alarmed,amazed,annoyed,astonished,certain,confident,disappointed,glad,pleased,proud,sad,shocked,sure,surprised,worried,ect.做表語時,后面可跟由that,how等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如：Iwasamazedhowhecouldpasstheexamwithoutattendingthelectures．HeisconfidentthathewillpasstheBand6examination．Shewassurprisedhowsimplehisproblemis．Weareallpleasedthathewillbeabletopassthefinalexamination.3>表語從句表語從句對主語的內(nèi)容起解釋和闡述的作用；若表語從句用that引起,that起連接作用,不能省略。b表語從句也可用連接詞how,when,where,why,what引起。由because引起的表語從句通常只用在"this／that／itisbecause"結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：Alogarithm<對數(shù)>iswhatisknowninalgebraexponent<代數(shù)的指數(shù)>．OnethingIadmiremostaboutthemisthattheyarehospitable．Sheworkstoohard；Thatiswhysheisexhausted．Imustpointoutthatwhereyouintendtobuildasuper-marketiswheretheelderlydoexerciseeveryday．4>同位語從句同位語從句是由兩個或兩個以上同一層次語言單位組成的結(jié)構(gòu),其中前項與后項所指相同,句法功能相同。同位語從句由that引導(dǎo),也可由whether,how,why,where,when等來引導(dǎo)。例如：Sheignoredtheteacher'sinstructionthatshemuststudyhard．ThequestionwhetherornotIshouldhelphiminsuchacasetroubledmegreatly．第四節(jié)動詞不定式1．不定式的基本形式與結(jié)構(gòu)動詞不定式指通常由to加上動詞原形<如towrite>所構(gòu)成的一種非限定性動詞形式,但在有些情況下to可以省略。動詞不定式有進行體和完成體<如上tobewriting,tohavewritten>,也有被動態(tài)<如tobewritten>,所有的主動詞,不論是與物動詞還是不與物動詞,也不論是動作動詞還是狀態(tài)動詞,都有不定式形式。助動詞除be和have外,沒有不定式形式。動詞不定式在語法功能上可作主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語。2．不定式的用法1>不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語TegetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwanmadehimextremelyhappysincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago．Tofinishthattaskinsuchashorttimeisreallyachallenge．在上述情況下,如果不定式較長,顯得頭重腳輕,則可由代詞讓作形式主語<形式主語it不可由that或this等其他代詞代替>,而將不定式放到后面。如：ItmadehimextremelyhappytogetcontactwithhisfamilyinTaiwansincetheyseparatedmorethan40yearsago．Johnadmittedthatitisalwaysdifficultforhimtobeontime．不定式結(jié)構(gòu)所表示的動作是誰做的,即不定式的邏輯主語,通?？梢酝ㄟ^forsb.todosth.結(jié)構(gòu)表達：Itisquiteimportantforustoreadgoodbooksduringageneralreview．Itisnotdifficultfotthosetalentedstudentstopasstheexam.在某些形容詞<如careless,clever,considerate,foolish,good,impolite,kind,naughty,nice,silly,stupid等>作表語時,不定式后可以加of來引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語：Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth．Itisstupidofhimtodosuchasillything．2>不定式作賓語不定式作賓語有兩種：一種是與物動詞后直接跟帶to的不定式,另一種是"與物動詞+疑問詞+帶to的不定式。與物動詞+帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu):只能跟動詞不定式的動詞,常見的有:afford,agree,aim,appear,ask,believe,care,claim,decidedemand,desire,determine,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,offer,pretend,promise,prepare,refuse,seek,swear,undertake,want,wish等。Hemanagedtosolvethecomplicatedproblem.Thestrangerofferedtoshowmetheway.Mr.SmithundertooktobuildanewplantinSouthAfrica.動詞+疑問代<副>詞+不定式：這類動詞常見的有advise,decide,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,see,regard,remember,teach,tell,understand,wonder等。常見的疑問代<副>詞有:what,when,where,which,how,whether等。Hedoesnotknowwhentostart.Youcandecidewhethertocontinueortostop.Iwillshowyouhowtodealwithit.有時,不定式可由it代替,而把不定式放到后面去。這可以用這一結(jié)構(gòu)表達：動詞<如find,think,consider,feel等>+it+形容詞+不定式。Sheconsidersitnecessarytomakefriendswithhim.Wefinditdifficulttofinishallthehomeworkbefore9o’clock.3>不定式做表語一種情況為主語是不定式<表示條件>；表語也是不定式<表示結(jié)果>：Toseeistobelieve.Toworkmeanstoearnaliving．另一種情況為主語是以aim,duty,hope,idea,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等名詞為中心的短語,或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句,不定式表語對主語起補充說明作用：Hisaimistostudyabroadinthenearfuture．Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemabouttheprice．WhatIwanttosayistoforgetalltheunhappyexperience．4>不定式作定語不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作名詞詞組修飾語主要有三種類型：第一種,被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的邏輯賓語。例如：Therewasreallynothingtofear．Hegavemeaninterestingbooktoread．如果不定式是不與物動詞,后面就得加相應(yīng)的介詞。例如：Maryneedsafriendtoplaywith．Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout．Theyhaveastrictteachertolistento．Althoughthefilmhadbeenonfortenminutes,Istillwasnotabletofindachairtositon．第二種,被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的邏輯主語；例如：Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor?Theactiontobetakeniscorrect．Thereisnothingtobegainedbypretending．第三種,被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的同位結(jié)構(gòu)。這類名詞通常是表示企圖、努力、傾向、目的、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意義的名詞：ability,attempt,effort,impulse,inclination,wish等。例如：Herdaughterwillmakeanevenbiggerefforttopleaseher．Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou．NeitherofthemhadanyinclinationtodobusinesswithMary.5>不定式作狀語不定式結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語通常都能轉(zhuǎn)換為限制性狀語從句。例如作原因狀語：Theyarequitesurprisedtoseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea．Theyarequitesurprisedbecausetheyseethegreatchangestakingplaceinthearea．Hewasluckytoarrivebeforedark．Hewasluckybecausehearrivedbeforedark．作目的狀語：Sheraisedhervoicetobehearedbetter．Sheraisedhervoicesothatshecouldheardbetter．WewentviaHeidelbergtomissthetrafficjam．WewentviaHeidelbergsothatwecouldmissthetrafficjam．作結(jié)果狀語：TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullyastodefeattheBrazilians．TheFrenchfootballteamplayedsosuccessfullythattheyevendefeatedtheBrazilians．Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone．Hegottothestationandwastoldthatthetrainhadgone．不帶to的不定式的使用動詞不定式通常帶to,但在有些搭配中不帶to,在另一些搭配中可帶to可不帶to。歸納起來,以下情況下使用不帶to不定式：1>在can／could,/may／might,will／would,shall／should,must,need,dare等情態(tài)動詞之后,動詞不定式不帶to。2>在表示感覺意義的動詞,如see,feel,watch,notice,smell,hear,observe等后,或是表示"致使"意義的動詞,如have,let,make等后,動詞不定式不帶to。例如：Ioftenheardhimsaythathewouldstudyhard．Imusthavehimseehisownmistakes．但是,當(dāng)這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動語態(tài)時,后面的不帶to不定式一般轉(zhuǎn)換為帶to不定式。例如：Hewasoftenheardtosaythathewouldstudyhard．Afterhehadfinishedspeaking,hewasmadetoanswerinnumerablequestions．3>在動詞help之后可用不帶to的不定式,也可用帶to的不定式。例如：Helptheoldlady<to>carrytheheavybox.4>在hadbetter,wouldrather,may／mightaswell,ratherthan,cannotbut等搭配之后,動詞不定式也不帶to。例如：Unlessyoufeeltoilltogoout,Iwouldrathernotstayathometonight．Shecouldnotbutcriticizehisfoolishbehaviour.5>在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,1etfall,1etfly,letslip,letdrive,letgooff,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不帶to的動詞不定式。例如：Theyletgooftherope．他們松開了繩子。Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme．約翰朝我痛罵了一頓。I'veheardtellofhim．我聽說過他。Someofthefacultywereletgoforlackofthestudents．由于生源不足,一些教職員工被解雇了。6>在介詞but,except之后,如果其前有動詞do的某種形式,其后不定式一般不帶to,反之則必須帶to,表示"不得不,只能"。例如：Hewilldoanythingexceptworkonthefarm．Therewasnothingleftfortheenemytodobutsurrender．Thespywasbothhungryandcold；therewasnothingleftforhimbuttogivein．Ihadnochoicebuttowaittillitstoppedraining．下面一些短語是固定搭配,不帶to：cannothelpbut,cannotchoosebut,cannotbut,donothingbut,havenothingtodobut。例如：Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.如果上述句中有do,to省略：IdidnothingbutwatchTVlastnight．如果是下面一個固定搭配,就帶to：Ihavenochoicebuttogiveupmyidea.7>緊跟在why或whynot之后的動詞不定式總是不帶to。但是,緊跟在who,what,which,whether等連接詞后的不定式帶to。例如：Whystandupifyoucansitdown?Whynotaskyourteacherwhenyoudon'tunderstandthemeaning?Youneedn'tdecideyetwhethertostudyartsorscience．4．不定式的完成式和進行式1>構(gòu)成完成式：to+havedone進行式：to+bedoing2>用法完成式：如果不定式所表示的動作<狀態(tài)>發(fā)生在主要謂語動作之前,那么不定式就要用其完成式。進行式：如果主要謂語動作<情況>發(fā)生時,不定式所表示的動作正在發(fā)生,那么不定式就要用其進行式。例如：Shefeelsrelaxedtohavefinishedwritingherthesisbeforethedeadline．TheVikingsarebelievedtohavediscoveredAmerica．Whenyoucalledmelastnight,Ihappenedtobeworkingonthecomputer．5．不定式的被動形式當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是動作的承受者時,不定式要用被動形式,包括它的一般式和完成式。例如：Fortwelveyears,SpanishcensorshipdidnotallowLorca'snametobementionedandhisworktobepublished．Thesnowwassupposedtohavebeenblownoffthemountain．6．不定式的否定形式否定形式是在不定式的標志to前加not。例如：Idecidednottoaskhimagain．Pleaseremembernottoleavethelightsonwhenyouareout．第五節(jié)動名詞1．動名詞的形式:動名詞是由動詞原形+ing構(gòu)成<如writing>,有完成時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)<如havingwritten,beingwritten>。2．動名詞的用法動名詞通常在句中作主語和賓語。1>動名詞作主語Goingtothecollegeisthelittleboy'sdream．Keepingstudyinghardwillmakeyoupasstheexam．2>動名詞作賓語有些動詞后面只能帶動名詞作賓語,不能帶不定式作賓語。此類動詞常見的有：admit,acknowledge,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,consider,contemplate,defer,delay,deny,detest,dislike,ensure,enjoy,escape,excuse,evade,facilitate,fancy,favour,finish,forbid,imagine,include,keep,mind,miss,postpone,practise,resent,resist,risk,suggest,quit,worth等。例如：Johnwasconsideringbuyinganewcar.Ihopeyoudidn’tcontemplatecomingwithusonthistrip．Thewitnessdeniedhavingseentheaccusedman．Iwouldappreciateyourkeepingitasecret．3>某些短語后面只能接動名詞,不能接不定式。此類短語常見的有：be<get>usedto,beaccustomedto,bededicatedto,bedevotedto,bebusy,becommittedto,besujectto,cannothelp,cannotresist,cannotstand,confessto,feellike,giveup,havetrouble<in>,havedifficulty<in>,haveagood／hardtime<in>,havefun<in>,haveanobjectionto,itisnogood／use,keepon,insiston,lookforwardto,objectto,payattentionto,putoff,resortto,succeedin等。例如：Icannotstandgettingupearlyinthemorning．Ihavenodifficulty<in>reachingthetopofthemountain.Thereisnousestayingon．Icannotresist<his>bargaining．Althoughpunctualhimself,theprofessorwasquiteusedtostudents’beinglateforhislecture.4>動詞或短語后面也可以接動名詞的被動形式。用主動形式還是被動形式,要根據(jù)句子的意思而定。例如:Carlosjustmissedbeingcaught．Thatpersonworedarkglassestoavoidbeingrecognized．Iobjecttobeingtreatedlikeachild．3．另一類動詞后面可以帶動名詞做賓語,也可以帶不定式作賓語。這類動詞又可以分為兩種：1>帶動名詞作賓語與帶不定式作賓語而意義無多大區(qū)別的動詞a>在begin,cannotbear,cease,con