2024年高考英語（全國通用）：熱點練3閱讀理解之說明文（教師版）

熱點練03閱讀理解之說明文

最近五年，說明文的出現(xiàn)變化不大，一直很穩(wěn)定，選材通常是各學(xué)科的前沿問題；高

科技領(lǐng)域的科研成果；人們比較關(guān)心的社會問題；人文方面的經(jīng)典。說明文所選材料

題材豐富多樣，涉及社會、科技、文化、生活、人物、教育、生態(tài)、安全等方面。說

明文在高考閱讀理解中的重要性不容忽視。

一、細讀文章重點

關(guān)注文章結(jié)構(gòu)；文章主題句；各段首末句；體現(xiàn)作者觀點態(tài)度的詞句。

二、明確說明對象

通讀全文，明確作者是針對哪一個說明對象從不同的角度和側(cè)面對其加以說明的。在閱

讀過程中要概括、總結(jié)每一段說明的側(cè)重點，理清各段之間的邏輯聯(lián)系，加深對說明對象的

理解。

三、弄清說明順序

在說明的過程中作者會選擇合理的說明順序?qū)φf明對象進行有條不紊的解說。把握了說

明順序，就能準確把握文章的脈絡(luò)，加深對整篇文章的理解。

四、把握作者態(tài)度

說明文的首段一般借用生活中的某個場景事件引入說明的事物。一般穿插人們對被說明

事物的看法和觀點，要仔細體會觀點的傾向性和情感色彩，來對比作者態(tài)度和寫作情感。

五、吃透長難句子

學(xué)會運用括號法分析長難句，把影響考生理解的各種從句、非謂語動詞短語以及復(fù)雜介

詞短語括起來，從而達到“去枝葉，留主干”的目的，進而準確理解句子含義。

六、學(xué)會適當放棄

無關(guān)大局的生僻詞匯閱讀中經(jīng)常會遇到一些生詞，如果這些生詞對理解全文沒有影響或

影響不大就可略過。較長的人名、地名有許多較長的表示人名、地名等的專有名詞，閱讀時

可一掃而過或干脆用其首字母代替，不必試圖把整個專有名詞讀出來。

熱點話題

說明文熱衷話題有：科普類，環(huán)保類。

限時檢測

真題鏈接

（每篇限時7分鐘）

[2022新高考1卷】

B

Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula（芝麻菜）wasto

makeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Then

friendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,the

arugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;Icouldhavemadesix

saladswithwhatIthrewout.

Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,t4foodwastegoesagainstthe

moralgrain,“asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth'scoverstory.It?sjaw-droppinghowmuch

perfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from"ugly”（butquiteeatable）vegetablesrejectedby

grocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.

Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.

Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,<4iffoodwastewerea

country,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”

Ifthat'shardtounderstand,let'skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmy

refrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it*smorelike12bones

ofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitchenin

Washington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecovered

morethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished（有瑕疵的）

producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,

cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.

Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon'tthink."Everyonecanplayapartin

reducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingor

byaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon'teatJCurtinsays.

24.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?

A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.

B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.

C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.

D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.

25.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?

A.Moraldecline.B.Environmentalharm.

C.Energyshortage.D.Worldwidestarvation.

26.WhatdoesCurtin'scompanydo?

A.Itproduceskitchenequipment.

B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.

C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits.

D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.

27.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?

A.Buyonlywhatisneeded.

B.Reducefoodconsumption.

C.Goshoppingonceaweek.

D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.

【答案】24.B25.B26.D27.A

【解析】

【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械氖澄锢速M現(xiàn)象以及華盛頓

DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官科廷為解決食物浪費而采取的努力。

【24題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.（像

我們大多數(shù)人一樣，我努力關(guān)注那些被浪費的食物廠及“Butasdayspassed,thearugulawent

bad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;couldhavemadesixsaladswithwhat

Ithrewoul.（但隨著時間的推移，芝麻菜變壞了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地買了太多東西；

我扔掉的東西可以做六份沙拉）”可推知，作者想通過講述芝麻菜的故事來表明我們有時會無

意間浪費食物。故選B。

【25題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段"Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andother,

resourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,

“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesinthe

world.”（生產(chǎn)沒人吃的食物會浪費用于種植食物的水、燃料和其他資源。這使得食物浪費成

為一個環(huán)境問題。事實上，羅伊特寫道，“如果食物浪費是一個國家，它將是世界上第三大

溫室氣體排放國可知，根據(jù)文中的說法，浪費食物的一個后果是對環(huán)境的危害。故選B。

【26題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的"CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington.D.C.,

whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500

poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished（有瑕疵的）produce,thatotherwise

wouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordry

themforuseinmealsdowntheroad.（科廷是華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官，該公司把食物

復(fù)原，變成健康的食物。去年，該組織通過接受捐贈和收集有瑕疵的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，收回了超過

807500磅的食物，否則這些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品就會在地里腐爛。草莓呢？志愿者們將清洗、切割、冷

凍或干燥它們，以便于在搔米的飯菜中使用）”可知，科廷的公司用人們不想要的食物重新制

作食物。故選D。

【27題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“"Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynot

purchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonot

includethesidedishyouwon'teat,“Curtinsays.（“每個人都可以在減少浪費方面發(fā)揮作用，無

論是在每周的購物中不購買不必要的食物，還是要求餐館不包括你不吃的配菜，“科廷說）“

可知，科廷建議人們只買需要的東西來避免浪費食物。故選A。

C

Theelderlyresidents（居民）incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookafterto

stopthemfeelinglonely.

Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity（慈善組織）toreducelonelinessandimprove

elderlypeople'swellbeing,Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aserious

illnessofthemind.Staffincarehomeshavereportedareductionintheuseofmedicinewhere

hensareinuse.

Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:"Iusedtokeep

henswhenIwasyoungerandhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwentto

school.”

“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensout

anddownthereagainatnighttoseethey'vegonetobed.^^

“It'sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethe

hensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.Tmenjoyingthecreativeactivities,andit

feelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.9,

Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,and

thecharityhasbeengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.

WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkonthe

project,said:"Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Weare

lookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.^^

LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:"Wearchappytobetakingpartinthe

project.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”

28.Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?

A.Toensureharmonyincarehomes.

B.Toprovidepart-timejobsfortheaged.

C.Toraisemoneyformedicalresearch.

D.Topromotetheelderlypeople'swelfare.

29.HowhastheprojectaffectedRuthXavier?

A.Shehaslearnednewlifeskills.

B.Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.

C.Shehasrecoveredhermemory.

D.Shehasdevelopedastrongpersonality.

30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“embarkon^^meaninparagraph7?

A.Improve.B.Oppose.C.Begin.D.Evaluate.

31.Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?

A.Itiswellreceived.

B.Itneedstobemorecreative.

C.Itishighlyprofitable.

D.Ittakesagestoseetheresults.

【答案】28.D29.B30.C31.A

【解析】

【分析】本文是一篇說明文。主要講述了旨在減少孤獨，改善老年人的健康狀況的項目。

【28題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity（慈善組織）to

reducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople'swellbeing（該項目由當?shù)匾?家慈善機構(gòu)構(gòu)想，旨

在減少孤獨，改善老年人的健康狀況）”可知，這個項目的目的是為了提高老年人的幸福。故

選D。

【29題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段“"It'sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringing

theirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I'menjoyingthe

creativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethingusefill."（有不同的關(guān)注點很好。人們

把自己的孩子帶進來看母雞，居民們也來外面坐著看它們。我喜歡創(chuàng)造性的活動，做一些有

用的事情的感覺很好）''可推知，RuthXavier通過該項目獲得了一種成就感。故選B。

【30題詳解】

詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthe

creativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeople

here.（居民們非常歡迎該項目的想法和創(chuàng)意會議。我們期待這個項目能給這里的人們帶來好

處和樂趣）”以及劃線處前的“oneofthefirst（第一批人之一）”可知WendyWilson是著手這項

工程的人之一，劃線處的含義與C項：“Begin（開始）”含義相近。故選C。

[31題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthe

creativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeople

here.（居民們非常歡迎該項目的想法和創(chuàng)意會議。我們期待這個項目能給這里的人們帶來好

處和樂趣）”以及最后一段“LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:"Wearehappy

tobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterest

andcreativeactivities."（"諾丁山路徑”的負責(zé)人林恩?劉易斯說:我們很高興能參與這個項目。

它將通過共同的興趣和創(chuàng)造性活動真正幫助我們的居民聯(lián)系起來廣可知，該項目的反響很

好。故選Ao

D

Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon"m"and"a"to

therareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommon

thanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteled

tonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld'slanguages.

Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalled

labiodentals,suchas"f'and"v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofter

foods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,

hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.

Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned

（對齊）,makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptothe

upperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure（結(jié)構(gòu)）,makingiteasiertoproduce

suchsounds.

Theteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagriculture

intheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn'thavetodo

asmuchworkandsodidn'tgrowtobesolarge.

Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesound

ofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseofand'V9increasingremarkably

duringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmany

hunter-gathererpeopletoday.

Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhen

humanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago."Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnot

necessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyof

speechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiological

changeandculturalevolution,44saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.

32.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamianBlasi'sresearchfbcuson?

A.Itsvariety.

B.Itsdistribution.

C.Itsquantity.

D.Itsdevelopment.

33.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?

A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.

B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.

C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.

D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.

34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?

A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.

B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.

C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.

D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.

35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?

A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication.

B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.

C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.

D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.

【答案】32.D33.C34.A35.C

【解析】

【文章大意】本篇是一篇說明文。主要介紹因為飲食的改變導(dǎo)致了現(xiàn)在在世界上一半的語言

中發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的語音。

【32題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnoted

thatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas"f'and"v",weremorecommoninthelanguages

ofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamianBlasiattheUniversity

ofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.（30多年前,學(xué)者CharlesHockett

注意到，被稱為唇齒音的語音，如葉'和“v”，在吃軟食物的社會的語言中更常見?，F(xiàn)在，瑞

士蘇黎世大學(xué)的DamianBlasi領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一組研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了這一趨勢產(chǎn)生的方式和原因。）”

可知DamianBlasi的研究重點是在語言的演變上。故選D項。

【33題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancient

humanadultswerealigned,makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouching

thelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure,makingiteasier

toproducesuchsounds.（他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，古人類的上門牙和下門牙是對齊的，因此很難產(chǎn)生唇齒

音，唇齒音是通過下唇接觸上牙齒而形成的。后來，我們的下顆變成了覆蓋咬合結(jié)構(gòu)，更容

易發(fā)出這樣的聲音）”可知，因為古代成年人的下顆結(jié)構(gòu)使他們很難發(fā)出唇齒音。故選C項。

【34題詳解】

主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段中的“Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasa

globalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesafterthesoNeolithicage,withtheuseof'f'and

'""increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundin

thelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.（對語言數(shù)據(jù)庫的分析也證實，在新石器

時代之后，世界語言的發(fā)音發(fā)生了全球性的變化，在過去幾千年里，“尸和“v”的使用顯著增

加。這些聲音在今天許多狩獵采集者的語言中仍然沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)）”可知，第五段主要是通過列

明數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果來進一步證明研究結(jié)果。故選A項。

【35題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中”"Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarily

remainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeech

soundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchange

andculturalevollltion,^^saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.（研究小組成員

StevenMoran說:“自從人類出現(xiàn)以來，我們使用的語音不一定保持穩(wěn)定，我們今天發(fā)現(xiàn)的各

種語音都是生物變化和文化進化等復(fù)雜相互作用的產(chǎn)物?！埃笨芍?，SlevenMoran認為語音

是一個復(fù)雜的動態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選C項。

[2022年全國甲卷】

B

Goffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohave

similarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthe

wild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,

cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada

“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys"tochoose

from.Insertingthecorrect"key"wouldletoutthenut.

Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butit

willbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical（對稱的）shapes.

Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfit

iscalledan4tallocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin'scockatooswereableto

selecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-error

wasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin's

cockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,

similartotwo-year-oldbabies.

Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrely

entirelyonvisualclues（線索）,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.

24.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperiment?

A.Byfollowinginstructions.B.Byusingatool.

C.Byturningtheboxaround.D.Byremovingthelid.

25.Whichtaskcanhumanone-year-oldsmostlikelycompleteaccordingtothetext?

A.Usingakeytounlockadoor.

B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.

C.Puttingaballintoaroundhole.

D.Groupingtoysofdifferentshapes.

26.Whatdoesthefbllow-uptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?

A.Howfartheyareabletosee.

B.Howtheytrackmovingobjects.

C.Whethertheyaresmarterthanmonkeys.

D.Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.

27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckers

B.Cockatoos:IndependentLearners

C.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-Readers

D.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters

【答案】24.B25.C26.D27.D

【解析】

【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一種會識別形狀的鳳頭鸚鵡。

【24題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段"Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveproved

skilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.（雖然人們不知道這些鳥在野外會使用工具，但事實證

明，它們在關(guān)在籠子里時就能熟練地使用工具）''以及"thebirdsweregivenfivedifferently

shaped“keys"tochoosefrom.Inserting,thecorrect"keys"wouldletoutthenut.（研究人員給了

這些鳥5把形狀各異的“鑰匙”供它們選擇。插入，正確的“鑰匙”會讓堅果出來）”可知，在實

驗中，鳳頭鸚鵡是通過使用工具從盒子里取出堅果的.故選B。

【25題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefrom

aroundoneyearofage（在人類身上，嬰兒從一歲左右就可以把一個圓形的物品放進一個圓形

的洞里）”結(jié)合選項，可知，一歲兒童最有可能完成“將一個球放進一個圓形的洞里''的任務(wù)。

故選C。

【26題詳解】

推理判斷題。通過文章最后一段“Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandwork

outwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmaking

（heirshapeseleclions.（根據(jù)研究人員的說法，下一步是嘗試弄清楚鳳頭鸚鵡是完全依靠視覺

線索，還是也使用觸覺來選擇它們的形狀）''可推知，后續(xù)測試的目的是了解鳳頭鸚鵡在測試

中是否使用觸覺。故選D。

【27題詳解】

主旨大意題。通讀全文，再結(jié)合文章第一段“Coffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativeto

Australasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.

（科芬的鳳頭鸚鵡是一種原產(chǎn)于大洋洲的小鸚鵡，它的形狀識別能力與兩歲的人類相似）“可

推知，本文主要介紹了會識別形狀的鳳頭鸚鵡。D項“Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters（鳳頭

鸚鵡：識別形狀的熟練工廠符合文意，最適合作為本文標題。故選D。

C

AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoo

penguins（企鵝）longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherand

kick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.

Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouther

career（職業(yè)）asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.

Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimeto

taketheplunge.

AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotravelthe

world,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshe

discoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoff

TierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.justdecidedIwanted

togo,“shesays."IhadnoideaaboutwhatI'dfindthereandIwasn'tnervous,Ijustwantedtodo

it.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”

InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe'dnevermetbefore,tobeginthe

journeytowardsAntarctica.46Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewhole

experiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,“Ginnisays.

“Irememberthefirsttime1sawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewaterlikesome

prehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsit

wasmakingunderwater.^^

Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggest

thingsthathithometoGinni.

28.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“taketheplunge"underlinedinparagraph2?

A.Trychallengingthings.B.Takeadegree.

C.Bringbacklostmemories.D.Sticktoapromise.

29.WhatmadeGinnidecideonthetriptoAntarctica?

A.Lovelypenguins.B.Beautifulscenery.

C.Adiscountfare.D.Afriend^invitation.

30.WhatdoesGinnithinkaboutAntarcticaafterthejourney?

A.Itcouldbeahomeforher.B.Itshouldbeeasilyaccessible.

C.Itshouldbewellpreserved.D.Itneedstobefullyintroduced.

31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Achildhooddream.B.Anunforgettableexperience.

C.Sailingaroundtheworld.D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.

【答案】28.A29.C30.C31.B

【解析】

【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了71歲的GinniBalinton從小就對旅行有著

深深的熱愛，渴望探險，不再跳舞和孩子們成家立業(yè)之后，她開始周游世界，并在2（X）8年

開始了前往南極洲的旅程。

【28題詳解】

詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第二段劃線詞前文“Throughouthercareer（職業(yè)）asaprofessionaldancer,she

touredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.（在她的職業(yè)舞蹈演員生涯中，她曾在英

國巡演，但一直渴望進一步探索）''和"Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventually

flewthenest（當她不再跳舞，她的兒子們最終獨立生活）“可知，Ginni在退休和兒子們成家立

業(yè)之后，她決定嘗試有挑戰(zhàn)性的事情。由此推知，劃線詞組taketheplunge與trychallenging

things“嘗試有挑戰(zhàn)性的事情”意思接近。故選Ao

【29題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minute

cheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTieradelFuego.（正是在智利，她發(fā)

現(xiàn)自己可以在最后一刻買到從火地島附近島嶼前往南極洲的廉價船票廠可知，是折扣的票價

讓Ginni決定去南極洲旅行的。故選C。

【30題詳解】

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedby

humans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.（意識至U這是一塊寶貴的土地，應(yīng)

該受到人類的尊重，這是Ginni最深刻的感受之一戶可知，旅行結(jié)束后，Ginni認為南極洲

應(yīng)該得到很好的保護。故選C。

[31題詳解】

主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章主要講述了GinniBalinlon去南極旅行的經(jīng)歷，再根據(jù)第

一段“Thesegentlelovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinni

wouldneverforgel.（這些溫柔可愛的看門人歡迎了她，并開始了一次Ginni永遠不會忘記的

旅行）”和倒數(shù)第二段GinniBalinton對南極之旅的評價可知，文章主要介紹了GinniBalinton

去南極洲之旅讓她非常難忘。由此可知，Anunforgettableexperience.（一次難忘的經(jīng)歷）能夠

概括文章主旨。故選B。

【2022全國乙卷】

C

Canasmallgroupofdrones（無人機）guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,at

thesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikely

futureofapplyingtoday's"eyesinthesky*9technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsof

kilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure（基石出設(shè)施）worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7

basis.

Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddo

preciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuch

asthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbe

inspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costs

wouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient（高效）acrosstheboard.

Thatincludeshugesavingsinmainlenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnel

safety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayear

onmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherail

infrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews'

efforts.

Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesfor

railways,detectingfaultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.To

performthesetasks,dronesforraildon'tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworking

onanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,

andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIand

travellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,they

couldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.

28.Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?

A.Theuseofdronesincheckingonpowerlines.

B.Drones'abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.

C.Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.

D.Drones'reliableperformanceinremoteareas.

29.Whatdoes“maintenance“underlinedinparagraph3referto?

A.Personnelsafety.

B.Assistancefromdrones.

C.Inspectionandrepair.

D.Constructionofinfrastructure.

30.Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?

A.Toprovideearlywarning.

B.Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.

CToearnprofitsforthecrews.

D.Toacceleratetransportation.

31.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?

A.WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDrones

B.HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpanded

C.WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFace

D.HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways

【答案】28.B29.C30.A31.D

【解析】

【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。應(yīng)用今天的“空中之眼”的技術(shù)，無人機能在保證鐵路安全

可靠的同時又能幫助鐵路運營商每年節(jié)省數(shù)十億歐元。

【28題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectrical

lines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrail

infrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints」無人機已經(jīng)被

用于檢查高壓電線。他們完全可以做同樣的事情來檢查鐵路線路和鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的其他重要

方面，如鐵路軌道和換乘點的正確位置）“可推知，無人機在高空工作的能力使無人機應(yīng)用于

鐵路線路成為可能。故選B。

【29題詳解】

詞義猜測題。根據(jù)后文“ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20

billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspect

andrepairtherailinfrastructure.（據(jù)統(tǒng)計，僅歐洲鐵路公司每年在鐵路維護上的花費就約為

200億歐元，其中包括經(jīng)常在夜間派遣維修人員檢查和維修鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）”可知花在

maintenance上的費用是用于“inspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure（檢查和維修鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)

施”，由此可知“Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailway

personnelsafety”是指大幅節(jié)省檢修成本和更好地保護鐵路人員安全，劃線詞和C項：

Inspectionandrepair（檢修）含義相近。故選C。

【30題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“VerysmalldroneswilhadvancedsensorsandAIand

travellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,they

couldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.（帶有?先進傳感

器和人工智能的非常小的無人機可以像副駕駛一樣在火車前面行駛。憑借他們的預(yù)見能力，

他們可以發(fā)出任何問題的信號，以便快速行駛的火車