英語名詞的單復數(shù)形式

ThesingularandpluralformsofEnglishnounsBasicconceptsofsingularandpluralnounsRulechangingnounsingularandpluralformsIrregularvariationofsingularandpluralformsofnounsSpecialsituationhandlingandpreparationsPracticalapplicationandcaseanalysiscontents目錄01BasicconceptsofsingularandpluralnounsThesenounscanbecountedandhavebothsingularandpluralformsForexample,"apple"(singular)and"apples"(plural)CountablenounsThesenounscannotbecountedandonlyhaveasingularform.Theyoftenrefertoabstractideas,abstracts,ormassesForexample,"happiness,""water,"and"sugar."UncountablenounsCountableanduncountablenounsRegularregularformationMostEnglishnounsformtheregularbyadding-sor-esForexample,"cat"behaviors"cats,"and"box"behaviors"boxes."IrregularformalSomenounshaveIrregularformalthatdonotfollowthestandardrulesForexample,"mouse"behaviors"mice,"and"ox"behaviors"oxen."RulechangesandregularchangesSpecialsituationhandlingNounsendingin-o:Somenounsendingin-oformthepluralwith-s(e.g.,"piano"behaviors"pianos"),whileothersformthepluralwith-es(e.g.,"tomato"behaviors"tomatoes")Compoundnouns:CompoundnounsformedwithtwoormorewordsstylishlytakethepluralformonthemainnounForexample,"sisterinlaw"benefits"sistersinlaw."Foreignwords:ManyforeignwordsretaintheiroriginalpluralformswhenusedinEnglishForexample,"alumni"(pluralofalumni)and"criteria"(pluralofcriteria)Collectivenouns:CollectivenounsrefertoagroupofindividualsasasingleunitTheycanbetreatedaseithersingularorpluraldependingonthecontextForexample,"team"canbeeither"theteamisplayingwell"(singular)or"theteamsareplayingwell"(plural)02RulechangingnounsingularandpluralformsIfanounendsinaconsonant+y,changetheytoiandadd-esForexample:"baby"behaviors"babies,""city"behaviors"cities."Somenounsendingin-oadd-estoformthefurnitureForexample:"tomato"behaviors"tomatoes,""hero"behaviors"heroes."Formostnouns,simplyadd-stotheendofthewordtoformthepluralForexample:"cat"benefits"cats,""dog"benefits"dogs."Ingeneral,add-sor-esFornounsendingin-s,-x,-ch,or-sh,add-estoformthepluralForexample:"box"behaviors"boxes,""watch"behaviors"watches."ThisruleappliesevenifthenounendsinavowelsoundfollowedbyoneoftheselettersForexample:"class"benefits"classes,""fox"benefits"foxes."Add-esattheendofs,x,ch,shVSFornounsendinginacoherentletter+y,changetheytoiandadd-estoformthepluralForexample:"country"benefits"countries,""family"benefits"families."Notethatthisruledoesnotapplytonounsendinginavote+yThesenounssimplyadd-stoformtheusualForexample:"day"behaviors"days,""boy"behaviors"boys."Endingwithcoherentletter+ytochangeytoipluses03IrregularvariationofsingularandpluralformsofnounsChangesinvowelsoundsSomenounschangetheirvowelsoundswhentheybecomepluralForexample,"man"benefits"men,"and"foot"benefits"feed."AdditionofendingsSomenounsaddspecialendingstoformthefurnitureForinstance,"child"benefits"children,"and"ox"benefits"oxen."NochangeinspellingAfewnounsretaintheirsingularformevenintheusualForexample,"sheet,""deep,"and"fish"arethesameinbothsingularandpluralCommontypesofirregularchangesExamplesofspecialirregularchangesMouse/iceTheplotof"mouse"is"mice."Person/personTheusualof"person"is"people."Goose/GeeseTheusualof"goose"is"Geese."Tooth/toothTheusualof"tooth"is"teeth,"whichiscommonlyusedandoftenreplacedby"teeth"or"teethers."MemorizecommonirregularpatternsIt'simportanttomemorizethemostcommonirregularpatternssincetheydon'tfollowstandardrulesLookforpatternsTrytoidentifypatternsinregularpatternstohelpyourememberthemForexample,somenounsthatendin"-f"or"-fe"changeto"-ves"intheliteral(e.g.,"know"benefits"knives")PracticemakesperfectThemoreyoupracticeusingregulararrangements,theeasiertheywillcometorememberRead,write,andspeakEnglishasmuchaspossibletoimproveyourfluencyandfamilywiththeseformsSummaryofMemorySkillsandPatterns04SpecialsituationhandlingandpreparationsNounsendinginsingularandpluralformswitho01Mostnounsendingin-oadd-stoformtheusual:e.g.,Piano→Pianos,photo→photos02Somenounsendingin-oformtheplusbyadding-es:e.g.,tomato→tomatoes,potato→potatoesAfewnounsendingin-ohaveirregularpatterns:e.g.,foot→feed,goose→geese03Compoundwordstypicallyformtheliteralbyadding-stothelastword:e.g.,motherinlaw→motherinlaw,passersby→passersbyAbbreviationscommonlyformthepluralbyadding-s:e.g.,MP→MPs,PhD→PhDsSomecompoundwordsandabbreviationshaveirregularpatterns:e.g.,manofwar→menofwar,statusquo→statusquo010203CompoundwordsandabbreviationsinsingularandpluralformsTheinfluenceandexceptionsofloanwordsLoanwordsfromotherlanguagesmayretaintheiroriginallinguisticforms:e.g.,alumnus→alumni(fromLatin),crisis→crises(fromGreek)02SomeloanwordsformregularpatternsinEnglish:e.g.,Piano→Pianos,photo→photos03Afewloanwordshavebotharegularandanirregularpattern:e.g.,octopus→octopusesoroctodes,index→indicesorindices0105PracticalapplicationandcaseanalysisUnderstandingthebasicrulesofsingularandpluralforms:MostEnglishnounsformtheirpluralsbyadding-sor-es,whilesomeirregularnounshaveuniquepluralformsRecognizingexceptionstotherules:Somenounsthatendin-s,-x,-ch,-sh,or-orequireadding-estoformtheliteral,whileotherslike"sheet"or"fish"remainunchangedDistinguishingbetweencountableanduncountablenouns:Countablenounscanbebothsingularandplural,whileuncountablenounsaretypicallyonlyusedinthesingularformIdentifyingsingularandpluralformsinreadingcomprehensionUsingappropriateverbformswithsingularandpluralnouns:VerbsmustagreewiththenumberoftheirsubjectsForexample,"Thecateatsfish"(singularsubject,singularverb)vs."Thecatseatfish"(pluralsubject,pluralverb)Avoidingcommonerrors:Commonmissesincludeusingthewrongverbformwithapluralnounorviceverse,aswellasasnegotiatingtoaddanapostrophewhenformingpositionsofpluralnounsEmployingstylisticdevices:Writerscanusesingularandpluralformscreativelytoaccommodatedi