2023年新課標(biāo)全國Ⅰ卷英語試題含答案解析

2023年新課標(biāo)全國I卷英語試題含答案解析

一、短對話（共5分）

1.WhatwillJackprobablydothisweekend?

A.Gocamping.B.Visitafriend.C.Watchafilm.

（答案）c

（原文）

W:Jack,areyougoingcampingwithyourfriendsthisweekend?

M:Itdepends.Ifit'ssunny,we'11go.

W:Theweathermansaysit'sgoingtorain.

M:Inthatcase,we'11gotothecinemainstead.

2.Whatdoesthewomanaskthemantodo?

A.Takecareofherbags.

B.Packthefoodforher.

C.Checkthetrainschedule.

（答案）A

（原文）

W:Excuseme,couldyoumindmybagsforamoment?Iwanttobuysomefoodatthe

conveniencestore.

M:Noproblem.Butbequick.Itwasannouncedthatmytrainwouldarrivein10

minutes.

3.WhenwillthemanseeBob?

A.ThisFriday.B.ThisSaturday.C.NextMonday.

（答案）B

（原文）

W:BobcameoutofhospitallastFriday.Haveyougotachancetovisithim?

M:IplantoseehimthisSaturday.

W:Aren'tyougoingtotheconferencethen?

M:No.IthasbeenrescheduledfornextMonday.

4.Whydoesthemanapologize?

A.Fortheterriblefood.

B.Fortheovercharge.

C.Forthewaiter'srudeness.

（答案）B

（原文）

M:Sorry,Miss.Wemadeaterriblemistakeaddingupthebill.Hereistheten

dollarswehavetoreturntoyou.

W:Oh,Ididn'tnoticethat.It'sOK.Don'tblamethewaiter.He'sbeenreally

nice.

5.Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?

A.Writingabook.B.Holdingacelebration.C.Buyingapresent.

（答案）c

（原文）

W:DoyouthinkweshouldgetSteveabookforthenewyear?

M:Booksaregood.ButStevewouldn'ttakejustanybook.Hehashadthis

particularoneongeography.

二、長對話（共12分）

聽下面一段較長對話，回答以下小題。

6.WhydoesSaramakethephonecall?

A.Toaskforadvice.B.Toarrangeanouting.C.Tocancelanappointment.

7.WhatdoesDavidwanttodo?

A.Gotoadinnerparty.B.TalktoSarainperson.C.Workonthenewcase.

（答案）6.C7.B

（原文）

M:Hello,Sara.

W:Hello,David.Ican'tcomefordinnertonight.Sorry.

M:Oh,whathappened?

W:We'vegotanewcaseandthingsgetprettycrazyhereintheoffice.

M:Well,thenI'11cometoyou.

W:No,no,nottonight.LetmeseeifIcanarrangeanothernight.

M:Sara,please.Weneedtotalk.It'saboutmyjob.

W:Thentellmeonthephone.

M:No,it'sbetterifwedoitinperson.Howabouttomorrownight?

W:I?mnotsure.Youcangivemeacalltomorrowafternoon.

M:OK.

聽下面一段較長對話，回答以下小題。

8.WhereisJimnow?

A.Inataxi.B.Onabus.C.Inhisoffice.

9.Whatisthewoman?ssuggestion?

A.Goingtothecitycenter.

B.Takingashortcuthome.

C.MeetingJiminthepark.

（答案）8.A9.B

（原文）

W:Jimwillcallonusthisafternoon.Doyouknowwhereheisnow?

M:Er...wait.Letmesee.Hehassenttwomessagessayingthathe'sdonewithhis

workattheofficeandgotataxiand...andhe'11arriveintwentyminutes.

W:Wecan'tkeephimwaitingoutsideourhome.Wehavetohurry.

M:Butittakesatleasthalfanhourtogettothecitycenterbybus.Lookatthe

traffic.

W:Let'sgetoff.Wecansaveatleasttwentyminutesbywalkingthroughthepark.

M:Areyousure?

W:Yes.Ahundredpercent.

聽下面一段較長對話，回答以下小題。

10.WhatdidClaradoattheweekend?

A.Sheplantedvegetables.

B.Shewenttoayardsale.

C.Shevisitedhergrandpa.

11.WhatdidMarkfindinsideoneofthebookshebought?

A.Aplaneticket.B.Afamilyphoto.C.Apostcard.

12.WheredoesMarklive?

A.LosAngeles.B.Chicago.C.Philadelphia.

13.WhatistherelationshipbetweenMarkandAshley?

A.Brotherandsister.B.Husbandandwife.C.Fatheranddaughter.

（答案）10.C11.A12.C13.A

（原文）

W:Morning,Mark.

M:Morning,Clara.Howwasyourweekend?

W:Great.Iwenttomygrandpa,s.Heinvitedustopickvegetablesonhisfarm.My

daughterhadagreattimethere.Whataboutyou?

M:Oh,Ihadatrulyincredibleexperience.IdroppedbyayardsaleonSaturdayand

gotseveralbooks.

W:Novels?

M:Anovelandtwopoetrycollections.AsIleafedthroughthenovel,apieceof

paperfellout.Itwasanairticketfrom2012.TheflightwasfromLosAngelesto

ChicagoandthenameontheticketwasAshleyLouis.

W:Wasit?

M:Yes.Ashley,mysister.In2012,shelivedinLosAngelesandherhusbandworked

inChicago.Bothofthemoftenflewbetweentwocities.Iaskedthesellerwherehe

gotthebook.Hesaiditwasboughtatasecond-handbookstoreinLosAngelesthree

yearsago.Lastyear,heandhisfamilymovedfromLosAngelestoPhiladelphia.

W:So,allthewayacrossthecountry,yoursister'soldbooklandedinyourhands.

That'sreallycrazy.

聽下面一段較長對話，回答以下小題。

14.Whatisprobablythewoman?

A.Ateacher.B.Ajournalist.C.Anathlete.

15.WhatdoesVictorfinddifficultasamemberofthebasketballteam?

A.Adaptinghimselftotheintensetraining.

B.Dealingwiththepressurefromthecoach.

C.Regainingtheskillslearnedinhighschool.

16.WhatdoesVictorsayabouttheplayersontheteam?

A.Theyareofthesameage.

B.Theyaresimilarincharacter.

C.Theyarefromdifferentcountries.

17.HowdoesVictorfeelabouthisteamnow?

A?It'sabouttobreakup.B?It’sthebestinIndiana.C.It?s

gettingstronger.

（答案）14.B15.A16.C17.C

（原文）

W:Victor,you'vebeenhereinIndianaforsixweeksnow.Howareyoufeeling?

M:IthinkI'vegotusedtocollegelife,goingtoclasses,workingoutandhanging

outwithmyfriends.Thoughthere,spressuretomeetdeadlines,lifehereisnever

boring.

W:What'sbeenhardaboutbeinganIndiananbasketballplayer?

M:Well,thetrainingisverycompetitive,weightliftingandrunningeveryday.It'

snotlikehighschool.Inhighschool,Ireallydidn'thavetodothat.I'mjust

tryingtogetusedtoit.AndIthinkIam.

W:Atthispoint,howdoyouseeyourselffittingintothisgroup?

M:Ithinkwe'realldifferent.GeorgeisfromBritain.ChrisandLeoarefrom

Australia.I'mfromFrance.AndtherestareAmericans.ButIgetalongwith

everybody.Youknow,wearereallystartingtobond.It'sgreattoseehowwegrow

eachdayasateam.

W:Thanks,Victor.IwishyouaveryhappyandfruitfulstayinIndiana.

三、短文（共3分）

聽下面一段獨(dú)白，回答以下小題。

18.WhoisTomHokinson?

A.Founderofamagazine.B.Publisherofanovel.C.Editorofa

newspaper.

19.WhatdoweknowaboutthecontentofTheIdler?

A?It'sold-fashioned.B.It?swide-ranging.C.It?sstudent-targeted.

20.Whydoesthespeakergivethetalk?

A.Todoapromotion.B.Todiscussanissue.C.Tointroducealecturer.

（答案）18.A19.B20.A

（原文）

W:Goodevening,dearlisteners.Whenwasthelasttimeyouenjoyedleisure

activities?Doyouwanttoliveafullandhappylife?Today,I?mgoingtointroduce

toyouamagazinethatfeaturestheartofliving.TheIdlerwaslaunchedbyTom

Hokinson,backin1993.Withtheintentionofprovidingabitoffun,freedomand

achievementinthebusyworld,itisnowpublishedbimonthly.Ineveryissue,you

willfindaninterestingmixofinterviewsandessaysonthegoodlife,history,

philosophy,artsandfashionphotography.Youwillfindmuchtolaughatandmuch

usefulstuffaswell,fromrecipesformakingbacontoguidestohousekeeping.Ifyou

everfeltthatthereismoretolifethanboringjobs,thenwhynotsubscribetoit?

TheIdlerisacheeringreadthatmakesyoufeelbetteraboutlife.Youcandownload

theapplicationandsubscribetodaytogetyourfirstissuefree.

四、閱讀理解（共15分）

BikeRental&GuidedTours

WelcometoAmsterdam,welcometoMacBike.Youseemuchmorefromtheseatofa

bike!Cyclingisthemosteconomical,sustainableandfunwaytoexplorethecity,

withitsbeautifulcanals,parks,squaresandcountlesslights.Youcanalsobike

alonglovelylandscapesoutsideofAmsterdam.

WhyMacBike

MacBikehasbeenaroundforalmost30yearsandisthebiggestbicyclerental

companyinAmsterdam.Withover2,500bikesstoredinourfiverentalshopsat

strategiclocations,wemakesurethereisalwaysabikeavailableforyou.Weoffer

thenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,includingbasicbikeswithfootbrake（殺U車），

bikeswithhandbrakeandgears（排擋），bikeswithchildseats,andchildren's

bikes.

Prices

HandBrake,ThreeGearsFootBrake,NoGears

1hour€7.50€5.00

3hours€11.00€7.50

1day（24hours）€14.75€9.75

Eachadditionalday€8.00€6.00

GuidedCityTours

The2.5~hourtourcoverstheGooyerWindmill,theSkinnyBridge,the

Rijksmuseum,HeinekenBreweryandmuchmore.ThetourdepartsfromDamSquareevery

houronthehour,startingat1:00pmeveryday.Youcanbuyyourticketina

MacBikeshoporbookonline.

21.WhatisanadvantageofMacBike?

A.Itgiveschildrenadiscount.B.Itoffersmanytypesofbikes.

C.Itorganizesfreecycletours.D.Ithasover2,500rentalshops.

22.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfortwo

days?

A.€15.75.B.€19.50.C.€22.75.D.€29.50.

23.Wheredoestheguidedcitytourstart?

A.TheGooyer,Windmill.B.TheSkinnyBridge.

C.HeinekenBrewery.D.DamSquare.

（答案）21.B22.C23.D

（導(dǎo)語）

本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹了在阿姆斯特丹進(jìn)行自行車租賃和雇傭?qū)в蔚牟僮鞣绞剑瑑r(jià)格

等細(xì)節(jié)。

（21題詳解）

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段"Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,

includingbasicbikeswithfootbrake（殺1J車），bikeswithhandbrakeandgears（排

擋），bikeswithchildseats,andchildren'sbikes.（我們提供種類繁多的最新自行車，

包括有腳剎的基本自行車、有手剎和帶排擋的自行車、帶兒童座椅的自行車和兒童自行車）”可

推知，MacBike的優(yōu)勢是它提供許多類型的自行車。故選B。

（22題詳解）

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)定價(jià)表可知，租一輛帶手剎和三檔的自行車一天需要14.75歐元，額外增加天

數(shù)每天8歐元。所以租一輛帶手剎和三檔的自行車兩天需要14.75+8=22.75歐元。故選C。

（23題詳解）

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“ThetourdepartsfromDamSquareeveryhouronthe

hour,startingat1:00pmeveryday.（旅游團(tuán)每小時(shí)從大壩廣場出發(fā)，每天下午1點(diǎn)開

始）”可知，導(dǎo)游城市之旅從大壩廣場開始。故選D。

（點(diǎn)睛）

WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,

observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecame

clearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.When

hegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthe

messespeopleweremaking.

Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentback

toobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmful

bacteria（細(xì)菌）？Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?Withthe

rightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwaste

thewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.

ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge

（污泥）.First,heconstructedaseriesofclearfiberglasstanksconnectedtoeach

other.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsandstreamsandbroughtbacksomeplants

andanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Littlebylittle,these

differentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.

Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.

Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthe

sludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andall

thatwasleftwaspurewater.

Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse一

likefacilitythattreatedsewage（污水）from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.He

alsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheast

China.

^Ecologicaldesign“isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes."LifeonEarthis

kindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,“hesays."Youputorganismsinnew

relationshipsandobservewhat?shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdevelop

theirownwaystoself-repair.”

24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?

A.Hewasfondoftraveling.B.Heenjoyedbeingalone.

C.Hehadaninquiringmind.D.Helongedtobeadoctor,

25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?

A.Tofeedtheanimals.B.Tobuildanecosystem.

C.Toprotecttheplants.D.Totesttheeco-machine.

26.WhatistheauthorspurposeinmentioningFuzhou?

A.ToreviewJohn'sresearchplans.B.ToshowanapplicationofJohn'sidea.

C.TocompareJohn'sdifferentjobs.D.ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn'sinvention.

27.WhatisthebasisforJohn'swork?

A.Naturecanrepairitself.B.Organismsneedwatertosurvive.

C.LifeonEarthisdiverse.D.Mosttinycreaturesliveingroups.

（答案）24.C25.D26.B27.A

（導(dǎo)語）

這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了JohnTodd從小就很愛思考且好學(xué)，他建造了一個生態(tài)機(jī)器，利用

自然可以自我修復(fù)的原理來凈化污水。

（24題詳解）

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段"WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoods

aroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,

oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatures

lived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedto

cleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.（當(dāng)約翰?托德還是個孩子的時(shí)候，他喜歡探索房

子周圍的樹林，觀察大自然是如何解決問題的。例如，一條骯臟的小溪流經(jīng)植物和微小生物居住

的巖石后，往往會變得清澈。長大后，約翰開始思考這個過程是否可以用來清理人們制造的混

舌L）”以及第二段“Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,

Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrap

harmfulbacteria（細(xì)菌）？Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?（在大

學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)了農(nóng)業(yè)、醫(yī)學(xué)和漁業(yè)之后，約翰又回到了觀察自然和提出問題的生活中。為什么某些植物

能捕獲有害細(xì)菌？哪些魚類會食用致癌化學(xué)物質(zhì)？）”可知，約翰聰穎好學(xué)、好奇心很強(qiáng)。故選

Co

（25題詳解）

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.（幾個星期后，約翰

把污泥加了進(jìn)去）”以及倒數(shù)第三段"Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsand

animalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Within

weeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.（他對結(jié)果感至U

驚訝。生態(tài)機(jī)器里的動植物把污泥當(dāng)成了食物，開始吃了起來！幾周之內(nèi)，它就被消化了，只剩

下純凈水）”可知，約翰把污泥放進(jìn)罐子里是為了測試生態(tài)機(jī)器。故選D。

（26題詳解）

推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段uOvertheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.He

developedagreenhouse一likefacilitythattreatedsewage（污水）from1,600homes

inSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,

acityinsoutheastChina.（這些年來，約翰承擔(dān)了許多重大工作。他開發(fā)了一個類似溫室的

設(shè)施，可以處理來自南伯靈頓1600戶家庭的污水。他還設(shè)計(jì)了一種生態(tài)機(jī)器來清潔中國東南部

城市福州的運(yùn)河水）”可推知，作者提到福州的目的是展示約翰想法的應(yīng)用。故選B。

（27題詳解）

推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat's

happening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.（你

把生物體放在新的關(guān)系中，觀察會發(fā)生什么。然后讓這些新系統(tǒng)自行發(fā)展自我修復(fù)的方式）”可

知，約翰工作的基礎(chǔ)是自然可以自我修復(fù)。故選A。

（點(diǎn)睛）

Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includinga

detailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowto

adoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit'srightforyou.

Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethe

philosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism,startingwithanexaminationofthe

forcesthataremakingsomanypeople'sdigitallivesincreasinglyintolerable,

beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.

Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthis

philosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfrom

optionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwill

thenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelieve

willprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.

Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I'11guideyouthroughcarryingoutyourown

digitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I'11drawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhich

over1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You'11hearthese

participants?storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhat

trapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.

Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelp

youcultivate（培養(yǎng)）asustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle.Inthesechapters,

Iexamineissuessuchastheimportanceofsolitude（獨(dú)處）andthenecessityof

cultivatinghigh-qualityleisuretoreplacethetimemostnowspentonmindless

deviceuse.Eachchapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whichare

designedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.Youcanviewthese

practicesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestyle

thatworksforyourparticularcircumstances.

28.Whatisthebookaimedat?

A.Teachingcriticalthinkingskills.B.Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.

C.Solvingphilosophicalproblems.D.Promotingtheuseofadigitaldevice.

29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter“inparagraph3mean?

A.Clear-up.B.Add-on.C.Check-in.D.Take-over.

30.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?

A.Theoreticalmodels.B.Statisticalmethods.

C.Practicalexamples.D.Historicalanalyses.

31.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinparttwo?

A.Usethemasneeded.B.Recommendthemtofriends.

C.Evaluatetheireffects.D.Identifytheideasbehindthem.

（答案）28.B29.A30.C31.A

（導(dǎo)語）

本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了數(shù)字極簡主義生活方式的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，倡導(dǎo)簡單的數(shù)字生活方式。

（28題詳解）

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段"Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigital

minimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,and

thentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit'srightforyou.

（這本書的目標(biāo)是為數(shù)字極簡主義辯護(hù)，包括詳細(xì)探索它的要求和為什么有效，然后如果你認(rèn)為

它適合你，教你如何采用這種哲學(xué)）”可知，這本書的目的是倡導(dǎo)簡單的數(shù)字生活方式。故選

Bo

（29題詳解）

詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞下文“Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptional

onlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenadd

backasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewill

providemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.（這個過程要求你在30天內(nèi)遠(yuǎn)離可選的

在線活動。在30天結(jié)束的時(shí)候，你再加上一些你認(rèn)為會給你所看重的東西帶來巨大好處的精心

挑選的在線活動）”可推知，畫線詞“declutter”的意思是“清理”，對在線活動進(jìn)行清理和挑

選。故選A。

（30題詳解）

推理判斷題。通過文章第四段“Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I'11guideyou

throughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I'11drawonan

experimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigital

declutter.（在第一部分的最后一章中，我將指導(dǎo)您進(jìn)行自己的數(shù)字清理。在這樣做的過程中，

我將借鑒我在2018年進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)，在該實(shí)驗(yàn)中，1600多人同意進(jìn)行數(shù)字清理）”可推知，

第一部分的最后一章介紹了實(shí)驗(yàn)與數(shù)字清理的實(shí)際例子。故選C。

（31題詳解）

推理判斷題。通過文章最后一段“Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaid

youreffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatwordsforyourparticular

circumstances.（你可以將這些實(shí)踐視為一個工具箱，旨在幫助你建立一種適合自己特定情況的

極簡主義生活方式）”可推知，作者建議讀者根據(jù)需要與實(shí)際情況使用第二部分中提及的實(shí)踐。

故選Ao

（點(diǎn)睛）

OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaper

whichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds“effect.The

experimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofa

largenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.

Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrors

aren,talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometo

underestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleach

otherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendto

makethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmore

technicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople,sestimatesbe

independent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbecomecorrelatedor

dependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.

ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist（轉(zhuǎn)折）on

thisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswere

furtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,the

averagesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberof

independentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesof

fourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverage

obtainedfrom20independentindividuals.

Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtoget

abettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didthey

tendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthose

leastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn't

thedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthattheyushared

argumentsandreasonedtogether”.Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresulted

inaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitations

andmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionand

decision-makingareenormous.

32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?

A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.

C.Thecausesofpeople'serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton'sexperiment.

33.Navajasstudyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif.

A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimates

C.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent

34.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?

A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominantmembers.

C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.

35.Whatistheauthor?sattitudetowardNavajas?studies?

A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.

（答案）32.B33.D34.C35.D

（導(dǎo)語）

本文是說明文。沒有人是一座孤島，文章陳述了“群體智慧”效應(yīng)。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，在某些情況下大

量獨(dú)立估計(jì)的平均值可能是相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確的。

（32題詳解）

主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeople

makeerrors,thoseerrorsaren?talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendto

overestimate,andcometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveraged

together,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.If

peoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcancel

eachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'

sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,peopleserrorsbecome

correlatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.（這種效應(yīng)利用了

這樣一個事實(shí)，即當(dāng)人們犯錯誤時(shí)，這些錯誤并不總是相同的。有些人常常會高估，或者低估。

當(dāng)這些誤差中有足夠多的誤差被平均在一起時(shí)，它們會相互抵消，從而產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)。如果

相似的人傾向于犯同樣的錯誤，那么他們的錯誤不會相互抵消。從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智

慧要求人們的估計(jì)是獨(dú)立的。如果由于任何原因，人們的錯誤變得相關(guān)或依賴，估計(jì)的準(zhǔn)確性就

會下降）”可知，本段闡述了人們所犯的錯誤不總是相同的，各不相同的誤差平均在一起，相互

抵消就會產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)，討論了獨(dú)立估計(jì)的平均如何由于誤差的消除而產(chǎn)生更準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測。

因此本段主要解釋了“群體智慧”效應(yīng)這一現(xiàn)象的基本邏輯。故選B。

（33題詳解）

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequires

thatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent.（從更專業(yè)的角度來說，群眾的智慧要求人們的估

計(jì)是獨(dú)立的）”和第三段的"Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswere

furtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,the

averagesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberof

independentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesof

fourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverage

obtainedfrom20independentindividuals.（這項(xiàng)研究的關(guān)鍵發(fā)現(xiàn)是，當(dāng)人群被進(jìn)一步劃分

為允許進(jìn)行討論的小組時(shí)，這些小組的平均值比同等數(shù)量的獨(dú)立個體的平均值更準(zhǔn)確。例如，從

四個五人討論組的估計(jì)中獲得的平均值明顯比從20個獨(dú)立個體獲得的平均值更準(zhǔn)確）”可知，人

們在沒有獨(dú)立的情況下，分成更小群體，平均值是更準(zhǔn)確的，說明即使在估計(jì)數(shù)字并非完全獨(dú)立

的情況下，準(zhǔn)確率提高也是可以做到的。故選D。

（34題詳解）

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的“Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,the

researcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidin

theirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheir

estimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?（在~~項(xiàng)針對

100名大學(xué)生的后續(xù)研究中，研究人員試圖更好地了解小組成員在討論中的實(shí)際行為。他們是否

傾向于選擇那些對自己的估計(jì)最有信心的人？他們追隨那些最不愿意改變主意的人嗎）”可知，

在后續(xù)研究中，研究人員試圖更好地了解小組成員在討論中實(shí)際做了什么。結(jié)合兩個問題，因此

可知后續(xù)研究的重點(diǎn)是小組內(nèi)的討論過程。故選C。

（35題詳解）

推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容aAlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitations

andmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionand

decision-makingareenormous.（盡管Navajas領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究有局限性，仍存在許多問題，但對

小組討論和決策的潛在影響是巨大的）”可知，作者認(rèn)為雖然Navajas領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究有局限性也存

在許多問題，但對小組討論和決策的潛在影響巨大。因此推斷作者對于Navajas的研究表示一定

的贊許和支持。故選D。

（點(diǎn)睛）

五、七選五（共5分）

PersonalForgiveness

Takingresponsibilityformistakesisapositivestep,butdon'tbeatyourself

upaboutthem.Toerr（3E錯）ishuman.36Youcanusethefollowingwriting

exercisetohelpyoudothis.

Inajournaloronapieceofpaper,puttheheading“Personalstrengths.”

37Areyoucaring?Creative?Generous?Agoodlistener?Funtobearound?

Theydon'thavetobeworld-changing,justaspectsofyourpersonalitythatyou're

proudof.

Atthetopofasecondpage,puttheheading“Actsofkindness."Onthisone,

listallthepositivethingsyou'vedoneforothers.Itmightbethetimewhenyou

helpedafriendwiththeirhomework,whenyoudidtheironingwithoutbeingasked,

orwhenyoubakedcookiesafterthefamilyhadhadatiringday.38

Youcouldaskafriendorfamilymembertohelpaddtoyourlist.39

Thatway,youcouldexchangethoughtsonwhatmakeseachofyouspecialandthe

aspectsofyourpersonalitythatshinethrough.Infact,don'twaituntilyou've

madeamistaketotrythis一it'sagreatwaytoboostself-confidenceatany

time.

It'ssomethingofacliche（陳詞濫調(diào)）thatmostpeoplelearnnotfromtheir

successesbuttheirmistakes.Thethingis,it'strue.40We'reall

changingandlearningallthetimeandmistakesareapositivewaytodevelopand

grow.

A.Alittleself-forgivenessalsogoesalongway.

B.Now