分子生物學(xué)05真核轉(zhuǎn)錄

Chapter5.Transcription&RNAProcessing

inEukaryoticcells?Chapter5.Transcription&R11.

RNApolymerase:3types

RNApolymeraseI:innucleolus;rRNAtranscription;themostcellularRNAsynthesis.Didnotinhibitedbya-amanitin

RNApolymeraseII:innucleoplasm,heterogeneousnuclearRNA(hnRNA)transcription(theprecursorformRNA).inhibitedbylowconcentrationsofa-amanitin.

RNApolymeraseIII:aminorenzymeactivity.innucleoplasm;tRNAsandothersmallRNAs(5SrRNA)transcription.inhibitedornotbya-amanitin.

AlleukaryoticRNApolymerasesarelargeproteins,>500kD,8-14subunits.

?1.RNApolymerase:3typesRN2RNApolymerasesIIThelargestsubunithasacarboxy-terminaldomain(CTD),whichconsistsofmultiplerepeatsofaconsensussequenceof7aminoacids.ThesequenceisuniquetoRNApolymeraseII.

TheRNApolymeraseactivitiesofmitochondriaandchloroplastsaresmaller,andresemblebacterialRNApolymerase.?RNApolymerasesIIThelargest32.Promoter

?2.Promoter?4

RNApolymeraseIpromoterhastwosequencecomponentsCorepromoter:~70bp.UBF1:asinglepolypeptide,itbindstobothregions(GC-rich),afterwhichSL1canbind.RNApolIthenbindstothecorepromoter.UBF1:

SL1:4subunits,onesubunit--TBPinteractswithRNApolymerase.SL1resemblessigmafactor.?RNApolymeraseIpromote5Deletionanalysisshowsthatthepromoterfor5SRNAgenesisinternal;initiationoccursafixeddistance(~55bp)upstreamofthepromoter.

RNApolymeraseIIIhasainternalpromoter

?Deletionanalysisshowsthatt6

RNApolymeraseIIIhasainternalpromoter

PromotersforRNApolymeraseIIIconsistofbipartitesequences:boxAseparatedfromeitherboxCorboxB.Ortheymayconsistofseparatedsequencesupstreamofthestartpoint(Oct,PSE,TATA).?RNApolymeraseIIIhasainte7PromoterstructureofRNApolymeraseIIIThebindingoftheassemblyfactorsTFIIIAandTFIIIC,theinitiationfactorTFIIIB,andRNApolymeraseIII.?PromoterstructureofRNApoly8PromoterstructureofRNApolymeraseIIITFIIIA:azincfinger.TFIIIB:threesubunits.TFIIIC:atleast5subunits,>500kD.TFIIIAandTFIIICareassemblyfactors,whoseroleistoassistthebindingofTFIIIBattherightlocation.TFIIIBfunctionsasapositioningfactor,responsibleforlocalizingRNApolymerasecorrectly.LikeSL1atthepolIpromoter,itresemblesasigmafactor.?PromoterstructureofRNApoly9

PromoterstructureofRNApolymeraseII

Oneupstreampromoter,withrelativelyfixedlocation.TATAbox:~25bpupstream,8bpconsensussequenceconsistsentirelyofAT.TheTATAboxtendstobesurroundedbyGC-richsequences.Itisalmostidenticalwiththe-10sequencefoundinbacterialpromoters.

TheminorityofpromotersthatdonotcontainaTATAelementarecalled

TATA-lesspromoters.

TBP:TATA-bindingprotein,~30kD.TAFs:forTBP-associatedfactors.

?PromoterstructureofRNApol10Theassemblesatthepromoter

?Theassemblesatthepromoter11PromotersforRNApolymeraseIIhaveshortsequenceelements

CAATbox:-75,CAAT.acommonelements,functionsineitherorientation.Toincreasespromoterstrength.

GCbox:-90,GGGCGG.Oftenmultiplecopies.ineitherorientation.arelativelycommonpromotercomponent.

?PromotersforRNApolymeraseI12??13PromotersforRNApolymeraseIIhaveshortsequenceelements

?PromotersforRNApolymeraseI14PromotersforRNApolymeraseIIhaveshortsequenceelements

?PromotersforRNApolymeraseI153.Enhancerbidirectionalelementsthatassistinitiationfunctionineitherorientationandinanylocation(upstreamordownstream)relativetothepromoter

AnenhancerinthevirusSV40

Itcontainstwoidenticalsequencesof72bpeach,repeatedintandem~200bpupstreamofthestartpointofatranscriptionunit.Each72bprepeatcontainsacopyoftheenhancer

?3.Enhancerbidirectionaleleme164.RNAprocessing?4.RNAprocessing?17

mRNAprocessing5’Capping3’CleavageandpolyadenylationSplicingPre-mRNAmethylationmRNAediting?mRNAprocessing5’Capping18Splicing

?Splicing?19Splicing

TheendsofnuclearintronsaredefinedbytheGT-AGrule.(GT-AGrule).?SplicingTheendsofnu20??21Splicingoccursintwostages,inwhichthe5’exonisseparatedandthenisjoinedtothe3’exon.

?Splicingoccursintwo22??235’Cappingcap0:inalleukaryotes;guanine-7-methyltransferase.

cap1:thepredominanttypeofcapinalleukaryotesexceptunicellularorganisms;2’-O-methyl-transferase.cap2:<10-15%ofthetotalcappedpopulation.

?5’Cappingcap0:inall24Poly(A)tialadds~200Aresiduestothefree3′-OHendofthemRNA;catalyzedbytheenzymepoly(A)polymerasethepoly(A)-bindingproteins(PABP)bindsonpoly(A)tail,OnePABPmonomerof~70kDisboundevery10-20basesofthepoly(A)tail.Removalofthepoly(A)tailprecedesthedegradationofcertainmRNAs;Theabilityofthepoly(A)toprotectmRNAagainstdegradationrequiresbindingofthePABP.Removalofpoly(A)inhibitstheinitiationoftranslation.However,therearemanyexamplesinearlyembryonicdevelopmentwherepolyadenylationofaparticularmRNAiscorrelatedwithitstranslation.?Poly(A)tial?25snRNA

(smallnuclearRNA)isanyoneofmanysmallRNAspeciesconfinedtothenucleus;severalofthesnRNAsareinvolvedinsplicingorotherRNAprocessingreactions.(100-300basesand105-106moleculespercell.Innaturalstate,theyexistasribonucleoproteinparticles(snRNP).ThespliceosomecontainssnRNA

Spliceosome:proteinsandRNAsexistedasribonucleoproteinparticles.ThesnRNPsinvolvedinsplicingareU1,U2,U5,U4,andU6.EachsnRNPcontainsasinglesnRNAandseveral(<20)proteins.TheU4andU6snRNPsareusuallyfoundasasingle(U4/U6)particle.ThesnRNPstogethercontain~40individualproteins.

?snRNA(smallnuclearRNA)isa26??27Alternativesplicinginvolvesdifferentialuseofsplicejunctions

?Alternativesplicinginvolves28Alternativesplicinginvolvesdifferentialuseofsplicejunctions

?Alternativesplicinginvolves29cis-splicingandtrans-splicingreactionsSplicingusuallyoccursonlyincisbetweenexonscarriedonthesamephysicalRNAmolecule,buttranssplicingcanoccurwhenspecialconstructsaremadethatsupportbasepairingbetweenintrons.?cis-splicingandtrans-splicin30rRNAsplicing?rRNAsplicing?31??32tRNAprocessingYeasttRNAsplicinginvolvescuttingandrejoining?tRNAprocessingYeasttRNAspli33rRNAprocessing?rRNAprocessing?34生命沒有回頭路，