鼠傷寒沙門氏菌致病機理的研究進展

鼠傷寒沙門氏菌致病機理的研究進展一、本文概述Overviewofthisarticle鼠傷寒沙門氏菌（SalmonellaTyphimurium）是一種常見的人獸共患病原菌，以其廣泛的宿主范圍和多樣化的致病機制而備受關(guān)注。本文旨在綜述近年來鼠傷寒沙門氏菌致病機理的研究進展，包括其侵染機制、毒力因子的作用以及宿主免疫應(yīng)答等方面。通過對這些內(nèi)容的深入探討，以期增進對鼠傷寒沙門氏菌致病機理的理解，為預(yù)防和治療由該菌引起的疾病提供新的思路和方法。Salmonellatyphimuriumisacommonzoonoticpathogenthathasattractedmuchattentionduetoitswidehostrangeanddiversepathogenicmechanisms.ThisarticleaimstoreviewtheresearchprogressonthepathogenicmechanismofSalmonellatyphimuriuminrecentyears,includingitsinfectionmechanism,theroleofvirulencefactors,andhostimmuneresponse.Throughin-depthexplorationofthesecontents,weaimtoenhanceourunderstandingofthepathogenicmechanismofSalmonellatyphimuriumandprovidenewideasandmethodsforthepreventionandtreatmentofdiseasescausedbythisbacterium.文章首先簡要介紹了鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的基本生物學(xué)特性，包括其分類地位、形態(tài)特征、生理特性等。隨后，重點綜述了鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的侵染過程，包括其與宿主細(xì)胞的相互作用、侵染途徑、細(xì)胞內(nèi)生存和復(fù)制等。文章還對鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的毒力因子進行了詳細(xì)闡述，包括其編碼的毒素、效應(yīng)蛋白等，以及這些毒力因子在致病過程中的作用機制。ThearticlefirstbrieflyintroducesthebasicbiologicalcharacteristicsofSalmonellatyphimurium,includingitsclassificationstatus,morphologicalcharacteristics,physiologicalcharacteristics,etc.Subsequently,theinfectionprocessofSalmonellatyphimuriumwasmainlyreviewed,includingitsinteractionwithhostcells,infectionpathways,intracellularsurvivalandreplication.ThearticlealsoprovidesadetailedexplanationofthevirulencefactorsofSalmonellatyphimurium,includingthetoxinsandeffectorproteinsitencodes,aswellasthemechanismsofactionofthesevirulencefactorsinthepathogenicprocess.在探討宿主免疫應(yīng)答方面，文章分析了鼠傷寒沙門氏菌感染過程中宿主免疫系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)答機制，包括先天性免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫等方面。文章還關(guān)注了鼠傷寒沙門氏菌與宿主免疫系統(tǒng)的相互作用，以及這種相互作用如何影響疾病的進程和轉(zhuǎn)歸。Intermsofexploringthehostimmuneresponse,thearticleanalyzestheresponsemechanismofthehostimmunesystemduringSalmonellatyphimuriuminfection,includinginnateimmunityandadaptiveimmunity.ThearticlealsofocusesontheinteractionbetweenSalmonellatyphimuriumandthehostimmunesystem,aswellashowthisinteractionaffectstheprogressionandoutcomeofthedisease.文章對鼠傷寒沙門氏菌致病機理的研究前景進行了展望，提出了未來研究的方向和重點。通過本文的綜述，讀者可以全面了解鼠傷寒沙門氏菌致病機理的最新研究進展，為相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究提供參考和借鑒。ThearticleprovidesaprospectfortheresearchonthepathogenicmechanismofSalmonellatyphimurium,andproposesthedirectionandfocusoffutureresearch.Throughthereviewinthisarticle,readerscancomprehensivelyunderstandthelatestresearchprogressonthepathogenicmechanismofSalmonellatyphimurium,providingreferenceandinspirationforresearchinrelatedfields.二、鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的侵染機制TheinfectionmechanismofSalmonellatyphimuriuminmice鼠傷寒沙門氏菌（SalmonellaTyphimurium）是一種食源性致病菌，具有廣泛的宿主范圍和高度適應(yīng)性，能夠感染包括人類在內(nèi)的多種哺乳動物。其侵染機制復(fù)雜而精妙，涉及到對宿主細(xì)胞多個生物過程的干擾和調(diào)控。Salmonellatyphimuriumisafoodbornepathogenwithawidehostrangeandhighadaptability,capableofinfectingvariousmammals,includinghumans.Itsinfectionmechanismiscomplexandintricate,involvinginterferenceandregulationofmultiplebiologicalprocessesinhostcells.鼠傷寒沙門氏菌通過攝入污染的食物或水進入宿主體內(nèi)，首先在胃腸道中定殖并抵抗胃酸和消化酶的作用。一旦進入小腸上皮細(xì)胞，該菌就開始其復(fù)雜的侵染過程。這一過程包括粘附、入侵、細(xì)胞內(nèi)復(fù)制、以及通過細(xì)胞間擴散和系統(tǒng)傳播。Salmonellatyphimuriumentersthehost'sbodybyingestingcontaminatedfoodorwater,firstcolonizinginthegastrointestinaltractandresistingtheeffectsofgastricacidanddigestiveenzymes.Onceitenterstheepithelialcellsofthesmallintestine,thebacteriumbeginsitscomplexinfectionprocess.Thisprocessincludesadhesion,invasion,intracellularreplication,aswellasintercellulardiffusionandsystemictransmission.鼠傷寒沙門氏菌表面有多種粘附素，如鞭毛、菌毛等，能夠與宿主細(xì)胞受體結(jié)合，幫助細(xì)菌緊密粘附在腸上皮細(xì)胞表面。隨后，細(xì)菌通過觸發(fā)宿主細(xì)胞的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路，誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞骨架重排和細(xì)胞膜內(nèi)陷，形成吞噬泡。鼠傷寒沙門氏菌能夠抵抗吞噬泡內(nèi)的酸性環(huán)境和抗菌物質(zhì)的攻擊，并在其中復(fù)制增殖。Salmonellatyphimuriumhasvariousadhesinsonitssurface,suchasflagellaandpili,whichcanbindtohostcellreceptorsandhelpthebacteriatightlyadheretothesurfaceofintestinalepithelialcells.Subsequently,thebacteriainducecytoskeletonrearrangementandmembraneinvaginationbytriggeringthehostcell'ssignalingpathway,formingphagocyticvesicles.Salmonellatyphimuriumcanresisttheattackofacidicenvironmentandantibacterialsubstancesinsidephagocyticvesicles,andreplicateandproliferatewithinthem.隨著細(xì)菌數(shù)量的增加，部分細(xì)菌通過細(xì)胞骨架介導(dǎo)的動力學(xué)過程逃逸出吞噬泡，進入細(xì)胞質(zhì)中，這一過程稱為逃逸機制。在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中，鼠傷寒沙門氏菌能夠抑制宿主細(xì)胞的凋亡和自噬過程，從而避免被清除。同時，細(xì)菌還能利用宿主細(xì)胞的營養(yǎng)和能量進行復(fù)制，并通過細(xì)胞間的直接接觸或形成細(xì)菌間橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)，將細(xì)菌傳播到相鄰的細(xì)胞中。Asthenumberofbacteriaincreases,somebacteriaescapefromphagocyticvesiclesandenterthecytoplasmthroughdynamicprocessesmediatedbythecytoskeleton,aprocessknownasescapemechanism.Inthecytoplasm,Salmonellatyphimuriumcaninhibithostcellapoptosisandautophagyprocesses,therebyavoidingclearance.Atthesametime,bacteriacanalsoutilizethenutrientsandenergyofhostcellsforreplication,andspreadbacteriatoadjacentcellsthroughdirectcontactbetweencellsortheformationofbacterialbridgestructures.鼠傷寒沙門氏菌還能通過調(diào)控宿主細(xì)胞的基因表達和信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路，干擾宿主細(xì)胞的正常生理功能。例如，該菌能夠激活NF-κB和MAPK等信號通路，誘導(dǎo)宿主細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生炎癥反應(yīng)和氧化應(yīng)激，從而破壞腸道屏障功能，促進細(xì)菌的系統(tǒng)性傳播。Salmonellatyphimuriumcanalsointerferewiththenormalphysiologicalfunctionsofhostcellsbyregulatinggeneexpressionandsignaltransductionpathways.Forexample,thisbacteriumcanactivateNF-κBandMAPKsignalingpathwaysinducehostcellstoproduceinflammatoryresponsesandoxidativestress,therebydisruptingintestinalbarrierfunctionandpromotingsystemicbacterialtransmission.鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的侵染機制是一個復(fù)雜而精細(xì)的過程，涉及到多個宿主細(xì)胞生物過程的調(diào)控和干擾。對這一過程的深入研究有助于我們更好地理解鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的致病機理，為預(yù)防和治療沙門氏菌感染提供新的思路和方法。TheinfectionmechanismofSalmonellatyphimuriumisacomplexandintricateprocessthatinvolvestheregulationandinterferenceofmultiplehostcellbiologicalprocesses.Anin-depthstudyofthisprocesswillhelpusbetterunderstandthepathogenicmechanismofSalmonellatyphimurium,andprovidenewideasandmethodsforthepreventionandtreatmentofSalmonellainfection.三、鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的毒力因子ThevirulencefactorsofSalmonellatyphimuriuminmice鼠傷寒沙門氏菌作為一種重要的食源性病原菌，其致病機理的深入研究對于預(yù)防和治療由該菌引起的疾病具有重要意義。毒力因子作為決定病原菌致病能力的關(guān)鍵因素，一直是研究的熱點。本文將對鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的毒力因子進行綜述，以期為相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究提供參考。Asanimportantfoodbornepathogen,thein-depthstudyofthepathogenicmechanismofSalmonellatyphimuriumisofgreatsignificanceforthepreventionandtreatmentofdiseasescausedbythisbacterium.Asakeyfactordeterminingthepathogenicabilityofpathogens,virulencefactorshavealwaysbeenahotresearchtopic.ThisarticlewillreviewthevirulencefactorsofSalmonellatyphimuriuminordertoprovidereferenceforresearchinrelatedfields.鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的毒力因子主要包括侵襲力相關(guān)蛋白、毒素和胞外產(chǎn)物等。侵襲力相關(guān)蛋白是該菌入侵宿主細(xì)胞的關(guān)鍵分子，如沙門氏菌屬侵襲蛋白（Sip）等。這些蛋白能夠與宿主細(xì)胞受體結(jié)合，促進細(xì)菌進入細(xì)胞內(nèi)部，進而在細(xì)胞內(nèi)復(fù)制并導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞損傷。毒素是鼠傷寒沙門氏菌致病過程中的重要毒力因子，如腸毒素和細(xì)胞毒素等。腸毒素能夠引起宿主腸道粘膜分泌增多，導(dǎo)致腹瀉等癥狀；而細(xì)胞毒素則可直接損傷宿主細(xì)胞，引起細(xì)胞凋亡和壞死。鼠傷寒沙門氏菌還能產(chǎn)生多種胞外產(chǎn)物，如蛋白酶、磷脂酶等，這些產(chǎn)物能夠破壞宿主細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能，進一步促進細(xì)菌的入侵和繁殖。ThevirulencefactorsofSalmonellatyphimuriummainlyincludeinvasivenessrelatedproteins,toxins,andextracellularproducts.Invasionrelatedproteinsarekeymoleculesfortheinvasionofhostcellsbythisbacterium,suchastheSalmonellainvasionprotein(Sip).Theseproteinscanbindtohostcellreceptors,promotebacterialentryintothecell,therebyreplicatingwithinthecellandcausingcelldamage.ToxinsareimportantvirulencefactorsinthepathogenicprocessofSalmonellatyphimurium,suchasenterotoxinsandcytotoxins.Enterotoxinscancauseincreasedsecretionofthehost'sintestinalmucosa,leadingtosymptomssuchasdiarrhea;Cytotoxinscandirectlydamagehostcells,causingcellapoptosisandnecrosis.Salmonellatyphimuriumcanalsoproducevariousextracellularproducts,suchasproteases,phospholipases,etc.Theseproductscandamagethestructureandfunctionofhostcells,furtherpromotingbacterialinvasionandreproduction.近年來，隨著基因組學(xué)和蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)等技術(shù)的發(fā)展，越來越多的鼠傷寒沙門氏菌毒力因子被發(fā)現(xiàn)和研究。這些研究不僅有助于深入了解鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的致病機理，還為新型藥物和疫苗的研發(fā)提供了重要依據(jù)。例如，通過基因敲除技術(shù)，研究人員可以構(gòu)建缺失特定毒力因子的鼠傷寒沙門氏菌突變株，進而研究這些毒力因子在細(xì)菌感染過程中的作用。通過比較基因組學(xué)分析，可以鑒定出不同鼠傷寒沙門氏菌菌株之間的毒力因子差異，為新型疫苗的設(shè)計提供新思路。Inrecentyears,withthedevelopmentofgenomicsandproteomicstechnologies,moreandmorevirulencefactorsofSalmonellatyphimuriumhavebeendiscoveredandstudied.ThesestudiesnotonlycontributetoadeeperunderstandingofthepathogenicmechanismofSalmonellatyphimurium,butalsoprovideimportantbasisforthedevelopmentofnewdrugsandvaccines.Forexample,throughgeneknockouttechnology,researcherscanconstructmutantstrainsofSalmonellatyphimuriumthatlackspecificvirulencefactors,andthenstudytheroleofthesevirulencefactorsinbacterialinfection.Bycomparativegenomicanalysis,differencesinvirulencefactorsamongdifferentstrainsofSalmonellatyphimuriumcanbeidentified,providingnewideasforthedesignofnewvaccines.鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的毒力因子研究取得了顯著進展。未來，隨著新技術(shù)的不斷涌現(xiàn)和研究的深入，相信我們將對鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的致病機理有更加全面和深入的了解，從而為預(yù)防和治療由該菌引起的疾病提供更為有效的方法和策略。SignificantprogresshasbeenmadeinthestudyofvirulencefactorsofSalmonellatyphimurium.Inthefuture,withthecontinuousemergenceofnewtechnologiesandin-depthresearch,webelievethatwewillhaveamorecomprehensiveandin-depthunderstandingofthepathogenicmechanismofSalmonellatyphimurium,therebyprovidingmoreeffectivemethodsandstrategiesforthepreventionandtreatmentofdiseasescausedbythisbacterium.四、宿主免疫響應(yīng)Hostimmuneresponse宿主對鼠傷寒沙門氏菌感染的免疫響應(yīng)是一個復(fù)雜而精細(xì)的過程，涉及先天性免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫的多個環(huán)節(jié)。當(dāng)鼠傷寒沙門氏菌侵入機體后，首先觸發(fā)的是先天性免疫反應(yīng)，包括吞噬細(xì)胞的吞噬作用、炎癥介質(zhì)的釋放以及抗菌肽的產(chǎn)生等。這些先天性免疫反應(yīng)旨在迅速控制感染，防止病原菌的進一步擴散。Thehost'simmuneresponsetoSalmonellatyphimuriuminfectionisacomplexandintricateprocessthatinvolvesmultiplestagesofinnateandadaptiveimmunity.WhenSalmonellatyphimuriuminvadesthebody,thefirsttriggerisacongenitalimmuneresponse,includingphagocytosisbyphagocytes,releaseofinflammatorymediators,andproductionofantimicrobialpeptides.Theseinnateimmuneresponsesaimtoquicklycontrolinfectionandpreventfurtherspreadofpathogens.隨后，適應(yīng)性免疫反應(yīng)開始發(fā)揮作用。T細(xì)胞和B細(xì)胞被激活并增殖，產(chǎn)生特異性抗體和細(xì)胞因子。其中，Th1型細(xì)胞因子如IFN-γ和IL-12在抗鼠傷寒沙門氏菌感染中起重要作用，它們能夠促進巨噬細(xì)胞的活化，增強吞噬和殺菌能力。而Th2型細(xì)胞因子如IL-4和IL-10則可能促進病原菌的存活和復(fù)制，因此在感染過程中需要適當(dāng)控制其產(chǎn)生。Subsequently,theadaptiveimmuneresponsebegantotakeeffect.TcellsandBcellsareactivatedandproliferate,producingspecificantibodiesandcytokines.Amongthem,Th1typecytokinessuchasIFN-γIL-12playsanimportantroleincombatingSalmonellatyphimuriuminfectioninmice,promotingmacrophageactivation,enhancingphagocyticandbactericidalabilities.Th2cytokinessuchasIL-4andIL-10maypromotethesurvivalandreplicationofpathogens,sotheirproductionneedstobeappropriatelycontrolledduringtheinfectionprocess.細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞（CTL）也在抗鼠傷寒沙門氏菌感染中發(fā)揮重要作用。CTL能夠直接殺傷感染細(xì)胞，清除體內(nèi)的病原菌。然而，鼠傷寒沙門氏菌能夠通過多種機制逃避宿主免疫系統(tǒng)的攻擊，如改變自身表面抗原、抑制吞噬細(xì)胞的活化等。CytotoxicTcells(CTLs)alsoplayanimportantroleincombatingSalmonellatyphimuriuminfectioninmice.CTLcandirectlykillinfectedcellsandeliminatepathogenicbacteriainthebody.However,Salmonellatyphimuriumcanevadeattacksfromthehostimmunesystemthroughvariousmechanisms,suchasalteringitsownsurfaceantigensandinhibitingtheactivationofphagocytes.近年來，關(guān)于宿主免疫響應(yīng)的研究取得了重要進展。一方面，通過對宿主基因表達的調(diào)控，可以影響免疫反應(yīng)的類型和強度，從而為治療鼠傷寒沙門氏菌感染提供新的思路。另一方面，利用新型免疫療法如疫苗和免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑，可以增強宿主的免疫能力，提高抗感染效果。Inrecentyears,significantprogresshasbeenmadeinresearchonhostimmuneresponse.Ontheonehand,byregulatingtheexpressionofhostgenes,thetypeandintensityofimmuneresponsecanbeinfluenced,providingnewideasforthetreatmentofSalmonellatyphimuriuminfectioninmice.Ontheotherhand,theuseofnewimmunotherapiessuchasvaccinesandimmunomodulatorscanenhancethehost'simmunecapacityandimprovetheantiinfectioneffect.宿主免疫響應(yīng)在抗鼠傷寒沙門氏菌感染中起著至關(guān)重要的作用。通過深入研究宿主免疫機制，可以更好地理解鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的致病機理，為預(yù)防和治療該疾病提供新的方法和策略。ThehostimmuneresponseplaysacrucialroleincombatingSalmonellatyphimuriuminfectioninmice.Byconductingin-depthresearchonthehostimmunemechanism,wecanbetterunderstandthepathogenicmechanismofSalmonellatyphimurium,providingnewmethodsandstrategiesforthepreventionandtreatmentofthisdisease.五、治療策略與未來展望Treatmentstrategiesandfutureprospects鼠傷寒沙門氏菌是一種廣泛存在的食源性致病菌，其致病機理的深入研究對于預(yù)防和治療由其引起的疾病具有重要意義。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的進步，對于鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的治療策略也在不斷發(fā)展和完善。Salmonellatyphimuriumisawidelyexistingfoodbornepathogen,andin-depthresearchonitspathogenicmechanismisofgreatsignificanceforthepreventionandtreatmentofdiseasescausedbyit.Withtheadvancementofscienceandtechnology,treatmentstrategiesforSalmonellatyphimuriumarealsoconstantlydevelopingandimproving.目前，對于鼠傷寒沙門氏菌感染的治療主要依賴于抗生素的使用。然而，由于抗生素的濫用和病原體的抗藥性增強，傳統(tǒng)的抗生素治療方法正面臨著嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)。因此，開發(fā)新型的治療策略成為當(dāng)務(wù)之急。Atpresent,thetreatmentofSalmonellatyphimuriuminfectionmainlyreliesontheuseofantibiotics.However,duetotheabuseofantibioticsandtheincreasedresistanceofpathogens,traditionalantibiotictreatmentmethodsarefacingseverechallenges.Therefore,developingnewtreatmentstrategieshasbecomeanurgenttask.一方面，研究者們正在積極尋找能夠抑制鼠傷寒沙門氏菌生長和繁殖的新型藥物。這些藥物可能來自于天然產(chǎn)物、合成化合物或者經(jīng)過改造的抗生素。另一方面，免疫治療和基因治療等新型治療策略也在研究中。這些策略旨在通過增強宿主的免疫力或者干擾病原體的致病基因，從而達到治療的目的。Ontheonehand,researchersareactivelyseekingnewdrugsthatcaninhibitthegrowthandreproductionofSalmonellatyphimuriuminmice.Thesedrugsmaycomefromnaturalproducts,syntheticcompounds,ormodifiedantibiotics.Ontheotherhand,newtherapeuticstrategiessuchasimmunotherapyandgenetherapyarealsobeingstudied.Thesestrategiesaimtoachievetherapeuticgoalsbyenhancingthehost'simmunesystemorinterferingwiththepathogenicgenesofpathogens.除了治療策略的研究，對于鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的預(yù)防也是至關(guān)重要的。預(yù)防策略主要包括加強食品安全監(jiān)管、提高公眾衛(wèi)生意識、改善環(huán)境衛(wèi)生等。通過實施這些策略，可以有效地減少鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的傳播和感染。Inadditiontoresearchontreatmentstrategies,thepreventionofSalmonellatyphimuriumisalsocrucial.Preventivestrategiesmainlyincludestrengtheningfoodsafetysupervision,raisingpublichealthawareness,andimprovingenvironmentalhygiene.Byimplementingthesestrategies,thetransmissionandinfectionofSalmonellatyphimuriumcanbeeffectivelyreduced.展望未來，隨著對鼠傷寒沙門氏菌致病機理的深入研究，我們有望發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的治療靶點和新型治療策略。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的進步，我們也能夠更有效地預(yù)防和控制由鼠傷寒沙門氏菌引起的疾病。因此，對于鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的研究不僅具有重要的科學(xué)價值，也對于人類健康和公共衛(wèi)生具有重要的現(xiàn)實意義。Lookingaheadtothefuture,within-depthresearchonthepathogenicmechanismofSalmonellatyphimurium,weareexpectedtodiscovermoretherapeutictargetsandnewtherapeuticstrategies.Withtheadvancementofscienceandtechnology,wecanalsomoreeffectivelypreventandcontroldiseasescausedbySalmonellatyphimurium.Therefore,thestudyofSalmonellatyphimuriumnotonlyhasimportantscientificvalue,butalsohasimportantpracticalsignificanceforhumanhealthandpublichealth.六、結(jié)論Conclusion鼠傷寒沙門氏菌是一種重要的食源性致病菌，其引發(fā)的食品安全問題日益受到人們的關(guān)注。近年來，對鼠傷寒沙門氏菌致病機理的研究取得了顯著的進展，為我們深入理解其感染過程和防控策略的制定提供了重要的理論依據(jù)。Salmonellatyphimuriumisanimportantfoodbornepathogenicbacterium,andthefoodsafetyissuesitcausesareincreasinglyattractingpeople'sattention.Inrecentyears,significantprogresshasbeenmadeinthestudyofthepathogenicmechanismofSalmonellatyphimurium,providingimportanttheoreticalbasisforourin-depthunderstandingofitsinfectionprocessandtheformulationofpreventionandcontrolstrategies.鼠傷寒沙門氏菌通過侵入宿主細(xì)胞，并在細(xì)胞內(nèi)進行復(fù)制和生存，實現(xiàn)其感染過程。在這一過程中，該菌利用多種毒力因子，如鞭毛、菌毛、侵襲蛋白等，與宿主細(xì)胞受體結(jié)合，進而侵入并破壞細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)。鼠傷寒沙門氏菌還能通過調(diào)控宿主的免疫反應(yīng)，逃避宿主的免疫清除，實現(xiàn)持續(xù)感染。Salmonellatyphimuriuminvadeshostcellsandreplicatesandsurviveswithinthecells,achievingitsinfectionprocess.Inthisprocess,thebacteriumutilizesvariousvirulencefactors,suchasflagella,pili,invasionproteins,etc.,tobindtohostcellreceptors,therebyinvadinganddamagingcellstructures.Salmonellatyphimuriumcanalsoevadehostimmuneclearanceandachie