大學(xué)英語語法匯總

大學(xué)英語語法匯總

一、名詞

（一）以S結(jié)尾的名詞做主語的主謂一致

1、以S結(jié)尾的疾病和游戲

arthritis,bronchitis,rickets,measles,mumps,diabetes,darts,marbles做主語時(shí)謂語

動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用單數(shù)形式。例：Arthritiscausespaininthejoints.

特殊情況：有一些疾病/游戲名詞作謂語動(dòng)詞可單可復(fù)：measles,rickets

Cards做主語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；darts,marbles指游戲使用的具體的鏢和彈子意義時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞

marbles可單可復(fù)，darts用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

例：Measlesalwayscccur/occursamongkids.

Ninedartsarethrownateachturn.

2、以s結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱

physics,mathematics,optics,acoustics,politics,athletics,tactics,linguistics,et

c做主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)。

例：Mathematicsisalwaysaheadacheforgirls.

Politicsalwaysattractsboys.

特殊情況：如果這些詞并不是只帶“學(xué)科〃等意義，謂語動(dòng)詞便可做復(fù)數(shù)使用。例如，

mathematics運(yùn)算能力，athletic體育運(yùn)動(dòng)，acoustics音響效果，tactics策略，economics

經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)意義。

例：TheacousticsinBonJovi'sTulsaconcertwerebeyondcriticismlastspring.

3、以s結(jié)尾的地理名稱

TheStates,theunitedstates,theNetherlands,thePhilippines,theUnitedArab

Emirates,theUnitedNation做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)。

例：TheNetherlandsisaEuroupeancountry.TheSatesisadevelopedcountry

特殊情況：如果主語是群島archipelago,山脈mountains,海峽straits,瀑布waterfalls,

運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)games等，謂語動(dòng)詞那么使用復(fù)數(shù)。

例：TheNanshaIslands（TheSpratlyIslands）areintegralpartofChina.

TheWuyimountainsarepicturesque.

TheOlympicGamesareheldeveryfouryears.

4、其他以S結(jié)尾的名詞

（1）成雙成對(duì)出現(xiàn)的名詞做主語時(shí)：例如jeans,compasses（圓規(guī)）

scissors,pincers,glasses,pants,shorts,trousers,slacks,suspenders等謂語動(dòng)詞使用

復(fù)數(shù).

例：Theslacksaresocompleteful.TheHengdaliglassesaresopricey.但是力口上單

位詞那么使用單數(shù)。

例：Onepairofglassesisfarfromenoughwhenyoutravelabroad.

（2）英語中還有一些以s結(jié)尾的名詞，如

archives,arms,clothes,contents,eaves,fireworks,firecrackers,goods,morals,thank

s等，謂語動(dòng)詞使用復(fù)數(shù)。

例：Thefirecrackersaresoloud.Manythanksgotomywifeandherfloks.

（3）Ings結(jié)尾的名詞謂語動(dòng)詞一般使用復(fù)數(shù)。如，

clippings,diggings,earnings,fillings,sweepings,etc

例：Hisearningsareprettygood.

特殊情況：tidings（舊）做主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞可單可復(fù)。

例Goodtidingsarecheerful.

（4）英語中有一些詞，單復(fù)數(shù)同形，例如

barracks,headquarters,means,series,species,works,sheep,deer謂語動(dòng)詞本艮據(jù)實(shí)際情

況而定。

例：Thismeansoftransportationdoesnotworkforme.

Thismeanshavebeentried.

TheseendangeredspeciesarewellprotectedinmainlandChina.

（5）少數(shù)的名詞做單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)意義不一樣。

例：Whatistheodds?（有什么要緊）

Theoddsareinourfavors.（形式對(duì)我們有利）

特殊情況：Remains做“遺體〃時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞使用復(fù)數(shù)，如果當(dāng)“遺跡〃”剩余物〃時(shí)，

謂語動(dòng)詞可單可復(fù)。

例：Theprimeminister'sremainswereburiedinthevicinityofthechurch.

Thereremainsoftheancientcapitalhasbeenreducedtodebrisafterthe

massivequake.

Theremainsofthemealwas/werefedtothedog.

（二）集體名詞做主語的主謂一致

1、通常做復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞

police,people,cattle,militia,poultry,personal,clergy,vermin等做主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞

使用復(fù)數(shù)。

例：Theclergyremaindividedontheissueofwomenpriests.

Thepersonal（總稱：?jiǎn)T工）arereluctanttoaltertherules.

2、通常做單數(shù)的集體名詞：foliage〔葉子總

稱）,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,clothing（clothes）,poetry（poem,p

oet）,baggage,luggage,scenery,jewellery（jewel）.

例：AllthemachineryismadeinChina.

Thewoodenfurnitureisunaffordable.

3、可單可復(fù)的集體名詞：

congregation,family,government,public,crew,class,committee,audience,couple,nat

ion,population等謂語動(dòng)詞根據(jù)實(shí)際情況對(duì)待。

區(qū)U：Thefamilyisalargeone.Thefamilyareeatingsalmonattable.

4、Acommittee/panel/boardof+pl.,謂語動(dòng)詞通常使用單數(shù)。例：Apanel

ofexpertsistogiveitsopiniononwaystotacklecongestion.

（三）problemsofconcordwithacoordinatesubjiect

1、and連接的是一個(gè)人/一件事

例：Theteacherandinterpreterhasbeenlaidupforacoupleofdays.

Earlytobedearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.

2、and連接成對(duì)出現(xiàn)的名詞：knifeandfork,cartandhorse,needleandthread,lawand

order,breadandbutter,hamandeggs,cerealandmilk,fishandchips,pancakesand

syrup,etc.

例：Breadandbutterisatastybreakfastinwesternculture.

Fishandchipsisapopularytake-awayfoodthatoriginatedintheUnited

Kingdom.

3、and連接every/each/no/manya+單數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)。

例：Everymaleandeveryfemalehastoevacuatefromthepowerplant.

Manyamanandwomaninthiscommunityfindshimselforherselfinneed.

Noboyandnogirlisplayingtennis.

4、and連接專有名詞：theStarsandStripes,theBatandball.

例：ThebatandBallisadelightfulInnwithlotsofexposedbeams,flagstone

floors,roaringlogfires&cathedralcandlesallcreatingatraditionalvillage

atmosphere.

TheStarsandStripeswasadoptedastheflagoftheUnitedStatesonJune14,1777.

5、or/either...or.../not..but../notonly..butalso../neither..nor..連接的主語按

Theprincipleofproxiomity（就近原那么）

例：EitheryouorIamwrong.AreeitheryouorIwrong?

6、主語+asmuchas/ratherthan/morethan/nolessthan/aswellas/inaddition

to/with/alongwith/togetherwith/except/but,etc.

例：Ateacher,withhisstudents,iswatchinganEnglishmovie.

Theking,withthelordsandcommons,constitutestheirgovernment.

Hiscousinratherthanhisparentsisheldresponsibleforthisinhumanemassacre

（四）Problemsofconcordwithexperessionsofquantityassubject

1、DefiniteQuantity〔確定數(shù)量）

①時(shí)間、數(shù)量、金錢、距離、重量等做主語時(shí)作為整體看待

快!］：100dollarsmeansalottoakindofhisage.300poundsmakesanobeseguy.

②Therebe句型例外：Thereare10dollaresinhispocket.

③Fraction分?jǐn)?shù)/percentage百分?jǐn)?shù)+of,謂語動(dòng)詞和of后的名詞保持一致

例：Twothirdsoftheappleisrotten.

Eightpercentofthestudentshavebeenmuggedinthisarea.

④population例Fifty-fivepercentofChina'spopulationliveintheruralarea

?operations運(yùn)算

Addition力口：plus,andAubtraction減：minus,subtractedby

Multiplication乘：（multiplied）by,timesDivision除：dividedby

都可以使用單數(shù)，但是加法和乘法有時(shí)候可以用復(fù)數(shù)。

Fortyminustwentyleavestwenty.Twotimesequalssixteen.

⑥onein/outofn.一般使用單數(shù)，有時(shí)使用復(fù)數(shù)

例：Oneintengirlsdatesincollege.

2、IndefiniteQuantity（不確定數(shù)量〕

①all/some/none/half71nostof+n.謂語動(dòng)詞根據(jù)of后面的名詞來定

例：Mostofthemoneyhasbeenspentontravelingabroad.

MostoftheAmericanhighschoolboyshavedates.

NonebutthebestcoffeeisgoodenoughforLynne.

②aportion/series/pile/panelof,of后面的名詞一般使用單數(shù)

修U：Apileoflogsispilingup.Apanelofexpertsisunabletoreachanagreement.

③akind/type/sortof,of后面通常跟不可數(shù)名詞或者單數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)。

Thistypeofsportscarisreallycostly.{HCarsofthistypearecostly.

④these/thosekindof+pl.謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)

例：Thesekindofbirdsaresorareforthishighlatitude.

⑤manya/morethanone謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)

例：Manyastudenthasfiledcomplaints.

MorethanonecarcompanyhaslodgedclaimsagainstKumhoTires.

3、OtherproblemsofS-Vconcord

①NominalClause名詞性從句謂語動(dòng)詞一般使用單數(shù)

例：Howhecameherewasamystery.

Howhecamehereandwhyhecamehereweremysterious

②SVC結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果c是名詞復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語動(dòng)詞可單可復(fù)。

例：Whatisofimportancetomeis/arethedetailsofmywife'slife.

③Non-finiteClauses,doing/todo做主語謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)

例：Toseeistobelieve.TotakeMandarintakescourage.

④RelativeClauses,定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞和先行詞保持一致。

例：Janeisoneofthefewgirlswhodon'tlikeproms.

⑤***oneof...,the(very/only)oneof...

例：Janeistheonlyoneofthefewgirlswhodoes'slikeproms.

⑥CleftSentences,強(qiáng)調(diào)句謂語動(dòng)詞和主語一致。

例：It'sIwhoammistanken.

?ExistentialSentences,Theprincipleofproximity(就近原那么)

例：Thereisathank-younoteandtwowristbandsonthetable.

4、Miscellaneous(其他)

①The+adj.:thedead/rich/living/wealthy/wounded/blind/deafect謂語動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)

例：Thedeadarehauntingthegirlslivingonthatcornoroftheneighborhood.

②a(the)numberof,a(the)totalof區(qū)分

Anumberoffarmersareprotestingagainstbuildinganewairportonthefarmland.

③Oneandahalf做主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。

例：Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.

?LargequantitiesofsandhavebeentransportedtotheYangtzeRiver.

(四)CollectiveNouns

1、有的集體名詞只做復(fù)數(shù)：people,police,cattle,verminect.

有的集體名詞只做單數(shù)：mankind,furniture,machinery,merchandiseect.

有的集體名詞可單可復(fù)：family,crew,governmentect.

特殊情況:有一些集體名詞具有個(gè)體意義：

Thecossetedcouplehavefourfamiliestosupport.

Thefamilyareeatinglunch.

Thefamilyiscomposedofthreepeople.

Beforeliberation,Chinausedtohavetwogovernmentsforawhile.

Thegovernmentistryingtocurbonlinecrimes.

Thegovernmentarenegotiatingthein-depthdetailswiththeforeignentyepreneur.

2、MaterialNouns,物質(zhì)名詞一般為不可數(shù)名詞，沒有單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)之分。

特殊情況：物質(zhì)名詞如果作為復(fù)數(shù)出現(xiàn)，意義不同。

haveabeer?Havetwobeers

haveteaLongjingisaworld-famoustea.

whitehairHehasafewwhitehairs.

sandsands沙沙灘

waterwaters水大片水體

food/fruitfoods/fruits食物/水果多種食物/水果

coffee/twocoffees咖啡/兩杯咖啡

rubber〔橡皮膠鞋）橡膠Wewearrubbersonour

feetwhenitrains.

stone（石頭）石料Marbleisaprecious

stone.

Egg（雞蛋）蛋漬Thereissomeeggonhis

nose.

Lamb（羔羊〕羊羔肉Thereislambon

today?smenu.

onion（洋蔥頭）洋蔥味Yousmellofonion.

Thechairsaremadeof

wood/thelostmany

Wood1樹林）木材elled,hopingthatsome

inthewoodscouldhear

him.

iron（熨斗〕鐵Ihaveonesteamiron.

Paper（論文，報(bào)紙）紙張Ihaveapapertoweite.

Glass（玻璃杯〕玻璃Thisisamadeof

temperedglass.

cloth（一塊布）布料Thisisaclothforthe

table.

Chicken（小雞）雞肉Mynieceraisesa

chickenasherpet.

Fire（火災(zāi)〕火Afirebrokeoutinthe

trailerparklastnight

3、AbstractNouns,抽象名詞沒用單復(fù)數(shù)之分，因?yàn)椴荒苡?jì)數(shù)。

修U：Knowledgeispower.Beautyistruth.Kindnessisavirtue.

但是有的抽象名詞使用單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)意義不同。

sympathyl同情、憐憫）sympathies（慰問、同情、憐憫）

experience（經(jīng)驗(yàn)）experiences（經(jīng)歷）

relation（關(guān)系）relations（親戚）

youth（青春）youths（男青年）

worry（憂愁、煩惱）worries（煩惱事）

distraction（心煩）distractions（心煩得事）

business（商業(yè)、交易）bussinesses（商店、商行）

kindness（仁慈）kindness〔善行）

Success（成功）Successes（成功者、成功得事）

failure（失?。〧ailures（失敗者、失敗的事）

Space（空間〕Aspace（空格）

disappointment（失望）disappointments（令人失望得事）

4、family,room,mouth,ear在某些搭配中可以表示抽象概念。

例：havetoomuchfamily/winter/mouth

Havetoolittleear,makeroomfor,feelthepatriotrise

5、man,croward,coquette,politician,sportsman,scholar,poet,fool等詞在某些搭酉己中

成了不可數(shù)名詞。

例：tobefoolenough,moreofafoolthan,asmuchofafoolas,toomuchofa

fool,enoughofaman,somethingofacelebrity

6、專有名詞有時(shí)候具有可數(shù)名詞來使用。

例：TheSongsusedtoholdswayinChina.

IwishtobecomeanEdison.IwillbuyaFord/Lincoln.

TheTwoChinasPolicycannotbebrookedbytheChinesepopulation.

（五）IndependentGenitive（獨(dú)立屬格）：thedooroftheclassroom/thedog's

ower/TomandJohn'sroom/Tom?sandjohn'sbooks/themapoftheworld

（六）DounleGenitive（雙重屬格）：afriendofmymothers

必須滿足三個(gè)條件：of前不能特指，即不得加the,但是可以使用this/that/some/any

etc;of后面必須指人；of后必須特指。

例：somebooksofmine/afriendsofmine/acaroftony's

注意區(qū)另U：aportraitofChairmanMao/aportraitofChairmanMao's

thispictureofMarvin/thispictureofMarvin's

（七）Determiners（形容詞排序）

縣官行令殺國才

限定詞觀看形狀年齡顏色國別材料

less/least在非正式英語中可以用來修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。

例：Lessandlessstudentsgoabroadforthepurposeofoverseaseducation.

Xinjianghastheleastpeoplepersquareme.

fewFewlocalsvisitlocal修飾可數(shù)名詞表否認(rèn)意

pointsofinterest.義,修飾不可數(shù)名詞表肯

定意義

afewAfewcouplesget

marriedinfrontofthe

townhall.

littleThereislittlewater修飾不可數(shù)名詞表否認(rèn)

leftinthethermal意義

bottle.Theyaresuch

littlechildrenthat

theydontn?tqualify.

AlittleThereisstillalittle修飾可數(shù)名詞表肯定意

roomforus.義

all,both,every,always,entirely,altogether,completely,quite,allthetime等詞和

否認(rèn)詞連用表示局部否認(rèn)。如果表示完全否認(rèn)，那么用no,none,neither,no

one,never,not（never）..atall

例：Allthatglittersisnotgold.Thisflowerisnotseeneverywhere.

Bothgirlsarenottall.AllareleavingfortheU.S.Alliswellwithme.

代詞的排序問題：

單數(shù)人稱代詞并列做主語時(shí)，其順序?yàn)閥ou,his/she/it,I

例：You,heandIshouldreturnontime.

復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞做主語時(shí)，其順序?yàn)閣e,you,they

例：We,youandtheyareallsupposedtodefendourmotherlandintimesofwar.

特殊情況：在以下情況中，第一人稱放在前面。

①在成認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤，承當(dāng)責(zé)任時(shí)：ItwasandJohnwhoupsettherowdykids.

②在長輩對(duì)晚輩，長官對(duì)下屬說話時(shí)，如長官為第一人稱：Iandyoushouldtrytoget

itfinishedbytomorrowevening.

（八）PresentPerfect〔現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）：have/hasdone

1、for/since/already/just/never/ever/before/yet/lately/recently/sofar/inthe

last（past）fewyears/uptillnowetc.

2、Don'tconfuseHavebeentoandHavegoneto

例：HergreatunclehasbeentotheIvoryCoast.（點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞、短暫性動(dòng)詞）

Hismother-in-lawhasgonetotheBalticcountyies〔段動(dòng)詞、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）

3、點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞：but/borrow/1eave/join/die/marry/come/go/lose/begin/stop/arrive/lend

但是，如果現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞的否認(rèn)形式，那么這種動(dòng)作是可以延續(xù)的。

修U：Hehasn'tlefthomeforonemonth.Ihaven'tseenyouforsolong.

4、It's（time）since...

例：It'sbeen2yearssinceIleftmyhomecity.

It'sbeen2yearssinceIlivedinhere.

It's2weekssinceIcaughtacold.

It's3monthssinceIgotmarried.

It'sbeen6weekssinceIwasmarried.

5、Itisthefirst/second...lasttime+thatclause從句一律使用完成時(shí)

例：ItisthefirsttimethatIhaveeverbeendrugtested.

LastyearwasthefirsttimethatIhadtraveledtoOceania.

（九）PastPwrfect（過去完成時(shí)）：haddone,hardly/scarcelyhad...when,nosooner

had...than

例：Hardlyhadwemadeittherewhenthebumbegantofilecomplints.

1、hope/think/expect/intend/mean/suppose/want使用過去完成時(shí)，可以表示過去未實(shí)

現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖。

例：Ihadhopedtoseatmyselfwithoutbeingrecognized.

Ihadintendedtocomevisityourfamilylastweek,butIgotsosick.

2、Constructionsdenotingfuturetime

Will/shalldo,begoingtodo/bedoing/beabouttodo/betodo

3、PassiveVoice

bedone,am/is/aredone,was/weredone,willbedone/begoingtobedone,has/have/had

beendone,bebeingdone,besupposedtodo

4、無被動(dòng)語態(tài)：happen,look,appear,die,last,lie,breakout,cometrueect.

例：Mydreamshavecometrue.Thecarwreckhappenedthismorning.

5、It's+pastparticiple+that:It?ssaid/believed/knownthat...

6、CausativeVerbs:let/make/have

例：Myschooldistrictmakesthestudentgovernmentpostadsonthebillboards.The

studentgovernmentismadetopostadsonthebillboards.

7、Senseverbs:see/watch/observe/lookat/hear/listento/noticeetc.

例：Hisstepmomhearshimplaythepianoeverymornong.

Heisheardtoplaythepianoeverymorning.

Hissisterheardhimplayingpercussioninstrumentsnextdoor.

Hewasheardplayingpercussioninstrumentsnextdoor.

8、PassiveVoice:need/require/want/demand/bewroth后跟ing可表示被動(dòng)概念。例:The

blockbusteriswellworthwatching.Therockingchairrequiresrepairing.Thediaper

needschanging.

9、主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表被動(dòng)。例：Tomatoesbruiseeasily.Thewindowwon'tshut.Thedoor

doesn'tlock.Thefoodstoreclosesat5pm.Thematerialwon'twear.HarryPotteer

sellswell.Potatoescookslowly.Hisworksareprionting.

10、不及物動(dòng)詞無被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但有時(shí)候be+vi.pastpartisiple是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。

Thegalisgone.Thesunisalreadyrisen.Theleavesareallfallen.Thedogis

returned.

（十）SubjunctiveMood（虛擬語氣）

英語中的三種語氣：陳述、祈使、虛擬。虛擬語氣［SubjunctiveMood）表示說話人說的不

是事實(shí)，而是一種假設(shè)、愿望、疑心、或推測(cè)。例：Iftherewerenosubjunctive

mood,Englishwouldbealoteasiertolearn.

1、If條件句中的虛擬語氣

時(shí)間謂語動(dòng)詞白勺虛擬形式

現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞過去式（be多用would/should/could/mi

were）fht+have+過去分詞

過去had+過去分詞would/should/could/mi

ght+have+過去分詞

將來動(dòng)詞過去式或would/should/could/mi

should/wereto+動(dòng)詞原ght+動(dòng)詞原形

形

2、suppose,supposing有時(shí)候可以替換if

例：Tfitwerenotrainingnow,wewouldgoforapicnic.

IfheknewEnglish,hewouldn?tturntomeforhelp.

Shewouldhavegonetothepartyifshehadbeeninveted.

Ifmumhadn'tcalledme,Iwouldhaveoversleptthismorning.

IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldbuyanewcar.

IfIshouldfail,Iwouldtryagain.

IfIweretobeadmittedtouniversitynextyear,IwouldmajorinFrench

3、在省略If的條件狀語從句的虛擬語氣中的助動(dòng)詞提前

快）］：1.Ifyouhadcomeafewminutesearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.

Hadyoucomeafewminutesearlier,...

2.Ifitshouldraintomorrowwewouldn'tgoout.

Shoulditraintomorrow,...

3.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,wewouldnotgoout.

Wereittoraintomorrow,...

（H—）Ariant

1、含蓄條件句：虛擬條件暗含在短語或上下文中，從句不表現(xiàn)。這時(shí)，必須根據(jù)句中表述

的意義以及某些特定的信息詞，如：介詞without,butfor；副詞otherwise,連詞or,

orelse等

句型：ifitwerenotfor...（現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚﹊fithadn'tfor...（過去）

例：Withoutelectricity,humanlifewouldbequitedifferenttoday.

YesterdayJanewalkedawayfromthedission.Otherwise,shemighthavesaidsth

shewouldregretlater.

2、時(shí)間錯(cuò)綜句：Iftheflowerhadbeenwatered,itwouldn'tdienow.

Ifhistelevisionsethadnotbeenstolenyesterday,hewouldbewatchingTVnow.

3、虛實(shí)錯(cuò)綜句：虛擬現(xiàn)象與客觀事實(shí)錯(cuò)綜交織在一起的句子。

例：Theymighthaveleftearlier,butthecarwasn?tready.

Wecouldhavewalkedtothestation;itwassonear.

Yes.Ataxiwasn'tatallnecessary.

（十二）should+verb型虛擬語氣

虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的使用：一堅(jiān)持，二命令，三建議，四要求及其他

inist,order,command,decree;suggest,propose,advise,move,recommend;demand,requir

e,request,ask;resolve,decide,prefer,vote,resolve,desire,urge

1、用于賓語從句

例：Themanisistedheshouldbesenttothefront.

Isuggestedthatweshouldstartoutearlier.

當(dāng)inist表示對(duì)已發(fā)生過的事物的看法，或當(dāng)suggest為“說明〃“暗示〃時(shí)，從句用陳

述語氣而不用虛擬語氣。

例：TheArabinistedthathehadn'tseenthecamel.

Hissmilesuggestedthathewashappy.

2、在主句從句中用以表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此，構(gòu)成Itis過去分詞

/natural/important/necessary/strange/advisable/vital/apity/ashame/inperative/d

esirable/appropriate/essential/fitting/impossible/obligatory/properetcthat句

型

例：It'snaturalthathemakeanapologytohim.

It'sapitythathebesocareless.

It'ssostrangethatshethinksso.

3.表語從句：這類名詞有suggestion,request,order,advice,resolution,motion,

decision,decree,demand,instruction,requirement,idea等“堅(jiān)持/命令/要求”。

例：Theofficer'sorderwasthathissoldiersshouldgointothesubjectatfull

length.Myadviceisthatnocollegestudentdateinclass.

4、同位語從句：suggestion,request,order,advice,resolution,motion,decision,

decree,demand,instruction,requirement,idea等“堅(jiān)持/命令/要求”。

例：Ididnotreceivetheorderthatyoushoulddepartatonce.

Hissuggestionthatyoushouldkeepsilentsoundsquitereasonable.

(十三)一般過去時(shí)句型：一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚眠^去完成時(shí)表示過去。

1、使用could,would等過去式表示委婉語氣。Couldyoupleasehelpmeout?

2、用于sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat,incase,lest等引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。

Themeetingwillbeputoffincaseit(should)rain.

Theyclimedhighersothat/inorderthattheycouldseethewholecity.

Sheisworkinghardforfearthatshecould/mightlagbehindothers.

(incase不——定使用虛擬：IncaseIamlate,startwithoutme.)

Shepulledawayfromthewindowlestanyone(should)seethem.

**從句假設(shè)為否認(rèn),一般用shouldn't.Helockedthedoorofhisroominorderthat

heshouldn'tbedisturbedbysomeone.

3、Itis(high/about)timethat...

例：It'stimethattheproblemwereboss.

It'shightimethatweshutdownforbed.

4、asif/asthough

Hebehavesasifheweremyboss.TheyarestaringatmeasifIwerecrazy.

Hedeliveredthespeechasiftosaythathewasapunditinthisfield.

Itisasifhewerenotanalien.

5、Wish

IwishIwereabird.Iwishyouhadn'tgotmarried.

IwishIcouldhavegonetothemovielastnight.

6、Ifonly

IfonlyIcouldfly/IfonlyIhadrememberedtogetsomegumforeveryday.

7、wouldrather/hadrather/wouldsooner/hadsooner/would(just)assoon

Iwouldratherthatmycousinhadn'tbeenintoxicatedlastnight.

Ihadratherthematterwerenotmadepublic.Iwouldrathernottellyou.(十四)

動(dòng)詞原型：該類虛擬語氣謂語動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞原形，第三人稱也不加S

1、表示強(qiáng)烈愿望：Godsaveme.LongliveChairmanMao!

2、may放在句首表示說話人對(duì)對(duì)方的祝福。Mayyoubehappy.Mayyouprosper.

3、讓步虛擬語氣：as或whether...or...謂語多用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種

用法通常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,bethey

Christian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.

Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.

(十五)NominalClause(名詞性從句)

1、①Statement陳述句：Hiishonest.Webelievethatheishonest.Paymentshould

bemadewithinfivedays.Thesellerdemandedthatpaymentshouldbemadewithin

fivedays.

②陳述句變賓語從句：加that并且時(shí)態(tài)要發(fā)生變化。

區(qū)U：Connerisanalien.Mr.HanconfirmedthatConnorwasanalien.

③如果是客觀真理，時(shí)態(tài)不用變化。Theearthrevolvesroundthesun.Thegeography

teachertaughtusthattheearthrevolvesroundthesun.

④否認(rèn)前移：當(dāng)主句的主語為第一人稱且動(dòng)詞是think,believe,suppose,guess,imagine,

expect,suspect等時(shí)，假設(shè)從句是否認(rèn)句，應(yīng)當(dāng)把否認(rèn)詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上來。Idon'tthink

youareright.Ididn'tsupposeyoucare.Wedidn'tguessthegirl'steamwould

win.

⑤如果賓語從句是兩個(gè)陳述句，那么第二個(gè)從句中的that不可省略。

Healwayssays(that)hedoesn'ttakedrugsandthathedoesn'tminglewiththe

gang.

2、GeneralQuestion(——般疑問句］：Areyoualocal?Mr.Hanaskedmewhether/ifIwas

alocal.Doyoustillworkedinthatchemicalplant?Myspouseaskedmewhether/if

Istillworkedinthatchemicalplan.

①加whether/if可以把一般疑問句變?yōu)橘e語從句，保持陳述句語序，時(shí)態(tài)與主語一致。

whether/if區(qū)別：做介詞賓語時(shí)只能使用whether(Itdepentsonwhethertherainwill

letuptomorrow);和不定式連用的時(shí)候只能用whether(Idon'tknowwhetherto

vacationornot);和ornot連用時(shí)一般使用whether(It'snotcertainwhetherheis

aconvictornot);如要表達(dá)“如果”的意思，只能使用if(Iamwonderingifwewill

havethesportsmeetifwehaveaduststormtomorrow)discuss,wonder后做賓

語從句時(shí)，用whether弓|導(dǎo)(Wearediscussingwhetherwewillputoffthemeeting);

如果賓語從句放在句首,一般使用whether(Whetherhewilldivorce,Iamnotcertain);

用在主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句中時(shí)只能使用whether(Whetheritistrueremains

aquestion.Thequestioniswhetherthejurorhasanopenmind.Thequestionwhether

wehavetodispatchforcesisstillpendingintheSenate);wherter/ifthatfI

doubtwhether/if我疑心。。。是否Idon'tdoubtthat...我毫不疑心。。。)

3、SpecialQuestion(特殊疑問句)

①Howdoyoulocatemyhouseongoogleearth?

②HewantedtoknowhowIlocatedhishouseongoogleearth.

③Whoisresponsibleforthecross-bordercrime?

?Interpolarewonderingwhoisresponsibleforthecross-brodercrime.

⑤sum-up:從句使用陳述句語序，從句語態(tài)和主語時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，從句人稱要和主語保持邏

輯上的一致。

4、SubjectClauses

①Thattherenownedprofessorwilldeliveralectureiscertain.

②It'ssaidthatAnyangisoneofthefestestgrowingcitiesinCentralChina's

HenanProvine.

?Whetherhewillremaryornothasn'tbeendecied.

④Ithasnotbeendecidedwhetherhewillremaryornot.

⑤WhythegirlisnotinterestedinCaucasianguysismyquestion.

（6）Whatresultedinthebigfireisstillamysrery.

?Whoeverleavesthecofficehastoshutthedoor.

⑧注意whoever/whatever/however的用法

5、Appositiveclauses

①Theideathatwewillextendaninvitationsoundsprettynice.

②Thequestionwhetherwecangotothemovieshasn'tbeensettled.

6、Subjectcomplement

①That'swhatwearesupposedtodo.

②Thequestioniswhetherwecangettherewithin3hours.

③WhatIamthinkingisthatweshouldleaveforBeijingrigutaway.

（十六）ModalVerbs:一般情況下，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞第三人稱

單數(shù)不加So

1、can/beableto表示先天的能力；可能（過去時(shí)用could）,只用于現(xiàn)在式和過去式

（could）。beableto可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。TheywillbeabletowatchFoxnews.Ihave

beenabletospeakbrokenJapanese.

2、只用beableto:位于助動(dòng)詞之后；情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后；表示成功地做了某事，只能用

was/wereableto,不能用couldoHewasabletofleeEuropebeforeWWIIbrokeout.=He

managedtofleeEuropebeforethewar