學(xué)看建筑施工圖（Learn to see construction drawings）

學(xué)看建筑施工圖（Learntoseeconstructiondrawings）學(xué)看建筑施工圖（Learntoseeconstructiondrawings）Constructiondrawing1,constructiondrawingshomepage1.1drawingscatalogueListofdrawingsismainlybasedondrawings,includingdrawingsofthecategory,number,name,notesandothercolumns.Thedrawingcataloguegenerallyincludesthecatalogueofthewholesetofdrawings,andthecatalogueoftheconstructiondrawings,thecatalogueoftheconstructiondrawings,thecatalogueofwatersupplyanddrainageconstructiondrawings,thecatalogueoftheheatingandventilationconstructiondrawingsandthecatalogueofthebuildingelectricalconstructiondrawingsshallbeincluded.1.2designnotesArchitecturaldesignisanecessarycomplementtotheconstructiondrawings,mainlytothedetailedexplanationofthepatternfailstoexpressclearlythecontent,usuallythegeneralsituationoftheengineering,architecturaldesign,constructionrequirementsandrequirementsincludingthebasisoftheconstructionunit.1.3engineeringpracticessheetEngineeringpracticetableismainlytotheconstructionofeachpartoftheconstructionpractice,intheformofformtoexplainindetail.Intheformoftheconstructionsitenames,practicesandotherdetailedexpressionclearly,suchastheuseofstandarddrawingpractices,shouldbenotedthatthestandardatlasofthecode,practicenumber,ifanychange,inremarksnote.1.4windowsandwatchesAwindowlistisalistofalltypesofbuildingdoorsandwindowsthatarecountedfortheconstructionandbudgetpurposes.Indoorandwindowtables,thetype,size,standardatlasandtypenumberofthedoorsandwindowsshouldbereflected.Ifspecialrequirements,theyshouldbeexplainedinremarks.2,generalplan2.1,theformationanduseofbuildingmasterplanThenewprojectaroundarangeofnew,original,andthedemolitionofbuildingsandstructurestogetherwiththesurroundingterrainandobjectstatuswithhorizontalprojectionmethodandthecorrespondingillustrationsdrawndrawings,namelygeneralplan.Themainsaidnewhousinglocation,orientation,andtheoriginalbuilding,aswellasthesurroundingroads,greeningandwatersupplyanddrainage,powersupplyandotherconditions,asthenewhousingconstruction,earthworkconstruction,positioningequipmentandpipenetworklayout,arrangementintheconstructionsiteintothematerialsandcomponents,fittings,prefabricatedcomponentsoftheYardsiteandroadtransportbasis.2.2graphicalrepresentationofbuildingmasterplanTheoverallplanisdrawnwiththeprincipleoforthographicprojection,graphicsismainlytheformofthelegendsaidthatthegenerallayoutofthelegendofthegeneraldrawingstandard(GB/T50103-2001)theprovisionsofthelegend,table8.2(seeP95)ispartofthecommongenerallayoutsymbols.ThewidthofthedrawinglineBshallbecarriedoutaccordingtothecomplexityandproportionofthedrawingsinaccordancewiththerelevantprovisionsoftheuniformstandardsforbuildingconstructiondrawings(GB/T50001-2001).2.3graphiccontentofthebuildingmasterplan(1)thename,proportion.(2)thetopographyofthenewbuilding.(3)thelocationofthenewbuilding,andinthegeneralplan,thelocationofthenewbuildingshouldbedescribedindetail.(4)indicatingtheabsoluteelevationofthegroundfloorandoutdoorlevelinggroundofthenewbuilding.(5)thesize,locationorextentofadjacentbuildingsordemolitionbuildings.(6)topographicfeatures,suchasroads,rivers,ditches,ponds,slopes,etc..(7)thecompassorthewindrose.Inthegenerallayoutofusuallydrawwindrosewithcompass(windrose),usedtorepresenttheregiontowardtheperennialwindfrequencyandhousing.Thewindrosediagramisdrawnaccordingtothepercentageofblowingtimesineachdirectionofthelocalaveragestatistics.Theblowingofthewindisblowingfromtheoutsidetothecenter.(8)greeningplanningandlayoutofwatersupplyanddrainage,heatingpipesandelectricalwires;2.4buildingfloorplanreadingmethods(1)understandthename,proportion.(2)tounderstandthenatureoftheproject,thescopeoftheland,thetopographyandthesurroundingenvironment.(3)understandingthedirectionanddirectionofthebuilding(4)tounderstandtheplaneshapeandtheexactlocationofthenewbuilding.(5)understandingoftheroadsandgreeningaroundthenewhouses.(6)tounderstandthelocationofwatersupply,drainage,heatingandpowersupplyaroundthebuilding,andthedirectionofpipelinelayout.3,buildingplan3.1,theformationandroleofbuildingplansThefloorplanisaprojectionofahorizontalcutawayplanefromthebuildingsilltoapointwherethebuildingiscutapartandtheupperpartisremoved.Theprojectioniscalledthefloorplan,orthefloorplan.Thebuildingplanereflectsthebuildingplaneshapeandsize,internallayout,location,wallthicknessandmaterial,doorsandwindowsofthelocationandtypeoftraffic,etc.,canbeusedaspositioning,constructionline,walls,installationofdoorsandwindows,interiordecoration,budgetingbasis.3.2graphicmethodofbuildingfloorplanThereareseveralfloorsinahouse,sothereshouldbeseveralplans.Thegeneralhousingfloorplan,floorplan,thetopplanediagramcanindicatethecorrespondingnameandtheproportionintheplanbelow.Becausetheplanissection,thereforeshouldbedrawnaccordingtothemethodofprofile,columnandwallcontouriscuttothecuttingplaneisrepresentedbythicksolidlines,Isnottocutthepartsuchasoutdoorstairs,apron,stairsanddimensionlinessuchthatthethinlinesareusedtoopenthedoorinlinewiththicklines.Thecommonlyusedproportionsofbuildingplansare1to50,1to100or1to200,ofwhich1:100isthemostused.Thebuildingplaneandthedirectionareadvisedtoplaninthesamedirection,thelongsideplanshouldbelongsideandhorizontaldrawingsconsistent.3.3graphiccontentofthebuildingfloorplan(1)representsalltheaxesandtheirnumbers,andthelocationandsizeofthewalls,columnsandpiers.(2)indicatingthelocation,numberandsizeofallroomsandtheirdoorsandwindows.(3)outjectionindoorandoutdoorandindoordimensionsinfloorelevation.(4)indicatingthepositionofelevator,stairandthedescendingdirectionandmaindimensionsofstairs.(5)saidthebalconyandawning,stairsandslope,flue,ventilationRoad,tubewells,fireladder,rainwaterpipe,water,drainageditch,pond,positionandsize.(6)drawingindoorequipment,suchassanitaryware,watertank,worktable,partitionandimportantequipmentposition,shape.(7)saidthebasement,pit,trench,wall,windowandotherhighpositionreservedholesize.(8)atthebottomoftheplanshouldalsodrawtheprofileofthecuttingsymbolandnumberofthebottomleftorrightbelowthedrawingcompass.(9)markthedetailsoftherelevantparts,indexsymbols.(10)reflecttherequirementsofothertypessuchaswater,warm,electricityandgasforcivilengineering:varioustypesofrequirementsofthepool,trench,distributionbox,firehydrant,embeddedparts,wallorfloorofthereservedholetoindicateitslocationandsizeintheplan.(11)theroofplanshouldgenerallybeexpressed,parapetgutter,roofslope,watershedandgullies,cracks,staircases,watertanks,skylights,onmanhole,ladderandotherstructures,suchasindexsymbol.3.4legendsymbolsinbuildingfloorplanThefloorplanisexpressedbyvariouslinesandlegendsymbols,andthecommonlyusedlegendsymbolsarestipulatedinthenationalstandard.3.5buildingfloorplanreading3.5.1readingofafloorplan(1)understandtheplan,theproportionofthename.(2)understandingthedirectionofthebuilding.(3)understandingthestructureformofarchitecture.(4)understandthelayoutofthebuilding.(5)understandingthesizeofthebuildingplan(6)understandingtheelevationofeachcomponentofthebuilding;(7)understandingthelocationandnumberofdoorsandwindows;(8)tounderstandthecuttingpositionandindexmarkofbuildingprofile;(9)tounderstandthelayoutofallprofessionalequipment3.5.2readingoffloorplanofotherfloorsIncludingthestandardfloorplanandthetopfloorplan,theformationisthesameasthatofthegroundfloorplan.Inthestandardfloorplan,inordertosimplifythedrawing,thecontentthathasbeenrepresentedontheunderlyingfloorplanisnolongerexpressed.Whenreadingthestandardfloorplan,theemphasisshouldbeonthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthefloorplanandthegroundfloorplan.3.5.3roofplanerecognitionTheroofplanmainlyreflectsontheroof,roofwatertank,ironladder,ventilation,parapet,deformationjointpositionandtheuseofstandardatlascode,roofdrainageanddrainagearea,gullyslopedirection,location,sizeetc.SeeFigure6,floorplanofacommercialandresidentialbuilding.Ontherooffloorplan,thevariouscomponentsaredrawnonlybylegend.Theindexsymbolsareusedtoindicatethelocationofthedetail,andthesizeisusedtoindicatethelocationofthecomponentontheroof.3.6buildingplandrawingmethodsandstepsThefirststepistodeterminetheproportionsandthewidthofthebuildingfloorplan.Thesecondstep,drawamap.(1)drawtheouterlineofframelineandTitlebar;(2)planthesurface,drawthealignmentaxisandthewallline,asshowninFigure3(a);(3)determinethelocationofthedoorsandwindowsonthewall,asshowninFigure3(B);(4)drawthestairsapronanddetail,asshowninFigure3(B).Thethirdstep,carefullycheckthemap,thereisnomistake,todeepenthebuildingplaneaccordingtolinearrequirements,walllineisgenerally0.5mmor0.7mm,windowslegend,stairwaylatticedetailssuchasline0.18mm,andmarktheaxis,size,number,doorandwindowcuttingsymboletc..Thefourthstep,writethename,proportionandothercontent.4,buildingelevation4.1formationandfunctionofbuildingelevationTheprojectionmapmadeinparallelwiththeverticalprojectiononthesurfaceofthebuildingfacadecalledbuildingelevation,referredtoastheelevation.Therearethreewaysofnamingelevations:(1)inwhichdirectionisthenamingofanelevationfacingthebuilding,whichiscalledtheelevationofthatdirection.(2)accordingtotheappearancecharacteristic,thebuildingwhichreflectsthemainentranceorthesurfacefeaturesiscalledtheelevation,andtheotherelevationsarethebackelevation,theleftelevationandtherightelevation(3)namethefrontandrearaxesofthefloorplan,inaccordancewiththeobserver’sorderfromthelefttotherightofthebuilding.4.2graphicmethodofbuildingelevationInordertomakethebuildingelevationisclear,havestereofeeling,usuallyprojectedoutsidethebuildingoutlineandthelargertheturningpointofthecontourisrepresentedbythicklines;projectionwalls,convexconcavepartssuchaspilasters,cornice,frieze,windowsillline,doorandwindowetc.withthicklinesshowdetailsofthedoorsandwindows;thegridandexteriordecorationonthelinerepresentedbythinlines;addthicklineswithoutdoorterraceline(1.4b)said.Thefrontandrearaxesshallbemarkedontheelevation.Inthebuildingelevation,thesamedoorsandwindows,balcony,eavesdecoration,constructionpractices,etc.,canbehighlightedlocally,drawitscompletegraphics,andtherestoftheonlyoutlineline.Aspartofthebuildingfacadeisnotparalleltotheprojectionplane,theprojectionpartstoandparalleltothesurface,andthendrawtheprojectionelevation,butshouldbeinthenameaftertheelevationnotewrittentwowords.Onthefacadeofthebuilding,thesurfaceoftheexteriorwallshouldbeclearlydefinedandthetextshallbeusedtodescribethematerialsandcoloursusedforeachpart.Thedrawingproportionofthebuildingelevationshouldbeinlinewiththeproportionofthebuildingplan.4.3graphiccontentofbuildingelevation(1)todrawtheline,outdoorsurfacecanbeseenfromtheoutsideofthebuildingofthehouse,plinthsteps,flowerbeds,door,window,awning,balcony,outdoorstairs,wall,roof,corniceline,rainwaterpipe,walldividinglineetc..(2)markthemainelevationonthefacadeofthebuilding.(3)positioningaxisandoutjectionendsofthebuildingno..(4)notetoindexsymbolrepresentationdetails.(5)usewordstoexplainthematerialsandpracticesoftheexteriorwalldecoration.4.4buildingelevationreading(1)understandthename,proportion.(2)understandingtheappearanceofarchitecture.(3)understandingtheheightofthebuilding.(4)understandingofexteriordecorationofbuildings.(5)understandingthelocationandfunctionofdetailindexsymbolsontheelevation.4.5,buildingelevationdrawingmethodsandstepsTheelevationdrawingmethodandstepsandconstructionplanisbasicallythesame,thesameproportionofselectandmap,aftertwostepsofdrawingmapanddeepen.Thefirststep,thestudiooutsidethePingline,theconstructionofouteroceanoutline.Thesecondstep,paintingthedoorsandwindowsofeachlayeroftheline.Thethirdstep,thewallpaintingsindetail,suchasbalcony,windowsill,lintelline,doorsandwindowsdetaillatticesandpilasters,outdoorsteps,flowerbedsetc..Thefourthstep,aftercheckingthecorrect,accordingtotheelevationofthelinearrequirementsofthelinedeepen.Thefifthstep,markedelevation,andaxis,walldecoration,textwritingname,scale,generaltextwith5words,onewith10words.5buildingsection5.1formationandfunctionofbuildingprofileItisassumedthatoneormoreverticalcutplanesofaplaneperpendiculartotheaxisofanexteriorwallareconstructed,andtheresultingsectioniscalledabuildingsection,orsectionalview.Architecturaldrawingsareusedtorepresenttheinternalstructureofthebuilding,theverticaldirectionofthestratification,thefloor,roof,structureandrelateddimensions,higherstandards.Theprofileofcuttingpositionshouldbebasedonthedrawingsoftheuseordesigndepthonprofileischosentoreflectthepanoramaofstructuralfeaturesandrepresentativepartscutting,suchasstaircases,andshouldtrytomakethecuttingplanethroughthewindowsanddoors.Thesectionnameandbuildingbottomplanecuttingsymbolconsistent.CutsymbolscanbenumberedinArabia,Romeorlatin.5.2graphiccontentandgraphicalrepresentationofbuildingsections(1)representsthewall,beamanditslocatingaxistobecut.(2)indoorgroundfloor,saideachfloor,roof,doorsandwindows,staircases,balconies,awnings,moisture-prooflayer,skirtingboard,outdoorground,water,ditchesandindoorandoutdoordecorationetc.tocutandvisiblecontent.(3)dimensioningandelevation.Theelevationandsizeshouldbemarkedinthesection.(4)thestructureofthefloorandroofofthebuilding.Generaluseofleadlinetoexplainthebuildingfloor,roofconstructionpractices.5.3readingofbuildingsectiondrawings(1)understandthename,proportion.(2)understandingofthecutwalls,floors,staircases,androofs.(3)understandthevisibleparts.(4)understandingthedimensionmarkonthesectionaldrawing.(5)understandingthelocationandnumberofdetailindexsymbols.5.4drawingmethodandstepsofbuildingprofileThechoiceofscaleandwidthisthesameasthatofthebuildingplanandelevation.Thespecificdrawingandstepsofthesectionareasfollows:Thefirststepistodrawthewall,theaxis,thewall,thefloor,etc.,whicharecuttothewall.Thesecondstepistoopenthedoorsandwindows,theopeningsandthevisibledoorsandwindowsonthecutwall.Thethirdstepistodrawtheprojectionoftheprojectedpartoftheroominthevisibledirectionafteropeningtheroom.Thefourthstep,accordingtothemethodofbuildingprofiledeepenedlines,markedelevationandsize,finallydrawpositioningaxis,andtheproportionofwritingname.6,architecturaldetailThefloorplan,elevationandsectionshowthelayoutofthebuilding,theexternalshapeandthemaindimensions,Butbecauseofthecontentrange,theproportionissmall,theconstructionofabuildingprojectisdifficulttoexpressclearly,inordertomeettherequirementsofconstruction,ontheconstructionofabuildingprojectwithalargeproportionwiththeexpress,thisgraphiscalledconstructiondetails,sometimescalleddrawing.Detailsarecharacterizedbyalargeproportion,reflectingthecontentofthedetailed,commonlyusedproportionof1to50,1,20,1,10,,1,5,1,2,1,1,etc..Generalconstructiondetailsincludelocalstructuraldetails,structuraldetailsanddecorativestructuraldetailsofthethreecategories.6.1exteriorwalldetailTheexteriordetailalsocalledwalldrawing,istoenlargethebuildingsectionouterwallpattern,expressionofstructuresoftheouterwallandtheground,floor,roofandcornice,connectingdoorsandwindows,roof,window,plinthmoistureprooflayer,apron,ditchthesize,material,constructionpracticesituation,isanimportantbasisforbuildingthewall,indoorandoutdoortheinstallationofdoorsandwindows,decoration,designandconstructionbudgetandestimationofthematerial.Inhigh-risebuildings,thelayerstructureisbasicallythesame,onlypaintedwalls,eavesandmiddlepartsofthethreenode.Generallyusedstandardatlasofdoorsandwindows,inordertosimplifythedrawing,usuallyomittedtodraw,thatis,doorsandwindowsopenattheopening.6.1.1detailsofexteriorwalldetail(1)theexteriorwallismainlyreferstoawindowandthefollowingsections,includingwater(orditch),moistureprooflayer,andalayeroffloor,skirtingtheplinthandotherpartsoftheshape,size,materialandstructure.(2)themiddlepartmainlyincludesfloors,lintelsandbeamshape,size,materialandstructure,shouldalsoshowtherelationshipbetweenthefloorandthewall.(3)thecorniceshouldshowtheroof,corniceandparapetandroofbeamshape,size,materialandstructure.Identificationmethodof6.1.2exteriorwalldetail(1)understandthenameandtheproportionofthewalldetail.(2)tounderstandthestructureofthewall.(3)toalayerofcanopyapproach.(4)understandingintermediatenodes.(5)understandthecorniceparts.6.1.3drawingmethodofexteriorwalldetailWalldetailofalargerproportion,usually1to20,onlythreesaidthatnodeofwallandthefloorandwalls,eaves.Thedoorandwindowareomittedbecauseofthedetail.Thestepsfordrawingareasfollows:Thefirststepistodrawthealignmentaxis,thewallline,andthegroundline,thefloorlineandtheroofline.Thesecondstepistodrawdetailsandfillinpatterns.Thethirdstep,accordingtotherequirementsofdeepeninglinearpattern,solidlinewithlinestructure,theotherwiththinlines.Thefourthstep,fordimensioning,writethenameofcompletewalldetail6.2stairsdetail6.2.1stairsfloorplanEnlargetheproportionofthestaircaseinthefloorplan,drawthedesign,calledthestaircaseplan,theproportionisusually1to50,includingthebottomfloorplan,stairstandardfloorplanandstairtopfloorplan,etc.Thecontentofthefloorplanis:(1)thelocationofthestairwell.(2)thewidth,depthandthicknessofthewallofthestaircase.(3)thelengthandwidthoftheladderandthewidthandnumberofthestepsonthestairs.(4)theshape,sizeandpositionoftherestingplatform.(5)thewidthofthestairwell.(6)thestartingsizeofeachstairsection.(7)elevationofeachfloorandplatform.(8)atthebottomoftheplanalsoshouldbemarkedonthestaircaseprofile(cuttingpositionandcuttingsymbol).Methodforreadingstairplan.(1)understandthelocationofthestairwellinthebuilding.(2)understandthewidth,depth,wallthicknessandthepositionofdoorsandwindows.(3)tounderstandtheplaneform,position,widthandquantityofstairs,staircasesandrestplatforms.(4)understandthedirectionofthestairsandthestartingpositionoftheupperandlowersteps.(5)understandtheelevationofeachplatformonthestairsection.(6)inafloorplan,thecuttingpositionandthedirectionofcutawayviewofstairprofileareknown.6.2.2staircaseprofileThesectionofthestaircaseisacutawaysectionmadeofahypotheticalplumbplanethroughwhichastaircaseisdividedverticallyandaverticalprojectionofthestaircaseismadetoanothersectionoftheladder,whichisnotcut.Thestairsectionshowsthestructureofthestairs,theplatform,theshapeoftherailingsandtherelevantsizes.Theratioisusually1to50,1to30or1to40.Staircaseprofileshouldindicatethefloorlevel,platformandthestaircasewindowelevation,playinglevel,thenumberandtheheightoftherail.Methodforreadingstairprofile.(1)understandthestructureofstairs.